Old bottles is the old way)

Earliest Chirstian Symbols:

Chi Ro Symbol, Catacombs of San Callisto, Rome- looks like an x over a p which means 

Christ.

AandW- Alpha and Omega, tbe beginning and the end

Ichthys Symbol: The fish, draw the arch and then neighbor finishes it

There were also anchors, compasses, 

PAinted ceiling Catacomb of Santissimi Pietro e MArecillino, Rome Italy, 4th Century CE

Christ is depicted as young. Arant position- the prayer position, 4 people in pray position. 

Cross on the ceiling- Also panels with Jonah.  

Old St. Peters Rome, Italy ca 324-400CE or (after Frazer) It has been taken down and 

Rebuilt as new st peters, largest church in Rome. 

Santa Sabina, Rome ca 422-432CE- has the big cylindrical apse

Doors at Basilica OF santa Sabina Rome 432AD- THey are carved. Panel one, the 

Eailrest Depiction of the crucifixion. The left depicts raising lazarus, the fishes and loaves,

 and miracle at cana the right shows si moses in the desert, miracle of manna.

Iterior of Santa Maria MAggiore, Rome ca 432-40 CE- to get gold they used gold

Sandwiched between to glass panels.

Parting of Lot and Abraham and Shepherds on landscape, Santa Maria Maggiore, 

Rome ca 4323-40CE (TESSERAE=small tiles or colored glass) 

Plan of Standa Constanza Rome (daughter of constantine)  CE350 the nave was at the middle

Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna Italy 425-450: She wasn't buried here but its named in her name. She ruled because her son was too young to. Has cross with equal arms, a greek cross. BE modest on the outside, but on the inside should be glowing and beautiful. HAs a ton of glass tessari on the inside. 

Good Shepherd, Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna Italy- Christ has a halo, sheep all around Him. Gets a little more simplified and abstract. 

Sarcophagus of Junius Basses ca 359 CE- Junius is almost like a Roman Emperor. Hes seated on a thrown. Hes christian now and also roman. It has abraham and isaac, adam and eve, daniel, job, Christ on the throne, triumful entry, Christ being taken to pilate. Has old testament and new testament stories. STart losing the classical proportions. It represents the new order or religion

Byzantium used to be the name of Constantinople.

Justinian wants to be emperor over all and takes over for a little of all

Byzantine Art:

Early Byzantine 330-750

Middle 850-1204

Late 1261-1453

EARLY BYZANTINE 330-750

Emperor Justinian 550s

San Vitale, Ravena, Italy- made from old roman buildings made by justinian, it looks like an octagon, the nave was central, the apse at one of the sides of the octagon. The top floor is the clerestory with all the windows, the middle floor is the gallery. THey would use marble to join the arches together. The inside was grand the outside was modest- just like a good chirian. BEAUTIFUL mosaics with vivid colors and pictures of Christ and angels. Images of abraham and isaac, with the hand of god as well as isaacs birth and prophecy. 

NIMBUS=FLAT CIRCLE HALO AROUND THE HEAD

Emporor Justinian and His Attentdants, San Vuitale, Ravenna Italy. Ca 547 CE

Packed with references to Christ- his nimbus, his robes, his 12 apostles, his bread in hands, Bethlehem- means house of bread, looks like they are floating like they are bridging tha gap between heaven and earth. 

Empress Theodora and Her Attendants, San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy ca 547ce - was a smart young entertainer girl, Justinian married her anyway even though it wasn't common, three kings or wise men are binging their offerings, She holds the chalice of wine. 

Hagia Sophia Istambul, Turkey (532-537) massive palace. He makes it with a big dome. Looks similar to a roman basilica at the end pf the half dones and nave, used pendentives that are rounded legs of square table lookin thing. Looks super light and airy with the windows underneath the dome. Looks like its suspended from heaven.

BASILICA AND CENTRAL PLAN mixed together

The archangel Michael. Leaf of diptych Early 6th century CE- has some classical traditions with laurels and winds and the drapery of the robes and contrapposto, and classical arch.  NOT classical- floating feet handing, the stairs are tiny, bog round eyes

Christ, Monastery of St. Catherine, Mount Sinai, Egypt 6th century CE- 

Iconoclast Controversy 726-843- everyone wanted these icons to feel close- they said they need images so they can picture what they are worshiping and so they can feel what they need to from them. The iconoclasts won and destroyed most of the icons, accept for this one above. Its made of wax and preserved well. ITs about Christ having different titles and roles- looking at it the left looks like mercy and the right looks justice.

Iconoclast=Image Destroyers

Iconophiles=Supporters of icons

VIrgin island Child Enthroned Between Saints and Angels Monastery of St. Catherine Mount Sinai Egypt Late 6th Century- Looks bixatinian in the big eyes, long bodies, the feet, they look straight at us. The angles look super classical.

—------

MIDDLE BYZANTINE 850-1204ish- you can tell its is the way it is because of the Gold tesara background. Choosing heavenly symbolic apart from the earth style.

The Crucifixion and Iconoclasts, from the Khludov Psalter. After 843BE 

Psalter=from the book of Psalms. The images show a soldier with the slick with the vinegar. 

Church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece, 11th century. Emphasis on the vertical- what is in the dome? Jesus surrounded by gold, He looks tired, old, he honestly looks super pissed. He is called CHRIST PANTOCRATOR= a christ that means business, a huge emphasis on judgment and order. THe mosaic of Christ simple with two followers on either side, with supposedly is adams skull. The bookends of Adam and Christ. 

St. Mark’s, Venice Italy Begun 1063CE. The difference between a cathedral and church is that a cathedral has a bishop that presides there. So much gold- 40.000feet of gold colored mosaics.

LATE BYZANTINE 1261-1453

Madonna Enthroned. Late 13th Century CE

Lots of gold, tells us its byzantine, the fold in her drapes are like sunburst suuuper abstract. Faces l=with long noses and big noses, Christ looks like a tiny man, shes sitting in something like the coliseum, everything looks like a mixture of flat like early and middle as well as dimensional like is coming in renaissance.

Islalm is the religion, muslim is someone who practice the religion 20% of the world religion is muslim. Ala is one God. One of the monotheistic religions like judaism and chirstianity. Muhamid felt inspired to write and wrote the quran.

The Hajj in Mecca 2008

Like gen conf. They come, they pray, they eat and they sleep. They feel major spiritual experiences with millions of people around it. Its like a black box.

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem cas 690- one of the oldest surviving building, you see greek and roman influences in the architecture. Its a shrine. Its ornate and has mosaics on the inside. There are no figures here. Lots of motifs and scriptures instead- verses of the Quran. Its not a masque cause it has no minaret tower to tell people to pray. Mosques also have an open courtyard dome of the rock does not. 

The great mosque of keairoian Tmisai 8th century and later

Has open courtyard for ward activities lol. Alot of attention to the word of God.  

Page with the kufic script of the Abbasid quran- has blue background with gold on it

Mihrab (Prayer Niche) from Isfahan, Iran 1354-55 there are written words of the prayer that can be seen in the niche as you kneel to pray- they inverted the pointed arch.

Minaret great mosque of samarra 848-852 Abbasid dynasty 750-1258

Hall full of columns with red and white stripes. A sense of eternity and timelessness. Like the mirrors at the temple.

Mihrab, Grat Mosque at Cordoba Spain. Magnificent gold with scalloped arches on the sides. 

Carved stone grille on gibla of great mosque of cordoba 14thcen mid

Complex intricate design pattern. 

The doome of the building is giant and gold

Madrasa of Ulugh Beg, Sarkand, Uzbekistan ca 1435

Iwan=vaulted chamber

The tileowrk is geometric and all based on math patterns and lots of blue and gold. Inspired by persian influences. 

MINARET= Prayer tower

Court of Lions, Alhambra, Granada, Spain. Mid 14th century- meant for you to feel like you were in heavenly place, the closest thing to heaven for them, there are 12 lions around the fountain. At the throne the sultan would receive foreign embasarries. Quran is everywhere- they don't create images of living things, that's gods doing. Water is integral to this place. 

The sanguszko figural design carpet from Iran ca 1575-1600 suuper persian and ornate

Wine Cup of shah Jahan from northern India. Mid17th century Mughal Empire- looks like a shell

MUGHAL EMPIRE

Akbar

Jahangir

Shah Jahan

Basawan and CHatar Muni, Akbar and the Elephant Hawai from the Alabrnama c 1526-1857 

Chaos with the elephants but Akbar is in control of nature. People gesticulating everywhere and running into the water. 

Bichitr, Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings, 1815-1618 opaque watercolors with gold and ink on paper, Mughal Empire 1526-1857

He wants a son and then the sik tells him he will then he does then he names his son the same name of the sik i think. The painter bows to the sultan, has babies with wings from classical antiquity. Jahadre loved embracing other cultures. He wants to show how he is aware of and embraces other traditions. He ends up having a son, named shahjashan

Tai Mahal, Agra India ca1650 Mughal Empire 1526-157- a mausoleum or tomb. The 3rd and favorite wives tomb. Everything about the taj mahal is exactly symmetrical accept for the tomb of shahjahan. Meant to create heavenly paradise of heaven on earth. Its all veneered with marble slabs- covered by not straight up. Its covered with colors of other stones too and quran. Minarets on the sides. Taj Mahal means the crown of buildings. 

Theme: North and South

All the names of Christ

Word

Wonderful

Counselor

Mighty God

Everlasting Father 

Prince of Peace

Advocate

Lamb of God 

Alpha and Omega

Jehovah

Messiah

Savior

King

EARLY MEDIEVAL:

Anglo saxon 600 AD

Hiberno saxon 700 AD

Viking 800

Cooligan 800

Otto1000

ANGLO SAXON ART 600AD

Sutton Hoo Ship Burial Site- ship was under large mound, symbolic of eternal sailing home. The ship disintegrated the wood. Found coins, utensils, purse, helmet 

Belt buckles- Interlacing. Animal heads in the interlacing. Gold and intricate

Hinged clasps- boars and horse heads, pig legs, glass mio fiore, fused and sliced checker glass design. 

Cloisonne= fenced in(bronze outlines with garnet and enamel) 

Purse lid- the eagles with ducks in middle, then the man getting munched by wolves 

HIBERNO-SAXON ART 700 AD

Isolation. Scriptoria, desire to spread chirstianity, combined metal-work animal style of anglo-saxon art with chritian themes

St Matthew from the Book of Durrow, ca 680.- complex interlace, with mathew, hes got a killer middlepart and patchwork pancho.

Cross page from Lindisfarne Gospels. Ca 700- had matthew, mark, luke, and john. So meticulous, it has so many little lines, look for the eyes you can see a lot of birds dand snakes mixed in. Meant to follow lines and meditate to get ready to contemplate the pages. Has the ky roe- name for Jesus. 

Illuminated manuscript

miniaturist=artist

Attributed to one person: BIshop Eadfrith

St. Matthew from londisfarn Gospels. Ca 700- cooed from ezra restoring the codex amaiatunus. EArly 8th century

Chi Ro lota page, from the book of matthew book of kells, ca 800- ky ro iota page, head of christ, otter with a fish, cat family, butterfly with moth

Page w/ mary- earliest mary and jesus depiction. Looks like playing cards

The 4 Evanguleslist- Matthew-man, Mark-lion, Luke-ox, John-eagle, all strongest animals in their domain? Lion associated with resurrection, breath of life. MAnger, ox, sacrificial ox. Visionary writings, visionary, soaring words, hes the eagle. 

VIKING ART 800AD-

Nomadic and made art. Burial ship from Oseberg, Norway ca 834- cool interlacing, had a queen and servant on the ship, jewelry, and 5 wooden posts, one of the posts had animal head with interlocking out of wood

Carolingina Art- 800 AD- 

charlamagne= carolus magnus= charles the great 

Equestrian statue of a Carolingian Ruler (Charles the Bald?) 9th century- HE was crowd holly roman pope on christmas day. He wanted to look like a roman emperor so he had himself put on a horse. 

St. Matthew from the Dospel Book of Charlemagne (Coronation Gospels) ea 800-10 this is the bible that would be used for swearing in, the coronation bible. 

St. Matthew from the Gospel lBook of Archbishop Ebbo of Reims. Ca 816-35- roman architecture in the background, with campus leaves on the sides, looks kinda like dr. suess, marriage of north and south, metal work and paintings, unique artistic touches

Front cover of binding lindau gospels 870- there are angels that are mourning, christ on middle looks peaceful someone hwo had overcome the physical body someone who is victorious, gems embedded in the book, a huge treasure because it was literature, had turrets to hold up a glowing diamond, the raised jewels helps the gold to not get bent in. Sleeping beauty book looks similar.

Repousse- hammered from behind. 

Westwork, abbey church, with later additions, Corvey Germany, Late 9th Century- tours showing you where to enter on the west side, 

OTTONIAN ART 950-100AD

Exterior abbey church pf st Michael Hildesheim Germany

There is an apse on the east aka semi circle cubby thing where the pope would stand, there is the middle isle called the nave, then two intersecting nave lookin things called trancepts. 

Doors of Bishop Bernward, Hildesheim Cathedral Originally made for abbey church of st michael's hildesheim Germany 1015- lost wax, covered with stories from old testament on left and new testament on the right, old testament has symbols of new that align with the box on left to box on the right on this door- like taking the fruit on left with crucifixion on the right(tree of knowledge  the tree of the cross that brings salvation) they are united in the composition. As in adam all may die, as in christ all shall be made alive.

Gero Crucifix. Ca 970, Life size in cologne, Wooden sculpture, compared to carolingine christ it emphasises the suffering christ unlike the other, you see the physical suffering, the suffering on cross for you.

ROMANESQUE 1050-1150 AD- What does romanesque mean? Roman like.

What does romanesque look like? Arch that has extended through. 

Nave and choir looking east of CHURCH of San Vicenc, Cardona, Spain ca1090-

What advantages or barrel vaults vs wooden trussed roofs? The sound- gregorain chants. It prevents fire. Wooden catches easier. Could be built taller and wider. Better acoustics. What are disadv. Of stone barrel? Heavy ceiling, less light.

Pilgrimage- why? Show you are a devoted christian, purify the soul, healing benefits, reduce time in purgatory, to gain forgiveness from sin, to travel

Bridge- There was abridge you had to cross

Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela (after conant) 1075-1120(after Dehio) 

Has a barrel vault type of hall, has groin x’s on ceiling.

Reliquary casket with symplots of the four evangelists ca 1150- champleve, has mathew mark luke and john.

San Foy- she holds some kind of holy relic. Gold with jewels donated from people.

Lintel of west portal, church of Saint Denisdes Fontaines, France 1020-21. - twelve apostles, christ in middle, 

MANDORELLA= full body halo

Benedictine Closter, priory of Saint Pierre Moisaac France, ca 1100. Meditative square that can be walked around being covered no matter the weather. Has daniel and the lions den carved into the column 

Romanesque portal ensemble- the half circle is the tympanum- on top of a lintel. Skinny columns called jam columns, the thin arches over the tympanum is the archivolt. 

Trumeau and jambs south portal church of sait pierre Moissac. Super skilly man spidery, has super stylized folds, it gets kinda weird. 

MAdeline- Tympanum with Christ- his 2nd coming. Little people foot of jesus. Snake Eve. claws grabbing head of little guy, Those who transgress will be punished and suffer like this.

ST. John of Enagelist from the Gospel Book oof Abbot Wedricus ca 1147- has the dove for HG has the eagle for John. 

The Mouth of Hell- 1150- The angels lock you in hell- there's no getting out. It doesn't matter how healthy you are, or if you're a monk, no one is exempt. Found in england. Meant to scare you yes- but meant to say that the church can save you. 

Baptistery cathedral, and campanile, pisa Italy. 1050-1272. They tried to correct the cathedral but continued to lean. They made recent stablaization efforts. In 2008 they solidified it. 

Baptistry of San Giovanni Florence italy 1060-1150, has the groin vault arches.

Crowds Gaze in Awe at tha Comet as Harold is Told of an Omen, detail of the Bayeux Tapestry, ca 1066-08 William the Conquorer. 

Durham cathedral- norman architectural- norseman viking coming into france. 1093-1130. Groin Vaults, looks similar to the SL temple. 

 

The basilica became a place of pilgrimage and a necropolis containing the tombs of the French Kings, including nearly every king from the 10th century to Louis XVIII in the 19th century. Henry IV of France came to Saint-Denis to formally renounce his Protestant faith and become a Catholic. The Queens of France were crowned at Saint-Denis, and the royal regalia, including the sword used for crowning the kings and the royal sceptre, were kept at Saint-Denis between coronations.^[4]
The site originated as a Gallo-Roman cemetery in late Roman times. The archaeological remains still lie beneath the cathedral; the graves indicate a mixture of Christian and pre-Christian burial practices.^[5] Around the year 475 AD St. Genevieve purchased some land and built Saint-Denys de la Chapelle. In 636 on the orders of Dagobert I the relics of Saint Denis, a patron saint of France, were reinterred in the basilica. The relics of St-Denis, which had been transferred to the parish church of the town in 1795, were brought back again to the abbey in 1819.^[6]
In the 12th century, the Abbot Suger rebuilt portions of the abbey church using innovative structural and decorative features. In doing so, he is said to have created the first truly Gothic building.^[7] In the following century the master-builder Pierre de Montreuil rebuilt the nave and the transepts in the new Rayonnant Gothic style.^[4]
The abbey church became a cathedral in 1966 and is the seat of the Bishop of Saint-Denis, Pascal Michel Ghislain Delannoy. Although known as the "Basilica of St Denis", the cathedral has not been granted the title of Minor Basilica by the Vatican.^[8]
The 86-metre (282-foot) tall spire, dismantled in the 19th century, is to be rebuilt. The project, initiated more than 30 years ago, was to have begun in May 2020, and is expected to take about 11 years at a cost of about €28 million.^[9]

Cathedral of 

Notre

-Dame, Chartres, France. ca. 1145–1220 (outside, inside, plan, portal and jamb sculptures, stained glass windows)

Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Paris, ca. 1200-50

Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Reims (exterior, portal sculptures)

Melchizedek and Abraham

, from the 

Psalter of St. Louis

. 1253–70 

Virgin of Paris

. Early 14th century. Stone. Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Paris

Salisbury Cathedral, ca. 1320-30 (exterior, plan, and nave)

Chapel of Henry VII, Westminster Abbey, London. 1503-19

Ekkehard and Uta

, Naumburg cathedral. ca. 1249–55

Roettgen

 Pietà

. Early 14th century

 

Words to Know:

Pointed arches

Ribbed groin vaults

Flying buttresses

Nave

Transept

Crossing

Aisles

Ambulatory

Nave arcade

Gallery

Triforium

Clerestory

Compound piers

Westwork

Jamb statues

Cult of Mary

Gothic “sway”

Stained glass

Tracery windows

Rayonnant or Court Style

Flamboyant Style

Fan Vaulting (England)
THIRTEENTH AND FOURTEENTH CENTURY ITALY- Theme: the eve of the renaissance

A mix between classical and byzantine

Basilica of San Francisco, Assisi. Begun 1228; consecrated 1253. Just one long nave, and frescos, it does however have a ribbed groin vault and pointed arches. Francis wrote all creatures of out God and King- he preached to the birds and they listened. No creature was too poor to preach the word of God. 

Bonaventure Derlingheiri, St. Francis of Assisi 1235 have apronscenes, the little pocket sized art on the sides, was a bother church or sister church to st clare

Altarpiece of St Clare- Looks byzantine with the gold

Pizza- 

Nicola Pisano. Pulpit. 1259-60 

Fortitude detail on pulpit. Has contrapposto- could be david, daniel, or hercules. NAtivity, two marys, continuous narrative, 

Geovanni Pisano. Nativity, detail on pulpit. 1302-10 Marble. Pisa cathedral. Lots of movement, more expressive, the relief is deeper, show more emotion

Florence- 

Franciscan Order

Arnolfo de Cambio(?) Santa Florence. Has a wooden trust roof. Has a t cross attributed to st francis. Beautiful dome on cathedral. Tall open space inside. Made a set of bronze doors - to commemorate john the baptist. 

Palazzo de Signoria (Palazza Vecchio), Florence. Begun 1298- wealthy bankers, built a palace, but also town square- power to the hpeople, made it to look like a castle, had a watch tower, its rusticated rough stone, 

CImbaue. Madonna Enthroned ca 1280-90- introducing showing space, 

Giotto, Madonna Entrones ca1310- studnet of cimbaue, but shows a little more space and gives us a fixed point of view. AMarys body has so much more volume. Bizantine influence with the gold. 

Padova-

Arena Scorvengni Chapel Padua. 1305-06, this is home chapel of rich banker, he built the chapel to atone for his sin of usery or sin of being a banker. All is painted by giatoo, has judgment scene, all fresco, top row is life of mary, the bottom row is the passion of christ or the crucifixion of christ. 

Christ entering jerusalem 1305-06, a piece of what was referenced in previous paragraph, shows depth with christ coming in on a donkey. 

The lamentation also.

Duccio maesta altar reconstructed 1308-11They wanted to build it better than last church, it's about 6 ft tall. On back is lives of christ. These are tempora paintings- gold is gold Leif. Also have annunciation of the death of the Virgin from the maestro alter- Gabriel is coming to tell Mary about her death. He doesn't know linear perspective from this example yet. 

Good and bad government in the one with all the buildings and houses painting.

Simone martini annunciation 1330 lots of gold- tempora9

 ___________________________

Chapter 14: ARTISTIC INNOVATIONS ON 15th Century NORTHERN EUROPE

Clause sluter the well of moses- 1395-1406- has david and zacharias, the crucifix was destroyed in war. The well of living water. Philip the bold was competing to have the best art.

Melchior Broederlam Infancy of Christ alterpeice, 1394-99. The annunciation, visitation, and temple with simeon and anna, and the flight into egypt. 

Limbourg brothers. January page, Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. 1413-16- royalty attached to january. Courtly wealthy style. It's a part of a prayer book. Its international gothic style. Had rich materials, elegant figures, naturalistic detains, and love for pattern.

The Wilton Diptych ca 1400- Richard the 2nd is kneeling there before jesus. There's John the baptist and mary holding jesus. 

_____________________

15 CENTURY FLANDERS(parts of rance, england, belgium, and netherlands)

At the cloisters-

Workshop of Robert Campin. Merode (Annunciation) Triptych. Ca. 1425-30- (right panel- joseph working with tools, hw has crafts out on display in the background of a mousetrap) (Donors are on the left- they were painted in after. Hes in black and she holds beads) (Middle is Annunciation- Mary reading and becoming impregnated with Christ as he flys in)

triptych=a religious picture of one central panel and two hinged wings

Grisaille- using only black white and gray values

Polyptych- many panels

Hubert andJan can Eyck. Chant Altarpeice closed, Belgium 1432

Rich detail on the inside. Has adam and eve, the lamb of god and god the father

Jan van eyck man in a red turban (self portrait) 1433 - basically flexing on how good hw is by saying this is the best I can do

JAn wav eyck”The arnolfini Portrait.”1434 He signed the back wall and was the first to do a mirror reflection. Packed full of symbolism. Mirror seen as eye of God. amber beads sign of chastity. Chandelier with 1 light meaning the light of Christ. Dog is loyalty. Takes of shoes for holy ground. Sweep the hearth- patron st of childbirth? Maybe she died in childbirth? 

Rogier can der Weyden Decent from the Crsos ca 1435- Mary has fainted because christ has died. Mary revives after fainting and so will Christ revive. Detail in crying people behind. 

Books are being printed(buxwhim St chropstpner 1423) He meets a hermit and is told to wait and see the face of God. The Baby was heavy. The baby was Christ- I’ve carried the weight of the world.

Watch the last judgement video

Paleolithic

Neolithic

Megalith

Dolmen Tomb- a megalithic tomb with a large flat stone laid on upright ones, found chiefly in Britain and France.

Menhir- a tall upright stone of a kind erected in prehistoric times in western Europe.

Cromlech-  a circle of standing stones.

Mortise and Tenon- A mortise and tenon is a type of joint that is made up of two parts. The tenon portion of the joint works as a peg, and the mortis is the hole or slot into which the tenon is inserted.

Works to Know: Chapter 1

1

. Hall of the Bulls

, Lascaux Cave, Dordogne, France. ca. 15,000–13,000 BCE

2. 

Chinese Horse

, 

Lascaux

 Cave, Dordogne, France. ca. 15,000–13,000 BCE

3. 

Rhinoceros, Wounded Man, and Bison

, Lascaux Cave, ca15,000–13,000 

BCE

4. 

Wounded Bison

. Altamira, Spain. ca. 15,000–10,000 BCE

5. 

Bear

, Recess of the Bears, 

Chauvet

 Cave, ca. 30,000–28,000 BCE

6. Hybrid figure with human body and feline head, Germany. ca 30,000 BCE

7. 

Two Bison

, Le Tuc d’Audoubert Cave, Ariège, France. ca. 13,000 BCE

8. 

Woman

 of 

Willendorf

. ca. 28,000–25,000 BCE 

9. Neolithic Plastered skull, from Jericho, Jordan, c. 7000 BCE

10. Dwellings and paintings at Catal Huyuk, c. 6000 BCE

11. Figures from Cernavoda, Romania. ca. 3500 BCE

12. 

Stonehenge

 (aerial view), Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England. ca. 2100 

BCE

Cuneiform

Mud bricks

Cylinder seal- It was originally rolled on clay when soft to indicate ownership or to authenticate a document and was used chiefly in Mesopotamia from the late 4th to the 1st millennium BC.

Heraldic pose- In heraldry, an attitude is the position in which an animal, bird, fish, human or human-like being is emblazoned as a charge, supporter or crest. It always precedes any reference to the tincture of that being or its various parts.

Registers- 

Composite view- half facing front other percentage facing the side

Hieratic scale/Hierarchical scale- big people important

Ziggurat- (in ancient Mesopotamia) a rectangular stepped tower, sometimes surmounted by a temple. Ziggurats are first attested in the late 3rd millennium BC and probably inspired the biblical story of the Tower of Babel (Gen. 11:1–9).

Stele-  a stone or wooden slab, generally taller than it is wide, erected in the ancient world as a monument. The surface of the stele often has text, ornamentation, or both. These may be inscribed, carved in relief, or painted. 

Lamassu- is an Assyrian protective deity.^[3] Initially depicted as a goddess in Sumerian times, when it was called Lamma, it was later depicted from Assyrian times as a hybrid of a human, bird, and either a bull or lion—specifically having a human head, the body of a bull or a lion, and bird wings, under the name Lamassu.(what you saw at the met)

Orthostat- orthostates are squared stone blocks much greater in height than depth that are usually built into the lower portion of a wall.

Column

Capital-The capital of Egypt and the largest city in Africa, located near the ancient cities of Memphis (capital of the Pharaohs), Giza (the pyramids of Giza) and Fustat (the first capital of Egypt under Arab rule); a major port just south of the Nile delta

Works to Know (Chapter 2)

Statues from the Abu Temple, Tell Asmar, Iraq ca. 2700-2500 BCE

Goat in Thicket (Ram and tree), Royal Cemetery of Ur, Muqaiyir, Iraq. Ca. 

2600 BCE

Royal 

Standard

 of Ur

. ca. 2600 BCE 

Bull Lyre, from the tomb of Queen Pu-abi, Ur (Muqaiyir, Iraq, c. 2600 BCE

Head of an Akkadian Ruler, from Nineveh (Kuyunjik), Iraq. ca. 2250–2200

BCE

 

Stele

 of Naram-Sin. r. 2254–2218 BCE 

Great Ziggurat of King Urnammu, Ur, Muqaiyir, Iraq. ca. 2100 BCE

Stele inscribed with the 

Law

 Code of Hammurabi. ca. 1700 BCE

Gate

 of the citadel of Sargon II, Iraq. 742–706 BCE  (and lamassu)

Lion

 Hunt relief, from the Palace of Ashurbanipal, Nineveh. ca. 645 BCE

Neo-Babylonian: Ishtar

 Gate (restored), from Babylon, Iraq. ca. 600 BCE 

Painted Beaker, from Susa. ca. 4000 BCE

Bull capital, from Persepolis, c. 500 BCE

Darius and Xerxes Giving Audience, ca. 490 BCE

 

 

 

Palette of King Narmer, from Hierakonpolis. ca. 3150–3125 BCE (Predynastic)

Imhotep. Step pyramid of King Djoser, Saqqara. ca. 2681–2662 BCE 

(Old Kingdom)

The pyramids of Menkaure, ca. 2533–2515 BCE, Khafra, ca. 2570–2544 BCE and 

Khufu, ca. 2601–2528 BCE, Giza (Old Kingdom)

Khafra, from Giza. ca. 2500 BCE (Old Kingdom)

Menkaure and His Wife, Khamerernebty II, from Giza. Ca. 2515 BCE. Slate (Old 

Kingdom)

Scribe, from Saqqara. ca. 2400 BCE (Old Kingdom)

Feeding the Oryxes. Wall painting in tomb of Khnum-hotep, Beni Hasan, ca. 1928-1895 

BCE (Middle Kingdom)

Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri. ca. 1478–1458 BCE (New Kingdom)

Kneeling Figure of King 

Hatshepsut

, from Deir el-Bahri. ca. 1473-1458 

(New Kingdom)

Temple of Ramesses II, Abu Simbel. 19th Dynasty. ca. 1279–1213 BCE 

(New Kingdom)

Akhenaten

 and His Family. ca. 1355 BCE (New Kingdom)

Queen

 Nefertiti. ca. 1348–1336/35 BCE (New Kingdom)

Cover

 of the 

coffin

 of 

Tutankhamun

. 18th Dynasty (New Kingdom)

The Weighing of the Heart and Judgment by Osiris, from The 

Book

 of the Dead of 

Hunefer

. 1285 BCE (New Kingdom)

 

fresco- a painting done rapidly in watercolor on wet plaster on a wall or ceiling, so that the colors penetrate the plaster and become fixed as it dries.

megaron- The megaron, plural megara, was the great hall in very early Mycenean and ancient Greek palace complexes. Architecturally, it was a rectangular hall that was surrounded by four columns, fronted by an open, two-columned portico, and had a central, open hearth that vented though an oculus in the roof.

rhyton- a type of drinking vessel used in ancient Greece, typically having the form of an animal's head or a horn, with the hole for drinking at the bottom.

Cyclopean masonry- large stonework that looks like a cyclops could have made it

casemate- a small room in the thickness of the wall of a fortress, with embrasures from which guns or missiles can be fired

corbel arch- a structure which spans an opening like an arch by having successive courses of masonry project farther inward as they rise on each side of the gap

corbel vault- same thing as above but a vault

Works to know:

Cycladic

Figure, from the Cyclades. ca. 2500 BCE

Harpist

, from Amorgos, Cyclades. Latter part of the 3rd millennium BCE

Minoan

Staircase, east wing, “palace” complex, Knossos, Crete

The “Queen’s Megaron,” from Knossos, Crete. ca. 1700–1300 BCE

Spring Fresco

, from 

Akrotiri

, Thera. ca. 1600–1500 BCE

Octopus Vase

, from Palaikastro, Crete. ca. 1500 BCE 

Toreador Fresco

, from the palace complex, Knossos, Crete. ca. 1550–1450 BCE

Mycenaean

The 

Lioness

 Gate, Mycenae, Greece. ca. 1250 BCE

“

Treasury

 of Atreus,” Mycenae, Greece. ca. 1300–1250 BCE

Mask of 

Agamemnon

, Grave Circle A, Mycenae, Greece. ca. 1600–1500 BCE


_________________
Exekias, Achilles and Ajax Playing Dice: 

The heroes are Achilles and Ajax- achilles is saying four and ajax is saying three. 

It is a metaphor for the way this will unfold before their battlefield of troy. Achilles is relaxed with the spears and ajax is intensely holding, there is some tension there. His heel- there's an ever so slight hover. 

The heroes are Achilles and Ajax. They are good friends. Achilles is a great hero- he was dipped in the river sticks which has the magic quality of making him invincible- his mother held him by his heel so his heel was not protected, and ultimately he would be killed by an arrow that hits his heel. Where the achilles heel saying comes from. 

Ajax will outlive his friend, he will actually carry his friend off the battlefield. HE will be in a battle for achilles armor (it was special armor). The armor was made by Hephaestus, god of the forge. 2 people would want that armor and give speeches and convince judges for the armor. Although ajax was closer to achilles he looses the contest and have a bad moment where he slays a ton of greeks then ends up committing suicide by slaying himslef wiht his own sword out of humiliation. 

Achilles and Ajax are good friends. They are playing dice with one another. Achilles is known as a noble hero which falls to his ankle injury, and Ajax commits suicide out of shame from failing in obtaining his friend Achilles old armor. The pot has an attic black figure base painting from the famous artist Ezikias. Ezikias put in great detail, skill, and time into his work through needle detailing and burnishing. It was most likely sold for a high price to the Etruscans from the greeks.

Potter: ezekias 

Attic black figure base painting- silhouettes- incised with a needle, black surface is slipware. Slip is fine suspended particles of clay in water used to paint. It would be black or red depending on the oxygen. They would paint the surface with the slip and then they would burnish it, rubbing with like a spoon- and rub it back and forth till it looks glossy. They would use a syringe to paint the fine details on the surface.

Ezekias is a master in the shape, detail, and drama- the Etruscans spent a ton of money from gress across the peninsula.

AEGEAN AND GREEK ART

Greek Art:

Theme: Seeking Perfection 

Geometric(700BC)

Orientalizing(600BC)

Archaic(500BC)

Classical(400BC)

Hellenistic(300BC)

Amphora- storage pot for oil and wine- inspired by female bodies. 

Horror vacui- fear of empty space

Dipylon Vase- Late geometric period, slipware, amphora, used as a gravemarker. Dipylon cemetery, Athens 750 BC- mourning loss of dead woman

Orientalizing Style: 600BC(influence from the near east- orinetalixing florals, sphinxes, griffins)

Archaic 500BCE(600-400BCE)

Doric- straight, angular, blocky 

Ionic- scroll, rolled sides

Pediment- the triangle on top

Architrave-

Metope- fluted vertical square

Tryglyph- smooth square

Capital - top of the column

Drum- base of column

Entasis- Bulging in the middle of column

The temple of Hera I (basilica) 550 BCE

Entasis, the columns bulge in the middle, for the goddess hera possible for her husband zeus, oldest monument in greece, ARCHAIC

Classical- Temple hera II- during the golden age of democracy and philosophy, Paestum ca 460 BCE- one of the two oldest greek temple

ARCHAIC period: 

Kore- means female figure (Lady of Auxerre) 630 BCE, limestone, geometric patterns on her skirt, super flat lady, influenced by ancient near eastern art, possible found in a necropolis, has the archaic smile

Koures- young male figure(600-590BCE) influence from egyptian art- no one in particular- hes not carved into side of stone, stiff locked knee, stands for an ideal, maybe a youthful warrior with an idealized perfection. Nudity was accepted of men for certain activities.

Kroisos(Kouros from Anavysos)540.-525BCE More realistic, slow shift toward greater naturalism

Peplos Kore 530 BCE- found in athens greece- archaic- dressed in possibly a kore- painted in garish colors- animals on the skirt- most likely artemis or athena- has the archaic smile represents the state of well being

Reconstruction of the east pediment of the temple of aphaia, aegina Greek 500-480BCE

East and west- one was done ten years before the other- east was 10 years made before the west- the east had an archaic smile for control- ten year later side the west is falling over and comes into the view of space, supporting himself on his last breath

Black figured amphora 540-530BCE achilles and ajax

Exekias, Dionysos Kylix, 530 BCE- The focal point in the sail, dolphins create unity. Dionysis is the God of wine, he turned pirates into dolphins? Black figure, painted on black, they would then scratch off the black for detail. 

Black figure pottery came first and then came the red.

Euthymides, Dancing Revelers, Red-figured amphora. 

CLASSICAL 400BC (480-323BC):

Kritios Boy ca 480 BCE, more naturalistic, represents male athletic youth, stands at a contrapposto, new sense of self, support for where arms would attach

Zues 460-450CE bronze, severe style, found in the ocean preserved by barnacles, mainly copper with a little bit of tin, 

Indirect lost wax process- clay base, added wax detail layer, wax mold surrounding, wax poured out 

Doryphoros(spear bearer) Roman copy after an original of 450-440 by Polukleitos- he's perfectly portioned through mathematical ratios. The original spear was lost. Contrapposto, nude competitor, marble, standard of proportion, perfect cannon to follow

Diskobolus (Discus Thrower) Roman copy after a bronze original of 450 BCE by Mryon.

Raice Warrior A found in the sea of Riace Italy 450 BCE

ARCHITECTURE IN THE CLASSICAL PERIOD

Athens- Agora(city center) religious and governing buildings

Akropolos(city on a hill)- persians sacked it and started building new buildings.

Parthenon- Iktinos and Kallikrates. Akropolis, Athens 447-432BCE- features doric and a few ionic on the inside friez, more blocky, its Athenas because she gave them an olive tree, once had a giant athena that was gold and ivory, the use of mathematics, all pillars are slightly slanted in to make it perfect looking, the base is slightly slanted for drainage after rain, made distortions to make it look perfect but nothing is perfectly straight or angled. Worship was done on the outside. 2x+1. It used to have so many sculptures, but was destroyed or taken away in wars. 

Phydias was the artist of all the sculptures of the parthenon. The crowing part of the pediment of the parthenon was athena and poseidon. Poseidon offered a fountain of water and Athena offered an olive tree and they chose the olive tree. 

Lapith and Centaur, Metope or parthenon- 440BCE- showing the greek victory over their enemies. 

Frieze above western entrance of the cella of the parthenon athens 440-432BCE- about 3 feet tall. Athenians themselves portraying their devotion to athena- they would weave a peplos for athena. Garish red, blue, and golds would be painted on the top. 

Nike for balustrade pf temple of Athena Nike. ca 410-407BCE, taking off her sandals to go worship into the temple. Meaning victorious.  

The Erechthenion 421-405 BCE(Acropolis, Athens) has olive tree and trident strike from Athena and Poseidon. There are female figures supporting the architecture like a column- (karyatid) 

END OF CLASSICAL

______

LATE CLASSICAL

(4th century )

Corinthian style- decorative volutes on the capitals

Apoxymenos(Scraper) Probably off the original 330BC by Lysippos- tree trunk, how you know its a late roman copy.

Lysippos, Farnese Hercules, 216AD- he was the fitness goal at the ancient greek gym/bathhouse- lion skin, looks older, regretful, bulky.

Niobid Painter. Red-figured calyx krater, from Orvieto. 460-450 BCE- punch bowl for wine or water or oil. Made fun of leta’s kids atremis and nairobi- they killed all the 12 beautiful kids

____

Hellenistic Period: 300 BC(323-146BC)

Thearer, Epidaruos. Early 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE- great acoustics

Boxer at rest, apollonius, 100-50BCE- older wounded, deferred, slouched over, his face is down, possibly people believe can heal by touching it, down to earth. 

Dying trumpeter or (gaul), Perhaps a roman copy after bronze original of 230-220 from Pergamon, Turkey- expressive, barbarian, downtrod, older and dying with dignity- not a greek.

Altar of Zeus at Pergamon, 2nd quarter of the 2nd century BCE, different than old greek structures, they have sculptures on bottom by steps 

Pythokritos of Rhodes (?) Nike of Samothrace ca 190 BCE

Represents a battle at sea, dramatically blowing through the wind, victory

Eros sleeping 3rd-2ndCBE baby strangling goose- vulnerable, not perfect, as well as drunk old woman and chunky lady at market

The Battle of Issos of ALexander and the Persians, Mosaic copy from Pompeii of Hellenistic painting of ca 315 BCE ca 100 BCE lots of naturalism o the movement of the horses, the moment deciding to surrender, specific frozen moment in time

Laocoon 1st century BCE marble laocoon protecting sons from athena snakes, because athena was mad that someone was leaking war information against the trojans?

Fibula, from Regolini-Galassi Tomb, Cerveteri. ca. 670–650 BCE– used as a shoulder decoration with 

drapery

Engraved back of a mirror. ca. 400 BCE. Mirror, thought they could see into the future through it.

 We know most because of their burial.

Tomb of Hunting and Fishing, Tarquinia. ca. 530–520 BCE- would recline while eat, feasting, looks minion

‘Etruscians were more equal.

Sarcophagus, from Cerveteri ca 520 BCE- holds ashes- burnished, terracotta, might have been holding an

Egg or pomegranate -representing afterlife or eternal life, paint has worn off, man and woman same size

__ ___ ___ __ 

509 BCE: Romans overthrow the Etruscans- etruscans still live there, but culture changes

Charun and Vanth fro the Tomb of the Aninna Family Taruinia 3rd century BCE- helpful yet serious and 

Severe- pretty scary

Reconstruction of Etruscan temple as described by’ vitruvius

Ways similar to a greek temple, ways different

Sim- ptamont, has a trigrlif and columbs

Diff- no fluting at the base, enclosed, columns on 3 sides, greeks has stairs all around, sculptures on top

Vulva of Veii? aplu(apollo) from Veii ca 510BCE- terracotta aka fired clay, arma aare hollow, energetic

 arms moving not static like egyptian, more lively and active

She wolf ca 500 BCE- romulus and ramous founders of rome- one solid piece of metal, actually mideval 

Actually 10-11000 BC

Chimera C 400BC- belaraphome defeats the lion goat snake creature 

L’Arringatore (The Orator). Early 1st century BCE- looks roman 

Made roads as aquaducts- early plumbing, had best concrete, used political propeganda as decore. 

Republican Period:100 BC

Empire Period: 100 AD

Late Empire: 300 AD

Republican period- had roman kings

Republican Period: 509-27 BC

(c. 100 BC)

509 BC—threw out last Etruscan king

146 BC—Rome overthrows Greece

46 BC—Julius Caesar became perpetual

dictator; civil war

44 BC—Julius Caesar assasinated

Temple pf Protunous, Rome ca 80-70BCE, made after likeness of Greeks, put stucco instead of out of marble. Ionic like greek. Its enclosed. Romans worship inside- got that from Eutruscians. Have engaged columns. Up on a podium and only one entrance from eutruscian influence. 

Arch, barrel vault, and groin vault. 

Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, Praeneste- all made out of cement

_________________________________

ROMAN

Made roads as aquaducts- early plumbing, had best concrete, used political propeganda as decore. 

Republican Period:100 BC

Empire Period: 100 AD

Late Empire: 300 AD

Republican period- had roman kings

Republican Period: 509-27 BC

(c. 100 BC)

509 BC—threw out last Etruscan king

146 BC—Rome overthrows Greece

46 BC—Julius Caesar became perpetual

dictator; civil war

44 BC—Julius Caesar assasinated

Temple pf Protunous, Rome ca 80-70BCE, made after likeness of Greeks, put stucco instead of out of marble. Ionic like greek. Its enclosed. Romans worship inside- got that from Eutruscians. Have engaged columns. Up on a podium and only one entrance from eutruscian influence. 

Arch and cement held ancient Rome together

Arcade: arch after arch after arch

Barrel vault: long arch tunnel vaul

Groin vault: 2 barrel vaults in an x

Dome: 360 vault

Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, Praeneste- all made out of cement

“Brutus” Late 1st century BCE head, modern bust- new ideal beauty- wisdom, power, age- founder of the roman revolt- nephew of the last king, chose to overthrow him, leads a revolt 509BCE

Veristic male portrait. Eart;y 1st century BCE- Versitc=true to life- older people were elected- show that you come from good roman ancestry, so they would put their ancestors' busts out in their living room- ancestor masks that look like ancestors and you parade in the streets.

25BC-200AD

Agustus of Primaporta. Possibly Roman copy of a statute of ca 20BC: Caesar made the statue to make people think he was a devine descendant of the Gods. Cupid on a dolpin below. Used greek models as a reference, imitated it  Victory displayed on his armor, first emperor, made coins with profile of caesar.

West facade of Ara Pacis Augustae. 13-9 BCE: An alter of peace, represents growth and abundance.

Imperial PRocession south firec, arc Pacis Augustae, Rome. 13-9BCE- dedicated July 4th, significant procession celebrating peace telling the people there will be success and abundance, good times among the people. 

Portrait of Vespasian ca 75CE- use money on things for the people so they can trust him after Nero the terrible leader. Vespasian creates the Colosseum for the people to build trust with them.

Colosseum: 100 days of games, killed sooo many animals 9,000 over that time, 50,000 people can be held in the colosseum, 80 arches in the arcade, took 10 years to build, they could do navel battles in it, they had underground elevators and mazes to contain animals, also known as a flavian amphitheater, has 3 different columns, many Christians died here, everyone could go there, women and slaves were at the top and all had assigned seating.

Marble head of the Emperor Titus, c 70-81BCE: distributed busts to show his presence and to spread the word on news. 

Arch of Titus, Rome. ca 81 CE: Jew were tired of being under roman rule, they revolted against the romans, the romans sacked the temple- took all the booty and treasure, and erected the arch showing roman strength and victory

—-On the side it shows in the Relief in bay of Arch of Titus, showing procession of spoils from the temple in JErusalem ca 81 CE, propaganda arch. 

Portrait of Domitia Longina. Late 1st century BC- whicker cage hair style

Portrait of Flavian Woman c90 CE- a repeat of a “retro hairdo”

__________________________________________

HIGH EMPIRE:

Nerva

Trajan

Hadrian

Antomius Pius

Marcus Aruelius 

 

Forum in Rome- the happening place, mainstreet, middle of town, emperors would add on to the forum to show they ruled- they'd make a new section of the forum

Marble Portrait of Bust of the emperor Trajan, C AD108-117- He wanted to be associated with the Greek ideal.

Forum of Trajan, Rome- Was a gift to the people to compensate for war, had a basilica to hag out in and books in latin and Greek.

—-Column pf Trajan, Rome. 106-13BC- about wars with the datian people, story on the side of the war- relief column- showed training bridgemaking and talks from leaders, hollow, used to have statue of Trajan, now has statue of peter put there later by Christians, propaganda about hard working protectors

Markets of Trajan: he had good stores getting him high approval, brought good comerse, comparable for modern day shopping malls. Used concrete on inside and brick on outside to make it look better. Used a groin vault to make his mall.

Pantheon, Rome. 117-25CE. Has a dome top, sacred temple, pantheon meaning all the Gods, an awe inspiring sight to see this dome, it looks like the heavens are open. Made of concrete, had coppers, 40 ft opening at the top called the oculus, used volcanic sand that could harden underwater, made of mathematical units and perfect shapes- square and circles- circles haven, square earth. A perfect sphere could be put in the center of the building. U of Virginia looks like the pantheon. Had bronze doors and a courtyard leading to the steps. Light shines on the door on July 4th? BEST preserved building of ancient rome, would be in ruin because of looters and other churches. Its preserved because it was instantly converted to a Christian church. Trajan started this up- Hadrian finished it.

Portrait of Hardrian after117 CE. Looks super greek- has a beard which is greek.

Scenic Canal, Hadrian’s VIlla, Tivoli. Ca 130-28CE. A villa to get away to get work done, serene with sculptures and nature.

Hadrian’s kitchen floor of villa was “Pair of Centaurs Fighting Cats of Prey” c130 BCE. Based off of a greek painting. Made of tile.

Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius. 161-80 CE. Wrote a book called meditations talking about what is worth living and fighting for in war? He responded with justice. Bronze sculpture of him calmly on an active horse. He is larger than life and not proportionate to the horse. He is calm and just over a fallen foe. The Christians thought it was a representation of Constantine- who turned Christian. 

Trajan won a ton of land and area due to winning wars, Hadrian had the task of maintaining that land. He decided to build a wall in germany, syrian in north africa between england and scotland. 80 miles long to newcastle to worlds end. You can backpack along the wall and sleep in the wall castles.

El Khasneh, Petra, Jordan. Probably early 2nd century CE- carved into the earth. WAs a tomb, they thought it was a treasury, they would carve then stand on the rumble then get rid of rubble at the end. 

Portrait of ROman lady in Petra- Made of WAx, merging of romans and egypt culture. 

Pompeii- preserved because of volcano- preserved pompeiian domus, made pools impluvians to collect rainwater aka their pools. The atrium would hold familial busts and would be where business was done. HAd corinthian columns. 

Styles of paintings found in pompeii-

LATE EMPIRE: 300AD

Carcalla (reigned 211-217) had huge public baths created. 

Baths of Carcalla- had theaters, tracks, gyms, and baths, had platforms with fires underneath for steam rooms, had a cold pool, and a lukewarm pool.

Diocletian (reigned 284-395) Had an emperor and a co emperor, 2 caesars, 2 agusti, 4 emperors total, 

Prortrait group of the tetrarchs. Ca305 CE- 4 rules, there are two sets of two, naturalism is disappearing. This is style of late empire. 

Portrait of Constantine the Great. Early 4th century CE. Goes to war against his own leaders to have all the power over the empire. He moves the empire to Constantinople or Istanbul, rome gets neglected. 40 ft statue. In the niche. Puts statue in basilica to stand in and reign for him when hes not there. He erases maxensus name and puts basilica of Constantine. Giant eyes to say that hees ever present and that he sees all.

ARch of Constantine Rome 312-15- 3 arches, made out of parts of old emperors works, takes things from other works and sticks it on his arch, propaganda to make the people think hes a good emperor like aurelius and trajan. 

Jade Cong 2500 BCE, Liangzhu culture (Neolithic period) They would use a grain of sand to carve away on the jade. 

ZHOU DYNASTY: 1046 BC-256BC: Famous for bronze ware and the beginnings of three major Chinese philosophers .

Da Ke Ding, bronze Zhou Dynasty, c 1046-771 BC- signifies power of the owner because it its made of bronze and because it has the taotie face. It shows a belief in the afterlife. Its huge, heavy, and the design is thought out. This was found in a temple- dings are also commonly found in barriels. This was used for ceremonial purposes. 

QUIN DYNASTY: 221BC-206 BC: First dynasty of imperial China, known for centralized political power a large military standardizations.

Terracotta warriors from the mausoleum of the first of the first Quin emperor of China, Qin Shihuang, c 221-206 BCE, Quin Dynasty, painted terracotta- 

massive scale of project. The emperor started at 13 and wanted to make sure she was immortalized. Each warrior has unique features- were made by expert potters. The artists were locked in the tomb to keep the secret that the terracotta soldiers were created. They died.:( 

HAN DYNASTY: 202 BC-9AD

Funerary Banner, from tomb 1, Mawangdui, China, Han dynasty, c 168 BC:

Was on top of a coffin. Has a register showing the heavens, lady dai and her attendants, her death, and the underworld. First portrait of Chines art. 

Flying Horse of Gansu, c 200, Eastern Han Dynasty- bronze. Looks like its in flight. Represents strength, balance, stability. It’s a national treasure.

TANG DYNASTY: 618-690, 705

Han Gan, Night-Shining White, Tang Dynasty c. 750-

It unfurled, its a scroll. Its a continuous narrative- shows the concept of time unfurling on as you open the scroll. The lore is that the horse was a dragon in disguise that would sweat blood, celestial horses. So many stamps to show the stamps of all the owners. It was passed through many owners. 

Attributed tp Zhou Fang, Ladies Wearing Flowers in their Hair, Tang Dynasty (late 8th century-early 9th century) handscroll, ink and color on silk- Upper Class ladies, wearing silk and leisurely hanging out. The rich could while away their time because they have money. It was was style to wear giant fake flowers, and would wear makeup to make their faces look like butterfly wings. 

SONG DYNASTY: 960-1279

Known for technology, science, philosophy, and math advances.

Fan Kuan, Travelers by Streams and mountains, ink on silk hanging scroll, song dynasty c 1000- Its name shanshui hua = means mountain water painting. Our view is at the middle. Its supposed to make you feel enveloped and one with nature. SEven feet tall. Signature of the artist hidden well in the art. Was a recluse, looking for spiritual enlightenment from living in harmony in nature. 

YUAN DYNASTY:1271-1368

The David Vases, c 1351, Yuan Dynasty, 63.6x20.7 cm, Jiangxi province-

Made from porcelain, very soft white, uses skill to throw. Has the classic china blue which comes from cobalt which comes from iran. They were dedicated in a temple. Used as ritual  vases.

Buddha of Medicine, c 1319, Yuang Dynasty: buda came to china, this is the buddha of medicine to help people overcome suffering. You can tell he's Buddha because of his long ears (for relinquishing wealth), lotus position, lack of jewelry, and a halo to show enlightenment. The two guys are bodhisattvas- had achieved enlightenment but decide to stay on the earth to help other people(they wear jewelry to show they are of the earth and sticking around) Currently found at the MET in NY. This was meant to teach a story to the viewer.

Huang Gongwang, Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains, 1350, Yuan Dynasty, handscroll, ink on paper-

It was going to be burned for ritual but was saved by a guy who thought it was too good/beautiful to be

destroyed so he switched it out for another to be burned. Use of line is amazing, so much variety of line.

Fan Congyi, Cloudy Mountains, ca 1360-70 Yuan Dynasty: Takes you into eternity, cycles of nature and 

human life.

MING DYNASTY: 1368-1644

Wang Lü, Landscapes of Mount Hua (Huashan), album leaf, 1384 (Ming Dynasty, China), ink on paper-

Looks like calligraphy, the lines flow.

Lan Ying, Whirling Snow on the River Bank, 1639, Ming Dynasty, Hanging Scroll, Ink on Silk- we see

snow on the trees, is metaphorical for how we should live in harmony with nature. Was once white now faded

to a tan color.

_______________________________________________________________

NORTH AMERICA:

Ancestral Puebloan (Formerly Anasazi)- lived around the four corners, mesa verde national park, grew beans,

Corn, and maze

Indigenous American Art

Cliff Dwellings, Ancestral Puebloan, 450–1300 CE, 

sandstone, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado -Built up with stone and mud brick. 

They used an ash sand and clay recipe for their architecture. Upper stories for food, they

Also had kivas. Fires inside. Also a hole called the sepapue for spirits from the underworld.

Advantages: stays cooler, inside a shelter, could see if enemies were herded their way,

protection and hard to get to. 

Why they were Abandoned: There was a drought, and they had run out of resources. 

Their religion told them it was time to go.

Great Serpent Mound, c. 1070, Adams County, Ohio  The head aligns with the summer

Solstice sunrise and the winter aligns with the winter solstice sunset.Was lots of

Organization in order to make this happen. 

Colossal Head, La Venta, Mexico, Olmec, C. 900-400 B.C. Basalt, 9’4’ high  Found

In the temple pyramid plaza. Represent the rulers at the time. They were also good

At carving jadite with sand abrasion. 

Pyramid of the Moon seen from the Avenue of the Dead, Teotihuacan,

 Mexico, c. 50-250 Very organized, they had the avenue of the dead, first grid plan of 

A city in america anywhere. Pyramid of sun, moon, and pyramid of the feathered 

Serpent- called Ketzelquatal. Had feathered serpent and fire serpent who believed

Could live on land as well as in water.

Yoke, c. 1 – 900 C.E., Classic

Veracruz culture, greenstone The purpose was to be a game. Used for the ball game.

Looks like a bid toad face. Had huge cultural and religious significance. They would

Wear the yoke for ceremonies or buried with them. Deflected the ball cause it could

Kill you. If they loose they are put to death.

“El Castillo,” Chichén Itzá, Mexico, Maya, c. 800-900 CE  Almost like a ziggarut

Fond out it was a tomb. He is the maze God because of the corn on his hat.

The temple has super cool things apart of it. There are 365 steps, 9 stages of the 

Underworld, spring and autumn equinox are when the sun casts a shadow onto the 

Side and it looks like a snake. 

Chacmool, from the Platform of the Eagles, 

Chichén Itzá, Mexico, Maya, ca. 800-900 CE Stone  They represent fallen warriors. 

Coatlicue, Aztec, from Tenochtitlán, Mexico City, ca. 1500. 11’6’ high There was a

Colossal goddess statue may have stood in the great temple complex at tenochitilan. 

Her necklace is made of severed hands and human hearts. Her skirt is made of 

Rattlesnakes- shes been beheaded and there are 2 snakes coning out whith drops

Of blood. All together she symbolizes fear and respect. They allude to human sacrifice.

Templo Mayo- two temples represents 2 gods. Tlaloc Temple means rain and life, and

Huitxi;pochti represents war and the sun. 

The Coyolxauhqui Stone, Aztec, from the Great Temple of Tenochtitlán,

 Mexico City, c. 1500  She is the sister of the whitlapchti, she tried to lead an uprising so

He beheaded her and threw her off the mountain. They still reinact it. She is the stars her

Brother the moon. The cosmos. ITs placed at the bottom of the temple.

The

Sun Stone (or The Calendar Stone), Aztec, reign of Moctezuma II (1502-20) There is

Whichlapoti in the center. Each areas of the stone is like dispensations- it tells how

Each era was destroyed. The last tells that we will be wiped out by the earthquake.

Monolith of

Tlaltecuhtli (Earth Lord), 1502, Mexica (Aztec), stone

The earth lord. This is female. Its 14 feet tall. There is blood flowing from her mouth. Used ear spools

To stretch her ears. Consuming river of blood. She is a mother, in birth giving position. Knees and elbows

Have monster joints. 

Mosaic of a

Double-headed Serpent

, c. 15th-16th century

SOUTH AMERICA_______________________

NAsca, Mantle (the pracas textile) 100-300ce, pracas, peru  It was a mummy bundle.

A mummy care package to send off the dead. Burried people in sand- how its been 

Preserved. Made of cotton, the outside parts are embroidered with alpaca fibers. 

Incredibly complex- so finly made you can tell from front and back. 

Nasca Geoglyphs: over 300 feet in length and formed approximately 2000 years ago.

Made by removing rocks that had become darkened. They made a hummingbird, and 

A monkey. 

Shield Jaguar and Lady Xook,

Lintel 24 & 25 of Temple 23,

Yaxchilán, Mexico, Maya, c. 725 C.E., limestone

Pendant in the form of a

bat-faced man, northeastern Colombia, Tairona, after 1000 CE, So many bats- they

 had bat Gods. 

Machu Picchu,

 Peru, c. 1450–1540  They had many rituals and would grow things and align stuff with

solstices.

Menkaure and His Wife, Khamerernebty II, from Giza. Ca. 2515 BCE. Slate