https://padlet.com/kdaway7121/ls11uo56a1a0dubk Module 3 lesson 3 Assignment: Kirsten Daway en-us 2023-10-03 12:05:42 UTC 2023-10-04 12:37:27 UTC hello@padlet.com kdaway7121 https://padlet.com/kdaway7121/ls11uo56a1a0dubk/wish/2730120121 Reception:

• The signal transduction pathway begins with the reception of an extracellular signal or ligand by a cell surface receptor or an intracellular receptor, depending on the nature of the signal.

Transduction:

• After reception, the signal is transduced or relayed through a series of intracellular signaling molecules. These molecules often include protein kinases.

Response:

• The final stage of the signal transduction pathway is the cellular response to the signal. This response can be varied and includes changes in gene expression, altered enzyme activity, changes in membrane permeability, cell growth, cell division, secretion, and more.

]]> 2023-10-03 12:11:49 UTC https://padlet.com/kdaway7121/ls11uo56a1a0dubk/wish/2730120121 kdaway7121 https://padlet.com/kdaway7121/ls11uo56a1a0dubk/wish/2731943021 Paracrine Signaling:

• In paracrine signaling, cells release signaling molecules (paracrine factors) into the extracellular fluid, affecting nearby target cells.
• Paracrine factors do not travel long distances and primarily act on neighboring cells within a specific tissue or region.

Autocrine Signaling:

• Autocrine signaling is a subset of paracrine signaling where cells release signaling molecules that act on themselves.
• A cell produces signaling molecules that bind to receptors on its own surface, influencing its own behavior or functions.

]]> 2023-10-04 12:07:33 UTC https://padlet.com/kdaway7121/ls11uo56a1a0dubk/wish/2731943021 kdaway7121 https://padlet.com/kdaway7121/ls11uo56a1a0dubk/wish/2731945379 Endocrine Signaling:

• Endocrine signaling is a type of long-distance signaling that involves the release of signaling molecules called hormones into the bloodstream by specialized endocrine cells or glands.
• Hormones are transported through the circulatory system and can reach target cells in various tissues and organs throughout the body.

Neuronal Signaling (Neurotransmitter Signaling):

• Neuronal signaling is a specialized form of long-distance signaling that involves the transmission of signals by nerve cells (neurons).
• Neurons communicate with each other and with other cell types, such as muscle cells or gland cells, using signaling molecules known as neurotransmitters.

]]> 2023-10-04 12:09:30 UTC https://padlet.com/kdaway7121/ls11uo56a1a0dubk/wish/2731945379 kdaway7121 https://padlet.com/kdaway7121/ls11uo56a1a0dubk/wish/2731948018 Signal Transduction Pathways: Even if two cell types have the same receptor for a given ligand, their intracellular signal transduction pathways may differ. The signaling pathways activated downstream of the receptor can vary depending on the cell type. This results in different cellular responses, as different pathways may regulate different effector molecules or lead to distinct outcomes.]]> 2023-10-04 12:11:31 UTC https://padlet.com/kdaway7121/ls11uo56a1a0dubk/wish/2731948018 kdaway7121 https://padlet.com/kdaway7121/ls11uo56a1a0dubk/wish/2731950902 A molecule that can bind to a receptor. This causes a change in cell signaling, and ultimately, cell behavior or structure.]]> 2023-10-04 12:13:18 UTC https://padlet.com/kdaway7121/ls11uo56a1a0dubk/wish/2731950902 kdaway7121 https://padlet.com/kdaway7121/ls11uo56a1a0dubk/wish/2731976100 Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are especially good at triggering several signaling pathways simultaneously. These receptors have a unique mechanism that allows them to activate multiple downstream pathways in response to ligand binding.  The ability of RTKs to activate multiple signaling pathways simultaneously is important for coordinating complex cellular responses, such as cell growth, differentiation, and survival. ]]> 2023-10-04 12:30:45 UTC https://padlet.com/kdaway7121/ls11uo56a1a0dubk/wish/2731976100 kdaway7121 https://padlet.com/kdaway7121/ls11uo56a1a0dubk/wish/2731977920 In the context of cell signaling and molecular biology, the term "transduction" refers to the process by which an extracellular signal or stimulus is converted into an intracellular response or a series of molecular events within a cell. Transduction is a critical step in the cell signaling pathway that allows cells to interpret and respond to signals from their external environment.]]> 2023-10-04 12:32:02 UTC https://padlet.com/kdaway7121/ls11uo56a1a0dubk/wish/2731977920 kdaway7121 https://padlet.com/kdaway7121/ls11uo56a1a0dubk/wish/2731980955
Phosphorylation cascades are a common feature of many cell signaling pathways, including receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathways and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. They are essential for coordinating complex cellular responses to extracellular signals and play a critical role in various physiological processes, such as cell growth, differentiation, immune responses, and more.

]]> 2023-10-04 12:33:56 UTC https://padlet.com/kdaway7121/ls11uo56a1a0dubk/wish/2731980955 kdaway7121 https://padlet.com/kdaway7121/ls11uo56a1a0dubk/wish/2731985900 Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) resulting from the body's inability to use insulin effectively. 

Insulin Resistance in T2DM:

• In individuals with T2DM, insulin resistance occurs, primarily in muscle, liver, and adipose tissue.
• Insulin resistance means that these tissues do not respond well to insulin signaling, leading to reduced glucose uptake and utilization.
• In muscle cells, impaired insulin signaling results in reduced translocation of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) to the cell membrane, reducing glucose uptake.
• In the liver, insulin resistance leads to increased glucose production by the liver (gluconeogenesis) and decreased glycogen synthesis.
• In adipose tissue, insulin resistance reduces the storage of glucose as triglycerides.

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