A constitutional monarchy is a type of governement headed by the figure of a monarch, but the power is held by other different istitutions. The power is composed of 3 different parts: legislative, executive and judicial. They are held by three different istitutions. The first one, the legislative, is held by 2 chambers which are the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The second one, the executive is controlled by the British governement which is elected by the population. The third one, the judicial is divided info three parts: one system for England and Wales, one for Scotland and one for Northen Ireland.

Prime minister:

the UK Prime Minister is the head of central government, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland have their own heads of government called First Ministers. These are leaders or representatives of the parties with the most seats in government.

House of lords:

The House of Lords is the second chamber of UK Parliament. It plays a crucial role in examining bills, questioning government action and investigating public policy. 

House of commons:

The UK public elects 650 Members of Parliament (MPs) to represent their interests and concerns in the House of Commons. MPs consider and propose new laws, and can scrutinise government policies by asking ministers questions about current issues either in the Commons Chamber or in Committees.

Cabinet:

The Cabinet serves as the core decision-making body within the government. It's comprised of senior government ministers chosen by the Prime Minister. The Cabinet is responsible for setting government policy, making key decisions on legislation, and overseeing the implementation of government programs.

The King:

In the UK, the role of the monarchy is largely ceremonial. The King (or Queen) serves as the head of state, representing continuity and tradition. While the monarch retains some formal powers, such as the ability to appoint the Prime Minister and dissolve Parliament, these powers are exercised on the advice of elected officials and are largely symbolic. The monarchy's primary function is to represent the nation domestically and internationally, serving as a unifying figurehead.

In the UK there are currently 11 political parties. The main 2 are the Conservative party and the Labour party:

The first one was founded in 1834, and it has been one of the dominant forces since the 19th century.

As today it has been in power since 2010, holds 363 parliamentary seats and is guided by the Prime Minister.

The conservatives obtain the biggest election victory since their win in 1987, with 43,6,% of the vote.

Since 1970s it has given favours to small government and liberal free market economic policies; in recent years it has become more socially liberal about LGBT rights and legalizing same-sex marriage.

However there are some tensions and divisions about brexit within the parties.

The supporters of this party are primarily middle class voters of the rural and suburban areas, although it has winned the election in 2019 thanks to the Labor supporting working class voters.

The second one of this main parties is the Labour Party which was founded in 1900,with a coalition of trade unionists and socialists.

Until 1980 their ideology was along traditional democratic socialist lines,characterized by high taxes and Keynesian economics.After 1980s the party has become more centrist, culminating in the renomination of the party as New Labour.Homewer,between 2015 and 2020 the party returned to a more traditional socialist approach.

The Labour party has been traditionally more socially progressive with things like worker and LGBT rights,gender equality and immigration policies.During his history it has been voted for the most part by working-class and socially liberal

voters.

If the party that has the highest numer of winning candidates wins over 50% of the sits it forms a majority government. Otherwise, they can form a coalition government with other parties or form a minority government.

The leader of the winning party is the prime minister and he chooses the head of the 23 ministerial and of the 20 non-ministerial departments.

General elections take place every 5 years, but if the 2/3 of the representatives vote so there can be an elections earlier.

There are some new gereral election:

- The scottish and welsh elections. They are done every five years where the voters use a system of proportional rappresentation.

- The Northern Ireland assembly where the voters elect the assembly members with STV sistem.

- The local election, instead of the others is done every four years where the voters elect local councilors. There are use two system one is the FPTP system in England and Wales and one is the STV system and it is used in Northern Ireland. - The Mayoral elections are done in some part of England ehre the voters elect a local mayor using the supplemtary vote system.

To be able to vote in the UK you must have 18 years old except in countries such as Scotland and Wales where the legal voting age is 16 years old.

To partecipate at the UK’s general election you need to have a registered UK address and you must also be British, Irish and Commonwealth citizen.

EU citizens or foreigners can vote in local or Scottish elections.

Prisoners or electoral fraudsters can’t vote for five years since the accusation.

To vote in the UK you must register your name on the electoral register.

On voting day you need to go to the Police station and give your name.

ACTS OF THE UNION

They were two Acts of the Parliament:

• The Union with Scotland Act ( 1706 ), approved by the Parliament of England.

• The Union of England (1707), approved by the Parliament of Scotland.

The two laws applyed the key points of the treaty of Union, that had been agreed on 22 July 1706, following negotiations between commissioners rapresenting the Parliament of the two countries.

By the two Acts the two kindoms were unites.

The scottish parliament is composed by 129 members called MSP members of the scottish parliament. They are elected for 4 years. They can rule on the territory non reserved to westminster. the british parliament can give ore take power from the Scottish one. the scottish parliament controls different aspects such as health,education, local government, low and home affars, enviroment , sports and the the arts, social security taxation. the original scottish parliament was bounded to te scottish kingdom and exsisted from the beginning of the XIII century, until scotland was conquered by england in 1707 , so the british parliament was created and took the place of both the england and scorrish parliament. after a referendum in 1997 the actual scottieh parliament was established though it is subordinated at the main parliament

IRELAND

The oireachtas éireann is the irish parliament; composed by the high and low chamber, leaded by the president of the republic. The parliament is based in Dublin. The principal funcions are to approve laws and name the chief of the government.

WALES

The welsh parliament is the body devoted to impose taxes and to control the government.

Before 2020 was known as the national assembly of wales, founded in 1998. It counts 60 members elected for a 5-year tern.