Theories of Counseling by Marianna Andreou

The Helping Relationship: From Core Dimensions to Brief and Integrative Possibilities

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Chapter 1 of Counseling & Psychotherapy (Capuzzi)

Psychoanalytic Theory, Jungian Analytical Theory and Adlerian Theory

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Chapters 3, 4, and 5 (Capuzzi)

Psychoanalytic: Id, Ego, Superego

Jungian Analytical: conscious and unconscious elements, including archetypes and the personal unconscious, with individuation integrating these aspects to achieve psychological wholeness.

Adlerian Theory: Adlerian therapy aims to encourage clients to overcome feelings of inferiority, develop a positive sense of self, and contribute to society. Adlerian recognizes early childhood, birth order, and reframing problems.

Existential Theory

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Existential Theory: psychology is all about how each person experiences life and looks for meaning. It highlights the importance of making our own choices, enjoying our freedom, and taking responsibility for our lives. The idea is that we create our purpose in what can be a pretty chaotic and uncertain world. This theory encourages us to explore who we are and be true to ourselves, while also recognizing the natural worries we all have about things like feeling alone, facing death, and figuring out our identity. Therapists who use existential approaches often guide clients to face those anxieties and embrace their ability to choose, which can lead to a more fulfilling life. Helping the client understand their purpose to encourage motivation.

Gestalt

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Gestalt Therapy: a humanistic approach that focuses on being aware of the present moment. It emphasizes fully experiencing our thoughts and feelings instead of just analyzing the past. Techniques include role-playing and the "empty chair" method, which helps clients with unresolved issues and increases self-awareness. It encourages more genuine relationships by helping people understand their behaviors in context and bringing together their experiences as a whole. It's about promoting self-acceptance and deeper connections with ourselves and others.

Diversity and Social Justice Issues in Counseling and Psychotherapy

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Carl Rogers • Person Centered

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Person-centered: focuses on creating a supportive and non-judgmental environment for clients. With empathy, acceptance, and genuine understanding people can explore their feelings, gain self-awareness, and find their solutions to problems. It’s about helping individuals feel empowered to lead their growth journey, emphasizing the importance of the therapeutic relationship.

Skinner

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B.F. Skinner's ideas about operant conditioning have influenced early childhood education. Skinner helped shape research, theories, and practices related to child development and managing behavior. Operant learning in therapy, teaching, and parenting, on how rewards can encourage good behaviors. Addresses misunderstandings about behaviorism in early childhood education. Skinner's influence encourages using principles more in the field.

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

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It focuses on identifying and challenging irrational beliefs that lead to emotional distress and unhealthy behaviors. REBT teaches individuals to recognize the connection between thoughts, feelings, and actions, emphasizing the importance of rational thinking. The therapy aims to replace negative beliefs with more rational ones, promoting emotional well-being and healthier coping strategies. By fostering self-acceptance and resilience, REBT helps individuals lead more fulfilling lives.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a structured, goal-focused form of therapy that zeroes in on spotting and changing negative thought patterns and behaviors. It helps people see how their thoughts affect their feelings and actions, encouraging healthier ways of thinking and coping. CBT is often used to tackle a range of mental health issues, like anxiety, depression, and stress-related problems. It usually includes practical exercises and some homework to help reinforce the skills learned in the sessions.

Feminist Theory

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Feminist theory examines the ways in which gender, particularly the oppression of women, influences social structures, power dynamics, and individual experiences, advocating for equality and challenging traditional gender norms.

Dialectical Behavior Theory (DBT), Reality Theory, Constructivist Theories

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(DBT):

helps people manage intense emotions, reduce harmful behaviors, and improve relationships. It combines two strategies: acceptance (accepting things as they are) and change (making positive changes in thoughts and behaviors). Developed for treating borderline personality disorder but also helps with emotionally dysregulated clients.

Reality Therapy:

focuses on helping people take responsibility for their choices and behaviors to improve their lives. Choice Theory suggests that all behavior is purposeful and driven by five basic needs: love/belonging, power/achievement, freedom, fun, and survival. Reality Therapy helps clients identify what they want, examine their current behavior, and develop a plan to make better choices that lead to a more fulfilling life. Used for addressing behavioral issues, and relationship problems emphasizing empowerment and practical solutions.

Constructivist Theories:

Solution-Focused Therapy - Emphasizes identifying and building on the client’s strengths and resources. The focus is on finding practical solutions for the present and future, rather than analyzing past problems. Narrative Therapy - Helps clients view their lives as stories they can re-author. Clients work on externalizing problems (viewing them as separate from themselves) and reshaping narratives to develop a healthier self-identity

Color Code:

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Yellow: Intro

Red: Psychodynamic Approaches

Green: Humanistic Approaches

Blue: Cognitive Behavioral Approaches

Purple: Post Modern Approaches