1. L2 Pragmatics

Definition: Study of how language is used socially in a second language.

Example: Understanding how to politely refuse a request in English as a non-native speaker.

Dwfinition: Communication via technology, synchronous or asynchronous.

Example: Chatting with a language partner on Zoom.

Using digital technology to support language learning.

Example: Using an app to practice English conversations.

Remote cultural or language collaboration using technology.

Students from Japan and the US discussing culture via emails.

Mixing face-to-face and online instruction. Example: Attending classes both in person and via online platforms.

Linguistic forms used to express communicative intent.

Saying “Could you please…” to make a polite request.

Actions performed by speaking (e.g., requesting, apologizing).

Saying “I’m sorry” to apologize.

Reflecting on how language is used in social contexts.

Example: Discussing why certain phrases sound polite or rude in different cultures.

Social and cultural factors influencing language use.

Examples: Understanding when it’s appropriate to use formal or informal language.

Making language features more noticeable for learners.

Examples: Highlighting polite expressions in a text.

Real, natural language material used in teaching.

Using recorded conversations from native speakers.

Real-time interaction, like video calls or live chats.

Example: Discussing a topic on Skype.

Definition: Communication with delay, like emails or forums.

Example: Posting a message on a discussion board.

Using multiple modes such as text, audio, and visuals in teaching.

Example: Watching a video with subtitles and gestures.

Words/phrases organizing conversation (e.g., “well,” “actually”).

Example: Using “so” to start an explanation.

Definition: Activities encouraging analysis of pragmatic language.

Example: Comparing how greetings vary in different cultures.

Skills to use digital tools effectively and safely.

Example: Knowing how to join a video conference properly.

Definition: Online communication manners and rules.

Example: Avoiding typing in all caps in emails.

A virtual setting where multiple users interact simultaneously.

Definition: 3D digital spaces where users interact via avatars.

Example: Playing in a virtual world like Second Life.

Definition: Mobile-assisted language learning via smartphones or tablets.

Example: Learning vocabulary with a mobile app on your phone.

Learning pragmatic norms of a language community.

Example:

Understanding when to use formal vs informal speech in a new language.

Visual organization tool for ideas and concepts.

Examples: Creating a diagram to plan a speech act lesson.

Definition: Fill-in-the-blank tasks to practice language.

Example: Completing missing words in a sentence.

Definition: Simulated communicative situations for practice.

Excercise: Acting out a restaurant order in English class.

Information guiding learner progress.

Example A teacher correcting a student’s polite request.

Learning language through participation in social communities.

Example Adopting cultural norms by chatting with native speakers online.

Definition: Learning without conscious awareness or direct instruction.

Example: Picking up social cues from watching TV shows.

Fixed expressions used for specific pragmatic functions.

Example: Using “Thank you” as a formula for expressing gratitude.

Definition: Ability to use language appropriately in social contexts.

Example: Knowing when to use polite forms in emails.

Ability to communicate effectively across cultures.

Example Understanding how humor varies between cultures.

Definition: Support helping learners understand cultural language norms.

Example: Providing background on politeness norms before an intercultural chat.

Language style or level of formality.

Example Using formal language in a job interview vs informal language with friends.

Help from fellow learners to enhance learning.

Pair work where students correct each other’s politeness strategies.

Denying or refusing politely in social interaction.

Example: Saying “I’m afraid I can’t” to refuse an invitation.

Definition: Organizing flow and turn-taking in conversation.

Example: Changing the topic smoothly in small talk.

Live video and audio communication. Attending a virtual language exchange session.

Definition: Changing language style depending on context.

Example: Switching from slang to formal speech in different situations.

Understanding others’ cultural viewpoints. Considering how gestures mean different things in different cultures.

Using language quickly without conscious effort.

Example Responding naturally in conversation after practice.

Definition: Real-time text conversation.

Example: Messaging a peer during an online class.

Definition: Studying real language use to understand pragmatic functions.

Example: Analyzing how apologies are made in emails.

Common fixed expressions in everyday speech.

Example Using “How are you?” as a standard greeting.

Remote collaborative projects using technology.

Example Students from different countries working together via online blogs.

Definition: Learning through performing real-life tasks.

Example: Planning a trip in a foreign language as a class project.

Framework categorizing cognitive skills from remembering to creating.

Example Designing activities that require learners to analyze or create pragmatic dialogues.

Talking about how language is used socially and culturally.

Example: Discussing why some compliments may be accepted or rejected.

Definition: Temporary support to help learners become independent.

Example: Providing sentence starters for polite requests, then removing them later.

Learner actively controls and makes decisions in their learning process.

Example: Choosing to focus on practicing refusals based on personal interest.