Besides that, as they are neoteny, Axolotl involves in:

In this study, Kochegarove et al. have found a functional RNA homolog to the axolotl MIR in promoting heart development in the human, through random cloning of genes expressed in the human fetal heart.

The heart of mutant embryos (specifically which do not have a beating heart) were extracted and treated with the active clone of human RNA (microRNA-499c). Generally, the transfected mutant heart is successfully rescued and normal heart development is restored. It is demonstrated by the restoration of beating in the heart, a significant increase in cardiac markers such as tropomyosin, cardiac troponin T, and a-syntrophin which is consistent with the previous finding using axolotl MIR.

These findings will help to understand the underlying mechanism of heart development and have an impact on future treatment related to heart disease/malformation.

The AXO crude extract is obtained from amputated tissue (bone and soft tissue) through several extraction processes following amputation of the axolotl's hindlimbs. The results of this experiment validate that AXO crude extract serves as an antiproliferative and pro-differentiation compound.

- Increased expression of CDKN1A and CDKN2C

- Induce morphological changes: partial granulocytic, chromatin condensation, decreased nucleoplasmic ratio (similar to those seen in plant extract treatment)

- Induced granulocytic differentiation through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway

- Overexpression of SP11 and downregulating the c-MYC

- Inhibit cell growth via inducing G0/G1 cell arrest

On the basis of their previous study that revealed macrophage plays a critical role in promoting regeneration in axolotl as axolotl who macrophage deficient tends to form scar instead of regenerate similar like mammals - the researchers took a novel signaling transduction comparative approach comparing the macrophages quality in the axolotl to those in the mouse in promoting regeneration with the evidence of Toll-like receptor (TLR) can regulate inflammation in response to injury and it is evolutionary conserved.

The research shows unexpected results where the response of both respective macrophages is similar towards pathogens but it is different when it comes to injury. This study mainly focuses on the TLR-MAPK pathway which found that mouse signaling responses are diametrically opposed to those of the axolotl, and negative control of TLR-MAPK signaling is favored. Axolotl macrophage signaling promotes regeneration (new tissue) while in the mouse they promote scarring.