Literature Review Matrix by

Title

paminorth — 2022-05-21 19:51:27 UTC

Suffering and liberation in the age of therapy: German's 'grandchildren of the Second World War'

Topic

paminorth — 2022-05-21 19:54:47 UTC

The process and influence on families and the post WWII. Unresolved experiences leading trans generational transfer and emotional problems

Sample/population

paminorth — 2022-05-21 19:55:29 UTC

German grandchildren of WWII and born in the 1960's and 1970's

Purpose

paminorth — 2022-05-21 19:56:33 UTC

Understanding the way that individuals actively deal with their distress that is considered war time trauma and political

Research Question

paminorth — 2022-05-21 19:57:21 UTC

How does the WWII memories transference affect descendants?

Methodology

paminorth — 2022-05-21 19:57:51 UTC

Qualitative researchEthnography and Narrative approach

Findings

paminorth — 2022-05-21 19:59:50 UTC

German grandchildren of WWII are impacted emotionally through transference of memory

Conclusion

paminorth — 2022-05-21 20:01:17 UTC

Although therapeutic therapy will help the German grandchildren of WWII, those interviewed found comfort with others with the same type of transference of memory in a social setting

Recommendations

paminorth — 2022-05-21 20:02:25 UTC

Further research to compare a borader group in similar age, and especially those in Eastern Germany to explore transference of memory

Title

paminorth — 2022-05-21 20:20:31 UTC

Struggling with meaningfulness when context shifts: Volunteer work in a German refugee shelter

Topic

paminorth — 2022-05-21 20:21:15 UTC

Meaningful experiences in refugee shelter according to societal changes

Sample/population

paminorth — 2022-05-21 20:21:42 UTC

Volunteers in refugee shelter in Germany

Purpose

paminorth — 2022-05-21 20:22:42 UTC

To find how volunteers maintain meaningfulness in the shelter

Research Question

paminorth — 2022-05-21 20:23:29 UTC

How does the shift in society affect how volunteer maintain meaningfulness?

Methodology

paminorth — 2022-05-21 20:24:51 UTC

Qualitative exploratory, ethnography with social constructionist perspective

Findings

paminorth — 2022-05-21 20:29:46 UTC

In seeking meaningfulness in volunteering with refugees, volunteers idea of the meaning varies according to society, beneficiaries, community and the task

Conclusion

paminorth — 2022-05-21 20:32:57 UTC

Meaningfulness to the volunteers relates to their experiences and view of themselves and the organization they volunteer

Recommendations

paminorth — 2022-05-21 20:34:15 UTC

Further research into the refugee crisis in Germany and determining of volunteers may find meaningfulness with incentives helpful

Title

paminorth — 2022-05-22 05:20:17 UTC

Feeling the Scope of Solidarity: The role of emotions for volunteers supporting refugees in Germany.

Topic

paminorth — 2022-05-22 05:22:40 UTC

The arrival of a large amount of refugees in Germany is termed "Culture of welcome/hospitality", although in the past refugees had a negative impact on the public. A study of how emotions moved people to volunteer and build collectives for solidarity.

Sample/population

paminorth — 2022-05-22 05:23:26 UTC

Volunteers to refugees

Purpose

paminorth — 2022-05-22 05:24:42 UTC

To analyze how emotions affected volunteers and how they affect decision making and the desire to help others.

Methodology

paminorth — 2022-05-22 05:25:47 UTC

Qualitative Narrative

Research Question

paminorth — 2022-05-22 05:27:00 UTC

Do emotions affect the decision making and judgement of volunteers desire to help others?

Findings

paminorth — 2022-05-22 05:29:03 UTC

Emotions affect refugee policies and the personal attachment to the refugees. Cognitive and emotions relate to each other when terms like "deportation" is used to illicit response. The term brought about a negative response.

Conclusion

paminorth — 2022-05-22 05:31:19 UTC

Emotions of volunteers are managed to avoid negative feelings and yet happiness is experienced. The responsibility to the refugees is in the collective of volunteers and the community.

Recommendations

paminorth — 2022-05-22 05:31:36 UTC

None

Title

paminorth — 2022-05-22 06:00:14 UTC

Do good, stay well. Well-being and work satisfaction amount German refugee helpers: A national cross sectional study

Topic

paminorth — 2022-05-22 06:07:48 UTC

Volunteers experience PTSD and vicarious trauma and emotional fatique. Burnout occurs from exposure to trauma affecting their emotional health and well being.

Sample/population

paminorth — 2022-05-22 06:09:38 UTC

Refugee volunteers

Purpose

paminorth — 2022-05-22 06:12:12 UTC

Analysis of data from surveys and questionnaires for comparisons and establishing means.

Research Question

paminorth — 2022-05-22 06:13:49 UTC

Do volunteers who work with refugees experience PTSD and secondary traumatization? How do volunteers rank satisfaction with their work?

Methodology

paminorth — 2022-05-22 06:14:52 UTC

Quantitative cross sectional survey of refugee workers utilizing questionnaires

Findings

paminorth — 2022-05-22 06:16:31 UTC

Volunteers are happy with the work but unsatisfied with the organization they work and report a high level of well-being. Depression is common in the general volunteer population, with those that have past experience with trauma more likely to have PTSD.

Conclusion

paminorth — 2022-05-22 06:17:07 UTC

The typical volunteer is female, with higher education. Well being scores report high, despite trauma with less occurrence of PTSD. Volunteer are positive and invaluable to refugees and will increase in time.

Recommendations

paminorth — 2022-05-22 06:17:32 UTC

Improvement from politicians and society that helps the helpers. The volunteers should know about depression and PTSD and seek help if needed.

Title

paminorth — 2022-05-29 22:50:17 UTC

Professional and Volunteer Refugee Aid Workers_Depressive symptoms and their predictors

Topic

paminorth — 2022-05-29 22:51:21 UTC

Effect of vicarious trauma and personal trauma on the motivation to volunteer. PTSD and depression.

Sample Population

paminorth — 2022-05-29 22:52:02 UTC

Volunteers of refugees in training sessions on migration

Purpose

paminorth — 2022-05-29 22:54:15 UTC

To find if the occurrence of traumatic events and PTSD are prevalent in those that had experienced past or vicarious trauma.

Research Question

paminorth — 2022-05-29 22:54:51 UTC

What drives so many people to volunteer in refugee work?

Methodology

paminorth — 2022-05-29 22:56:13 UTC

Quantitative using a Likert scale in questionaires

Findings

paminorth — 2022-05-29 22:56:56 UTC

Depressive symptoms were average, but PTSD symptoms above average in those with vicarious or previous trauma.

Conclusions

paminorth — 2022-05-29 22:58:09 UTC

Volunteers exposed to trauma are at a reisk of PTSD or vicarious trauma are motivated from these experiences to help refugees.

Recommendations

paminorth — 2022-05-29 23:00:08 UTC

Volunteers need support in helping trauma of refugees and awareness of the risk to mental health from working with refugees.

Title

paminorth — 2022-06-04 23:33:13 UTC

Experiences and psychological strain in volunteer medical doctors providing medical visual examination for asylum seekers in a reception center in Germany – a qualitative interview study

Topic

paminorth — 2022-06-04 23:39:39 UTC

Refugees arriving in Germany are traumatized. German legislation requires that all refugees need a medical examination t screen out diseases that are infectious. This study observes doctors who perform exams, for vicarious trauma, secondary stress, and the motivaiton for volunteering and a need for support. Volunteers reflected on personal and moral values.

Sample/population

paminorth — 2022-06-04 23:43:00 UTC

Medical doctors at the university of Heidelberg, Germany, 32 volunteering medical doctors who perform tests. 18 participates.

Purpose

paminorth — 2022-06-04 23:44:09 UTC

To assess the personal, medical and interactial experiences of doctors. To dicsover if they need support psychologicaly to maintain and promote doctors health.

Research Question

paminorth — 2022-06-04 23:45:20 UTC

Do medical doctors who volunteer with refugees need support mentally?

Methodology

paminorth — 2022-06-04 23:46:18 UTC

Qualitative data, prospective, exploratory design. Interviews were thematically analyzed.

Findings

paminorth — 2022-06-04 23:50:24 UTC

Visual exams were allowed, but no contact with refugees. Found out about refugees' personal history. Doctors expected a language barrier. Worried about diseases that may not be treated. Thoughts and feelings of needing support.

Conclusions

paminorth — 2022-06-04 23:54:25 UTC

Most participants reflected on their moral and personal values for their motivation. Findings of profiles of doctors showed that specific places that exposure may be distressing, or even traumatic need me observed.

Recommendations

paminorth — 2022-06-04 23:55:46 UTC

Some doctors were less vulnerable, but supervision and a trained psychotheraptist should be offered, for the doctors to approach.

Title

paminorth — 2022-06-18 05:30:03 UTC

An exploration of German subjectivity three generations after the End of World War Two

Topic

paminorth — 2022-06-18 05:31:31 UTC

Research on inter generational transmission of trauma, of grandchildren of WWII and affect of past.

Sample/population

paminorth — 2022-06-18 05:33:08 UTC

Six participants of grandchildren of WWII

Purpose

paminorth — 2022-06-18 05:34:04 UTC

To ask the grandchildren how they felt about the Nazi period.

Research Question

paminorth — 2022-06-18 05:35:25 UTC

How do grandchildren of WWII make meaning of their past?

Methodology

paminorth — 2022-06-18 05:37:37 UTC

Narrative interviews, social constructionist approach. Ground theory, Qualitative research

Findings

paminorth — 2022-06-18 05:40:25 UTC

Results showed during interviews that the Germans carry a significant affective consequence from WWII.

Conclusions

paminorth — 2022-06-18 05:41:38 UTC

The third generation is a shamed and carry this feeling for Germanys role.

Recommendations

paminorth — 2022-06-18 05:43:31 UTC

Future study of the unconscious suffering and shame, and the results of the emotional impact.

Title:

paminorth — 2022-10-12 04:29:25 UTC

"Scripting: inhabitations of unwelcome guests, hosts and ghosts: Unpacking elements that constitute transgenerational haunting

Topic

paminorth — 2022-10-12 04:29:36 UTC

Marice Apprey, Ph.D., DM, FIPA, a professor at the University of Virginia School of Madison, in an interview with William F. Cornell, MA, a psychotherapist in Pennsylvania, describes transgenerational trauma as a 'haunting.' The memory of the event is kept within the psyche until it finds a way to be identified. Using the work of Freud, the reason for the haunt is to store or implant (DNA). The script analysis is referenced as tracing the influences of grandparents with the current generation. The implantation in DNA is predictable; also, the (psychoanalytic theory) modifies the instinctual impulse into a culturally higher and socially acceptable activity (rather anti-social); by reconfiguring and acknowledging change (Apprey, 2019).

Sample/population

paminorth — 2022-10-12 04:29:54 UTC

Interview

Purpose

paminorth — 2022-10-12 04:30:01 UTC

The script analysis is referenced as tracing the influences of grandparents with the current generation. The implantation in DNA is predictable; also, the (psychoanalytic theory) modifies the instinctual impulse into a culturally higher and socially acceptable activity (rather anti-social); by reconfiguring and acknowledging change (Apprey, 2019).

Research Question

paminorth — 2022-10-12 04:30:11 UTC

N/A

Methodology

paminorth — 2022-10-12 04:30:19 UTC

N/A

Findings

paminorth — 2022-10-12 04:30:25 UTC

When a German concentration camp in 1944 was taken over by the Russians they considered the territory as theirs. The group analysis during this time is of differing memory in questioning Russians motive that appeared as a betrayal. The transgenerational pressures desires to repeat and recognize these memories in later generations. The 'carrier' seeks to find resolution in the confusion of the past, in their desire to make sense of their desires and disappointments. At the end of the interview, Cornwell considers clinical psychotherapy the best intervention for unraveling transgenerational trauma (Apprey, 2019).

Conclusions

paminorth — 2022-10-12 04:30:50 UTC

The enactment of transgenerational pressures desires to repeat and recognize these memories in later generations. The 'carrier' seeks to find resolution in the confusion of the past, in their desire to make sense of their desires and disappointments. At the end of the interview, Cornwell considers clinical psychotherapy the best intervention for unraveling transgenerational trauma (Apprey, 2019).

Recommendations

paminorth — 2022-10-12 04:31:04 UTC

Topic

paminorth — 2022-10-14 02:06:13 UTC

Previous studies on the response to the crisis by volunteers show the importance of addressing those that are hurting. Community is needed to face future continuing problems (Mittermaier et al., 2021).

Title

paminorth — 2022-10-14 02:21:55 UTC

Collective Trauma and the Social Construction of Meaning

Topic

paminorth — 2022-10-14 02:22:52 UTC

Victimization and suffering can motivate people to be caring with the desire to help others. Victims of trauma, past or present, become caring rather than hostile. The change may happen after they understand why, in the first place the trauma occurred and what induced the perpetrators to carry out such horrific crimes (Straub et al., 2008). Changes can occur psychologically after receiving help for themselves with their trauma; it may lead to altruism and a positive self-perception that empathizes with and is responsible for caring for others (Straub et al., 2008).

Resiliency to trauma is a protective factor that includes prosocial and social competence. Studies have shown that for victims who undergo extreme trauma, being helpful to others is a condition for their survival (Straub et al., 2018). Being in a group and fostering self-value, they hope for the same treatment and in a dignified manner. Trauma healing comes from social support and human connection as a community. 'Altruism is born of suffering'; recognizing that in reducing the feeling of insecurity, there is also a need to remain positive. It is necessary, if possible, to receive support at the time of one's trauma, or it may stay unresolved (Straub et al., 2018).

Altruism is the feeling of well-being after you have helped others. In assisting others, the focus is on the self, how a person may feel obligated, and the desire to feel good about themselves (Straub et al., 2018). The motivation to help people who have experienced suffering is awareness and empathy. If not, the result is a defensive attitude contrary to helping and concern for others, causing one's suffering to intensify (Straub et al., 2018). Helping others and not turning away improves the community's well-being. People can live in and create a peaceful community; from those who know suffering themselves, they in turn can help contribute to others (volunteering) who have suffered equally (Straub et al., 2018).

Reference

paminorth — 2022-10-14 02:23:26 UTC

Staub, E., & Vollhardt, J. (2008). Altruism born of suffering: The roots of caring and helping

after victimization and other trauma. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 78(3), 267-280. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014223

Title

paminorth — 2022-10-14 02:46:13 UTC

Healing the Epigenetic Molecular Wounds of Complex Trauma Through Empathy and Kindness

Topic

paminorth — 2022-10-14 02:46:53 UTC

A case study by Lucero (2018) discusses the connection between resilience and the brain and how internal strength is supported depending on the environment. When the brain senses trauma, it goes into survival mode Healing takes part with empathy with positivity (Lucero, 2018).

Resilience, like trauma, can be passed down through generations. The best remedy for transgenerational trauma is strong community support. Social support is necessary, not optional, and is the connection for all prevention and treatment (Lucerno, 2018).

Trauma transmission involves adaptation to harsh environments, regardless of epigenetic or social. There is no pharmacological answer; this type of intervention might lead to the instability of cells and the development of resilience (Lucerno, 2018). In healing the community first, the answer is no medications or therapy; it is in connection to others who care.

People feel connected to past trauma because they live in an environment that perpetuates the trauma. When we live in peace with each other, we gain health (Lucerno, 2018). Altruism is the ensuing remedy to stress. Healing the communities comes first, and then the person. For communities to strive, we must learn to be kind to each other. (Lucerno, 2018).

Collective Trauma and the Social Construction of Meaning.

Reference

paminorth — 2022-10-14 02:56:49 UTC

https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000302

Lucero, I. (2018). Written in the body? Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 11(4), 443–455.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-018-0205-0

Title

paminorth — 2022-10-14 02:59:51 UTC

Civil Sphere and Transitions to Peace: Cultural Trauma and Civil Repair

Topic

paminorth — 2022-10-14 03:00:36 UTC

In this essay by Alexander (2020), Social polarization has become a worldwide predicament, after a world war that waged for freedom and dignity of all people. When the Holocaust and the horrific crimes against humanity committed and acknowledge justice was sought at the Nuremberg trial. The Nuremberg trials exemplify the change when murdered Jewish people were individualized and not lumped into a 'mass.'

Afterwards the United Nations was formed and delivered the International Declaration of Human Rights. Finally, Germany became democratic after a dictatorship. For peace to happen, violence has no place in politics, and people need to feel that they are a solidarity community with obligations to each other (Alexander, 2020).

If people connect in civil solidarity, they combine their experience (volunteer) as a positive move toward society (Alexander, 2020). For a community to improve, those who are injured (Holocaust) and those of persecutors need to switch sides, and those of harm, will become undignified and removed from an emerging new social ideal. Victims of cultural trauma can take new positions in the community (Alexander, 2020). Those that are perpetrators are to take responsibility and be sympathetic to the victims.

The next step is responsibility. After WWII, in earlier times, Most Germans directed the responsibility of the war towards Hitler and the Nazis (Alexander, 2020). In time Germans felt a sense of responsibility as supporters of Hitler and the Nazis felt guilty, which passed on to generations of Germans.

To go forward from the past to the future means changing how people perceive each others in the communities in which they live (Alexander, 2020). In processing trauma, a heartfelt movement to peace includes the meaning of culture and the identifiying of those that caused the trauma of the victim. Just one-on-one contact is not enough to generate a peaceful feeling in our community (Alexander, 2020). Rectification can only exist if aggression turns into feeling the victim's suffering; then, there is a chance that enemies will become friends. In seeking reconciliation between the perpetrator and the victim, it will mean more extremal expressions that reach emotionally to others, that is, a task or operation (volunteering) socially. These 'acts' then are considered reconciliation of the collective trauma that results in going from disliking the perpetrator to acceptance of responsibility and forming an joint unity (Alexander, 2020).

Reference

paminorth — 2022-10-14 03:01:04 UTC

Alexander. (2020). Civil sphere and transitions to peace: Cultural trauma and civil

repair. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 35(1), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-020-09371-7

Topic

paminorth — 2022-10-14 03:12:00 UTC

This article describes how collective memory can help an individual with self-esteem to feel belonging and make sense of their past (Hirschberger, 2018). Although the Holocaust is unique from other traumatic events, recognizing the past to create a positive social image for the perpetrators reconciles and adds meaning to history (Hirschberger, 2018).

Collective trauma is a crisis that can change collective memory. A transgenerational and joint group is the perpetrator who is shameful and does not discuss the past, or accepts the past and responsibility. Forming new group with a different approach, acting for both victims and perpetrators and in between the groups, can offer an answer to both groups in understanding each other (Hirschberger, 2018).

Collective memory is a traumatic event that the community experiences as a group. However, past generational survivors of collective memory have never actually lived the experience (Hirschberger, 2018). Social support systems in collective trauma have higher levels of distress and a social sense collectively by feeling tainted as their national status, yet are vulnerable and have a sense of needing to be prepared if threatened (Hirschberger, 2018). Both the collective trauma group and the perpetrator seek meaning in the past to and away to utilize all that they have learned. Germany today is trying to cut off any connection to the Nazi Era. On an individual level, the threat still exists as they may feel judged by others (Hirschberger, 2018). On the collective level, past generational victims’ distrust and are hostile toward perceived perpetrators. The collaborative group finds meaning with each other by sharing a common bond with the past (Hirschberger, 2018).

Trauma is a motivating factor for social recognition in transgenerational groups with collective memory. The group's concern may change from being concerned for the other victims to thinking of how the future will affect their group collective. (Hirschberger, 2018).

It is sometimes tricky for perpetrator groups to feel responsible for the past and how they have harmed others. Those that have lived the trauma must find meaning to understand the present and the past. For the generations whose descendants were victims, the perpetrator must now form a new sense of how they present themselves to society and to future generations (Hirschberger, 2018).

Reference

paminorth — 2022-10-14 03:13:33 UTC

Hirschberger. (2018). Altruism born of suffering: The roots of caring and helping

after victimization and other trauma. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 78(3), 267-280. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014223

Topic

paminorth — 2022-10-14 03:19:04 UTC

Title

paminorth — 2022-10-14 03:23:22 UTC

Trauma across generations and paths to adaptation and resilience

Topic

paminorth — 2022-10-14 03:24:14 UTC

In this narrative, the word 'embitterment' is a definition of PTSD and describes a traumatic event that has become a regular occurrence for those with past generational trauma. (Lehrner & Yehunda, 2018). Children can learn to be fearful while observing their parents and that they are not safe. Those that feel embittered can also pass this down to their children, with overprotection, distance, and neglect (Lehrner & Yehunda, 2018). A parent may pass down a trauma effect or resiliency. The biological change that occurs is the stress response transmitted by embitterment. Holocaust offspring report that they are resilient to stress and say that activism in the community by volunteering is a positive reinforcement to their lives (Hirschberger & Yehunda, 2018).

Embitterment is a feeling of being wronged, and a desire for reparation. The answer is to find opportunities for survivors (past generational) to find ways to enforce self-respect, responsibility, and dignity by reversing anger into self-esteem, made possible by volunteering. The healing process includes community and family support (Lehrner & Yehunda, 2018).

Title

paminorth — 2022-10-14 03:31:41 UTC

Trauma across generations and paths to adaptation and resilience

Topic

paminorth — 2022-10-14 03:32:32 UTC

Reference

paminorth — 2022-10-14 03:33:00 UTC

Lehrner, A., & Yehuda, R. (2018). Trauma across generations and paths to adaptation and

resilience. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 10(1), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000302

Title

paminorth — 2022-10-14 03:38:33 UTC

Ethical issues in International Research

Topic

paminorth — 2022-10-14 03:39:26 UTC

As an international psychologist. an approach to take is one both ethical and culturally informed. The matter of informed consent is a concern that may arise during the research process with confidentiality (APA, 2017). Awareness of one's own bias, and fairness reflected in respecting another culture and biased self, is an essential factor of international research. The Code of Conduct, Standard 2.01 Competence "Psychologists, provide services, teach and conduct research with the population and groups, it is only approached within the boundaries of education, training, supervised experiences, consultations and professional experiences (APA, 2017). The best approach in dealing with other cultures is to be knowledgeable of the values in the culture and the Principles of the Universal Declaration (Leach & Leong, 2010).

Title

paminorth — 2022-10-14 03:40:24 UTC

Ethical issues in International Research

Topic

paminorth — 2022-10-14 03:40:43 UTC

Reference

paminorth — 2022-10-14 03:52:22 UTC

Leach, & Welfel, E. R. (2018). The Cambridge handbook of applied psychological ethics (Leach & E. R. Welfel, Eds.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316417287

Title

paminorth — 2022-10-14 03:57:09 UTC

Vicarious impacts of working with refugees and asylum seekers : An Integrative Review

Topic

paminorth — 2022-10-14 03:59:44 UTC

Refugees suffer disruption, safety, and lose feeling of identity. Trauma and violations of war, killings, and the journey to safety accumulate many losses (Fernandes & Rhodes, 2022). They are also considered asylum seekers. Most who volunteer to help refugees believe in human rights and seek justice for those injured. From exposure to vicarious stress, these workers also react with detachment or over-involvement with the refugee. Vicarious trauma is from listening to the experiences of the refugees. Volunteers are fatigued, and their empathy results from closeness and connection (Fernandes & Rhodes, 2022).

Vicarious resilience is positive in seeing the refugees adapt and cope. When volunteers see the resilience in refugees, they change in the way of acceptance, appreciation, and how life is unpredictable, this is called posttraumatic growth. The result is a feeling of inspiration.

A qualitative study of a cross-section of Volunteers worldwide was gathered and compared. A quantitative study for statistics and analysis determined the impact of volunteers who worked with refugees. Some positive changes involved are a spiritual change or philosophy in their lives (Fernandes & Rhodes, 2022). They felt an increase in self-esteem and awareness, although they were more cautious of strangers. Working with the refugees increased their appreciation of their value and was inspired by their resilience of the refugees.

The study revealed that the demands of volunteering are challenging and that they need to know how to cope (Fernandes & Rhodes, 2022). The recommendation was for workshop training on coping. The volunteers feel the refugees' stress and suffer trauma symptoms. They are fatigued and in need of support also. Positive changes are partly to the negative, with vicarious growth. They are adding to the concept that when working with refugees and vicarious trauma, it is in the engagement that they receive a new outlook on life and the duty of responsibility (Fernandes & Rhodes, 2022).

Reference

paminorth — 2022-10-14 04:01:09 UTC

Fernandes, Buus, N., & Rhodes, P. (2022). Vicarious impacts of working with refugees and asylum seekers: An integrative review. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, ahead-of-print (ahead-of-1–21).

Title

paminorth — 2022-10-14 04:04:30 UTC

Vicarious impacts of working with refugees and asylum seekers: an integrative review

Topic

paminorth — 2022-10-14 04:06:12 UTC

Reference

paminorth — 2022-10-14 04:06:39 UTC

Title

paminorth — 2022-10-14 04:08:49 UTC

Measuring volunteer ability and the capacity to volunteer among non volunteers: Implications for social policy

Topic

paminorth — 2022-10-14 04:09:24 UTC

In an article by Haski et al. (2018), Global organizations like the United Nations are increasingly seeking volunteers. The ability to volunteer is the person's willingness, capability, and availability. Governments worldwide have wanted to increase volunteering with a form of strategy. The emphasis on the self-responsibility of citizens and society is stressed. There is evidence that those that do not Volunteer may do so if negative perceptions change. (Haski et al., 2018). There is a turnover of volunteers and that negativity impacts services.

. The willingness factor of volunteers is on the level of advocacy—the attitude, values, and psychological reasons (Haski et al., 2018). The willingness to Volunteer is an inward motive; The willingness factor may also be affected by negative beliefs that stand in the way of participating. Willingness is also the set of values of a person and influences Behavior and attitudes. (Haski et al., 218)These values are self-complemented by benevolence and universalism, which are all relatable to volunteering and motivation.

Reference

paminorth — 2022-10-14 04:10:09 UTC

Haski‐Leventhal, Meijs, L. C. P. M., Lockstone‐Binney, L., Holmes, K., & Oppenheimer, M. (2018). Measuring volunteer ability and the capacity to volunteer among non‐volunteers: Implications for social policy. Social Policy & Administration, 52(5), 1139–1167.

Title

paminorth — 2022-10-14 04:12:05 UTC

Measuring volunteer ability and the capacity to volunteer among non volunteers: Implication for social policy

Topic

paminorth — 2022-10-14 04:13:00 UTC

Reference

paminorth — 2022-10-14 04:13:35 UTC

Title

paminorth — 2022-10-14 04:41:46 UTC

Intercultural communication oer textbook

Topic

paminorth — 2022-10-14 04:42:21 UTC

An international psychologist should acquire knowledge of their host country and adhere to the ethical codes established in that country. Learning their psychological practices is an obligation to act ethically (Pierceall, 2020). Psychologists should review the ethical codes of the Universal Declaration as a reference. A country's moral principles and values for the foundation for the professional ethic code and the relevance to the universal declaration of human rights (Pearceall, 2020).

Bridge across differences: People in dominant groups have less exposure and are more blind to cultures. If parties judge by their standards, then misunderstandings (Pierceall, 2020). Monocultural/intercultural most fall in the middle of the continuum. It can be the building point to building competency. A small number of people fall into adaptation. Moving from monocultural with denial up to acceptance and adaptation. (Pierceall, 2009). The cultural iceberg. Surface culture; food flags, festivals, clothes, shallow culture: concepts of time, personal space, eye contact, emotions, and thoughts about wellness diseases; Deep culture: decision-making concepts of self, worldview, spirituality, the notion of fairness, competition cooperation and definitions of kinship (Pierceall, 2020).

In achieving cultural competency, comes the ability to understand other cultures' worldviews without trying to change them. Shared values can help resolve conflicts (Pierceall, 2020). The possibility of acquiring world peace and ending conflict comes closer with intercultural communication. The Perception of how we view the world is not the same as others. Competence means seeing the differences and similarities in other cultures without seeing right or wrong. (Pierceall, 2020).

Reference

paminorth — 2022-10-14 04:42:56 UTC

Pierceall, R. (2020), Intercultural communication oer textbook; Paradise Valley Community College, pg 39-42;

Title

paminorth — 2022-10-14 04:44:25 UTC

Trauma, haunting and the limits of narration

Topic

paminorth — 2022-10-14 04:44:56 UTC

After WWII, German women experienced mass rapes by the Red Army. The victims experienced both short-term and long long-term effects. Two types of trauma affect women, sexual violence and the haunting of the Nazi era. Schwartz's (2021) study focused on the result of sexual violence, as it is common in all war conflicts.

Survivors of the Holocaust suffered from abuse, war crimes, and rape. Some of the rapes were also from the western allies. Reporting rapes meant minimizing Nazi atrocities. A haunted narrative is not a story to tell but rather a continuation to return to the past, as the trauma is not processed (Schwartz, 2021). The 'ghosts' of trauma return to us as a part of "ourselves and our society. The feeling that a 'ghost' returns from the past recalls the oppression and silence the women had to endure (Schwartz, 2021).

Since most of the survivors of WWII did not receive therapeutic intervention, sharing and talking about the trauma is essential for healing that comes in the form of a good listener (Schwartz, 2021).

Because of shame, the victims remained silent, and many more children did not know the truth about their conception. They are called “Kriegsschaden- War Damage (Schwartz, 2021).

Now that the survivors are not around, their children and grandchildren feel the unprocessed trauma and haunting (Schwartz, 2021). Facing the ghosts and haunting is a reminder that what happened in the past may happen in the future, and it does every day as sexual violence is long-lasting.

Notes

paminorth — 2022-10-14 04:45:28 UTC

Since most of the survivors of WWII did not receive therapeutic intervention, sharing and talking about the trauma is essential for healing that comes in the form of a good listener (Schwartz, 2021).

Because of shame, the victims remained silent, and many more children did not know the truth about their conception. They are called “Kriegsschaden- War Damage (Schwartz, 2021).

Reference

paminorth — 2022-10-14 04:45:48 UTC

Schwartz. (2021). Trauma, haunting, and the limits of narration, in Gabi Köpp’s Warum war ich bloß ein Mädchen, Leonie Biallas’s “Komm, Frau, raboti”: Ich war Kriegsbeute, and Renate Meinhof’s Das Tagebuch der Maria Meinhof. Seminar : a Journal of Germanic Studies (Toronto), 57(1), 41–60.

Title

paminorth — 2022-10-14 04:48:23 UTC

Would you volunteer?

Topic

paminorth — 2022-10-14 04:48:48 UTC

In a narrative article by Stebbins (2009), Worldwide, many people wish to volunteer and help others. These altruistic people tend to stay within their communities. Many consider volunteering a professional meaning seen highly and marked on resumes. The motivation behind volunteering is that it is considered a leisure activity, and one can choose whether or not to give their time. The definition of volunteering is unpaid labor, but why do people volunteer? (Stebbins, 2009)There are two reasons to Volunteer instead of another 'leisure' activity and self-interest. The component that urges someone to volunteer is a moral guide.

Volunteering is a community effort and social. For societies that have people who want to volunteer in the community as a collectivities form, it is highly beneficial to both the people and the community. (Stebbins, 2009). Most volunteering occurs during free time and without commitments and does so to feel satisfied and altruistic. What draws these volunteers to seek community involvement may be rooted in their history (Stebbins, 2009). The future research directed at sociology and leisure activity study, nonprofits will benefit from this knowledge.

Topic

paminorth — 2022-10-14 05:13:21 UTC

Silke Wiegand-Grefe and Birgit Moller (2012) conducted a case study-based research on perspectives from three generations of WWII in Germany and their transmission of unconscious and conscious memory. The term: generation there are two meanings. 1. the family and generation or 2. the society of a generation.

The children had feelings of shame/guilt and aggression. The adoptive and adaptive memory of society is of cultural. These grandchildren had less shame/guilt and fewer emotional complications. Consciously they were open to conversations with their grandparents regardless of the grandparent’s unwillingness to be open.

The study takes place in Hamburg, Germany, focusing on family units and their interactions. In the essence of family, the term reflects the parental and child perspective and is the separation between generations. In society, generations revolve around neighboring people with common paths in life as their neighbors in experiences, principles, and way of life. The unprocessed transgenerational trauma experienced in other generations is passed down and results in suffering with parents and grandparents of guilt and responsibility. The families do not resolve this because they are emotionally overloaded (Wiegand-Grefe & Moller, 2012).

The "pact of silence" in the past generations of prisoners of the Holocaust only led to mental disturbances and acting out roles of silence, the perpetrator, or the victim. Collective trauma is passed down and may consist of transgenerational trauma of other events in WWII, including politics and exile (Wiegand-Grefe & Moller, 2012).

Reference

paminorth — 2022-10-14 05:13:49 UTC

Wiegand-Grefe & Möller, Birgit (2012). The transgenerational transmission of traumatic experiences of the second world war over three generations--a psychoanalytical perspective. Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie, 61(8), 610–622.

Title

paminorth — 2022-10-14 05:19:18 UTC

The Effects of Trauma, with or without PTSD, on the Transgenerational DNA Methylation Alterations in Human Offspring’s.

Topic

paminorth — 2022-10-14 05:19:25 UTC

Transgenerational trauma (epigenetic inheritance) alters the DNA and can change how genes manifest. In a methylation mechanism, the transmission within the gene carries the history from one generation to the next and does not change the DNA. The question is how this information becomes passed down to other generations. Both depression and suicide and PTSD are associated with this gene expression (Youssef et al., 2018).

Testing took place on Holocaust victims and their children for methylation levels. The result was higher in the victims and lowered in their children. With a limited sample size, another factor may be responsible for the results, yet this discovery is of interest. Literature suggests that the trauma victims' children have the methylation modification that connects to PTSD. The risk is passed down thru generations, with the environmental factor the reason for the change in DNA methylation (Youssef et al., 2019). In future research, biomarkers of DNA and trauma are identifiable.

Reference

paminorth — 2022-10-14 05:19:32 UTC

Youssef, L., L., S., S., Hao, G., & Rutten, B. P. F. (2018). The effects of trauma, with or without ptsd, on the transgenerational dna methylation alterations in human offsprings. Brain Sciences, 8(5), 83–Article 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8050083

Title

paminorth — 2022-10-14 05:25:40 UTC

The legacy of trauma

Topic

paminorth — 2022-10-14 05:26:15 UTC

Brent Bezo, a doctoral student in Ukraine, conducted qualitative and quantitative research on three generations of Ukrainian families. Families that lived through the genocide by Joseph Stalin from 1932 to 1933, their children and grandchildren. The stories about the impact of transgenerational trauma included risky behavior, shame, low trust in the community, and with emotions reported as "survival mode."

Each generation seemed to learn from the one before not to 'trust' anyone. DeAngelis's research is quantitative by comparing these effects on Ukrainians who did not leave after the Holodomor and those who migrated elsewhere (DeAngelis, 2019).

Researchers may understand trauma as a present one-time event, but intergenerational trauma is relatively new and less known. Both areas of PTSD in the present and intergenerational trauma of the past might benefit from learning from each other. Researching intergenerational trauma will enable psychologists to understand how to create a treatment plan for those in the present, and future generations (DeAngelis, 2019).

The result of living with a fear-based 'survival mode' passes on to children and grandchildren. However, the mode kept people alive in the beginning; the message in the present is the feeling of insecurity and fear. Researching DNA shows that children of the Holocaust have less methylation (an epigenetic mechanism), resulting in PTSD. Changes in the gene at FKBP5 link to both PTSD and depression (DeAngelis, 2019).

One answer is for those with transgenerational trauma to reconnect with the community. Along with the trauma from the past is an enate desire to return to the past, before the trauma. One resolute is listening to each other.

Reference

paminorth — 2022-10-14 05:27:07 UTC

DeAngelis, T. (2019, February). The Legacy of Trauma. Monitor on Psychology. Retrieved September 15, 2022, from https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/02/legacy-trauma

Reference

paminorth — 2022-10-14 05:36:29 UTC

Title

paminorth — 2022-10-14 05:36:44 UTC

The Vehicle of Transgenerational Trauma: The Transgenerational Atmosphere

Topic

paminorth — 2022-10-14 05:36:54 UTC

In a case study by Bako & Zana (2018), a Transgenerational 'phantom' in the unconscious mind connects in a natural process, to transgenerational transference. These elements contain family secrets and unprocessed unspoken events without any explicit reference. The event affects the feeling of security, although most cannot even speak about the trauma. When the whole community is involved, the silence increases the insecurity and leaves people in a permanent state of 'fear.' The process of transgenerational trauma is unknown to the survivors and may also for the family in the future. The processing of trauma stops as the experience of trauma has rendered the memory unable to process. The result is that children of traumatized parents live their lives with the feeling of anxiety, loneliness, and suffering, as part of their life from the beginning.

Descendants of the Holocaust feel that today may be their last day; unfounded anxiety, except that their grandparents felt this every day. Dramatic events that are collective, like those in Germany and the Holocaust, continue to thrive in a person's whole self, that becomes the individual and part of their temperament and their lot in life. The experience of severe trauma is an unknown reality for descendants. Generations of the past are in the same space and time, sharing the trauma jointly with the present as a way to remember and how they relate to other people (Bako & Zana, 2019).

Reference

paminorth — 2022-10-14 05:37:03 UTC

Bakó, & Zana, K. (2018). The vehicle of transgenerational trauma: The transgenerational atmosphere. American Imago, 75(2), 271–285. https://doi.org/10.1353/aim.2018.0013

Title

paminorth — 2022-10-14 05:47:01 UTC

Memory and responsibility: Navigating identity and shame in the German-Jewish experience

Topic

paminorth — 2022-10-14 05:48:03 UTC

In this narrative by Roger Frie (2012), he acknowledges that continued group collective guilt and shame carried on from generations for both the perpetrators, germans and also the victims, the Jews. He is a psychoanalysis in North America with German patients with collective guilt.

Shame and responsibility are the link to germans and German immigrants that are part of the collective memory that stretches to the Holocaust. Rectification of the Nazi past can only happen if the trauma is understood both collectively and political that is both memory and responsibility. The extermination of the Jews during WWII by the Germans is the collective guilt and responsibility of germans for generations.

It is significant to heal the trauma and recpgmoze the past. Germans after the war could not talk about the war due to guilt or readily let go of their linkage to hitler. The third and fourth generations in Germany wish to move ahead to the future, without the hinderance of guilt from the past.

The crimes connect the germans and generations in recognizing the atrocities of the Holcaust a responsibility to remember. Shame is difficult to admit. As a collective group, it is difficult to remember the shame involved individually. It is difficult to even be recognized as a German in other countries and a sense of fear and shame.

Growing up in silence of the past, speaking of the Holocaust was taboo. The notion that with past generational trauma germans are yoked by culture and history yet it is the recognition of the shame, guilt and responsibility that will help them move on to the future.

Reference

paminorth — 2022-10-14 05:48:10 UTC

Frie, R. (2012). Memory and responsibility: Navigating identity and shame in the German-Jewish experience. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 29(2), 206-225. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027422

Title

paminorth — 2022-10-14 05:51:30 UTC

Collective regret versus collective guilt: Different emotional reactions to historical atrocities

Topic

paminorth — 2022-10-14 05:51:36 UTC

In this study by Roland Imhoff et.al. (2012), a case study that argues that the responsibility of the Germans in the nazi era increased a motivation of reparation, a sense of collective guilt. The usage of guilt signifies that there is a sense of responsibility and is motivating to individuals to have empathy for the others and in turn be open to interacting with the group. The idea of guilt by association takes place when a individual feels guilty about something the group committed, although they were not affected nor took part. Many times these types of emotions are considered to be shame. When the moral wrongs of the group results in regret.Empathy turns into an altruistic motivation to lessen some else’s pain.

The case study involved study groups of students by German native and recent immigrants using a ‘group based emotions and responsibility appraisal’ scales that measure the regret by the Nazis to the Jews. Included in the scale shame and responsibility.

The results showed that shame was consistent and regret, and that shame was associated with the need for reparation.

Future research might focus on shame the idea and shame the image

Reference

paminorth — 2022-10-14 05:51:43 UTC

Imhoff, Bilewicz, M., & Erb, H.-P. (2012). Collective regret versus collective guilt: Different emotional reactions to historical atrocities. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(6), 729–742. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1886

Title

paminorth — 2022-10-14 05:56:15 UTC

Trangenerational inheritance of stress pathology

Topic

paminorth — 2022-10-14 05:56:20 UTC

Pregnant mothers who are stress pass down by gene expression, epigenetic modification of the genome or DNA. It is observed that the adversity of one generation impacts the future generations behavior and the chance of disease. These stress factors are linked to depression, anxiety including learning and memory problems.

The stress factor in mothers are linked to cortisol secretion during the later pregnancy with anxiety. High cortisol response in mothers is associated with high responses of children. Studies show in the event of the Chernobyl and 9/11 showed that PTSD occurred between both mothers and children. Trangenerational prenatal stress has on the future generations and why some behaviors continue when people are exposed to distress.

Reference

paminorth — 2022-10-14 05:56:26 UTC

Matthews, S. G., & Phillips, D. I. (2012, January 12). Transgenerational inheritance of stress pathology - researchgate. Science Direct. Retrieved September 22, 2022, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49798731_Transgenerational_inheritance_of_stress_pathology

Title

paminorth — 2022-10-14 06:05:48 UTC

Silence as the Voice of Trauma.

Topic

paminorth — 2022-10-14 06:05:54 UTC

Prenatal exposure to stress may render the offspring to silence, due to a type of separation and isolation from the history. An emotional overload and the intensity of panic, rage and grief as a type of silence in the body, all transferable to the future generation.Trauma and silence in life does not come at a certain age of development, as trauma means wound, or injury.

Trauma in life makes us feel helpless. Silence, in the case of survivors functions in the state of survival when words are not possible. But these silences as referred to Friend is a death of the process and failure to connect to the time of traumatization.

In this article the psychoanalyst explores the patients exploration of her past, and German descent as well as Jewish heritage. She knew little about her past, as there was silence about WWII.although she experienced the invasion of Russian soldiers after the invasion in Berlin. The silence acted to protect the horrible memories of WWII, A parent is unable to shutoff and help the children integrate their own feelings (Ritter, 2014).

Reference

paminorth — 2022-10-14 06:06:00 UTC

Ritter. (2014). Silence as the Voice of Trauma. The American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 74(2), 176–194. https://doi.org/10.1057/ajp.2014.5

Title

paminorth — 2022-10-14 06:09:05 UTC

The who and whom of help giving: An attributional model integrating the help giver and the help recipien

Topic

paminorth — 2022-10-14 06:09:11 UTC

Responsibility influence the ethical behavior of emotions and empathy in giving help to those in need. This philosophy is based on Feelng-thinking and acting.

If a helper believes that they are responsible for a misfortune they will experience guilt, regret and shame.If they do not feel response bleeding they are likely not to help.Emotions play ba big role in the interaction socially of people. Thoughts start action in the helping response. The perception of a responsibility for the persons plight will lead to regret and guilt that is motivational. These emotions are influenced by observer moral experience of oneself. Regret is also a moral that is similar to shame and guilt.

In a quanitative esearch 60 men and 30 women were given questionaries for rating scores. The results showed that with women compared to men, more felt responsibility as a helper and with more empathy. These responsible reactions are a part of a moral reaction.

Reference

paminorth — 2022-10-14 06:09:16 UTC

Tscharaktschiew. (2016). The who and whom of help giving: An attributional model integrating the help giver and the help recipient. European Journal of Social Psychology, 46(1), 90–109. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2135

Author: Alexander (2020)

paminorth — 2023-09-10 19:20:58 UTC

Title

paminorth — 2023-09-10 19:28:12 UTC

Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods

Topic

paminorth — 2023-09-10 19:29:30 UTC

Review of the three research designs and choosing the appropriate type.

Reference

paminorth — 2023-09-10 19:30:33 UTC

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2023). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. SAGE Publications, Inc.

Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design

paminorth — 2023-09-10 19:33:39 UTC

Approaches used in qualitative research, Research problem, purpose statement, research questions, data and evaluation

Topic

paminorth — 2023-09-10 19:35:12 UTC

Approaches in Qualitative research from phenomenological approach, narrative, grounded theory, ethnography, and case study.

Reference

paminorth — 2023-09-10 19:35:29 UTC

Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry & research design: choosing among five approaches (Fourth edition.). SAGE.

Reference

paminorth — 2023-09-10 19:45:22 UTC

Fulbrook, M. (2011). Dissonant Lives: Generations and Violence Through the German Dictatorships (Reprinted, pp. xii–xii). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199287208.001.0001

Reference

paminorth — 2023-12-29 00:19:17 UTC

Jones, J. M. (2022, January 10). U.S. charitable donations rebound; volunteering is still down. Gallup.com. Retrieved October 15, 2022, from https://news.gallup.com/poll/388574/charitable-donations-rebound-volunteering-down.aspx

Reference

paminorth — 2023-12-29 00:20:34 UTC

Schwertfeger, R. (2012). In transit : Narratives of German Jews in Exile, flight, and internment during "the dark years" of France. Frank & Timme.

Reference

paminorth — 2023-12-29 00:21:30 UTC

Volunteerism and Community Resilience. U.N. Volunteers. (2022). Retrieved March 4, 2023, from https://unv-swvr2018.org/

Reference

paminorth — 2023-12-29 00:22:00 UTC

Silke,Wiegand-Grefe & Möller, Birgit (2012). The transgenerational transmission of traumatic experiences of the second world war over three generations--a psychoanalytical perspective. Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie, 61(8), 610–622

Reference

paminorth — 2023-12-29 00:22:56 UTC

(2021, April 29). Qualitative data analysis with max. Qualitative data analysis with MaxQDA. Retrieved March 6, 2023, from https://suco2.com/2021/03/12/qualitative-data-analysis-with-maxqda/

Reference

paminorth — 2023-12-29 00:23:43 UTC

Wir Helfen Geflüchteten Menschen in Berlin! Berlin Arrival Support (BAS). (2022, September

24). https://arrivalsupport.berlin/

Reference

paminorth — 2023-12-29 04:49:56 UTC

Schwab, G. (2004). Haunting legacies: trauma in children of perpetrators. Postcolonial Studies, 7(2), 177–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/1368879042000278861

Notes

paminorth — 2023-12-29 04:50:39 UTC

Germany after WWII was thought of as a perpetrator nation, with children growing up after WWII known as “children of the enemy”. These children grew up seeking a type of reconciliation although these “haunting”’ memories are buried deeply as amnesia from the Holacaust (Schwab, 2004).

Notes

paminorth — 2023-12-29 04:53:46 UTC

Jewish children of the Holocaust experienced pictures of their family being discarded, and events silenced. Children were mistreated for being Jewish and as a strategy for existing in the world became hiding their identity. (Feldman et al., 2008).

Both groups of children carry trauma from generations of the past, similar in the feelings from the past (Feldman et al., 2008).

Reference

paminorth — 2023-12-29 04:54:13 UTC

Feldman, M., Mouchenik, Y., & Moro, M.-R. (2008). Jewish children hidden in France during world war II traumatic traces which remain visible more than sixty years later. La Psychiatrie de l’enfant, 51(2), 481–513. https://doi.org/10.3917/psye.512.0481

Notes

paminorth — 2023-12-29 05:11:48 UTC

According to the UN Volunteers the community with common background but not a part of strategic plan.

The UN agenda for 2030 is a commitment globally, is people driven. Resilience of these volunteers and outcome depends on those in government and agencies to support (UN, 2022).

Reference

paminorth — 2023-12-30 01:01:53 UTC

Hogg, M. A. (2016). Social Identity theory. Peace Psychology Book Series, 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29869-6_1

Social Identity Theory

paminorth — 2023-12-30 01:02:58 UTC

Social identity theory that a person acknowledges that they belong to a certain social group with emotionsla and value to them as a member of the group.

Reference

paminorth — 2023-12-30 02:28:04 UTC

United Nations. (n.d.). What is not counted does not count: Global volunteering estimates. In State of the World’s Volunteerism Report 2022. essay.

Notes

paminorth — 2023-12-30 02:29:31 UTC

The State of the Worlds Volunteerism report noted that Formal volunteering through organizations and groups is ongoing, while informal volunteering is between an individual and their community and not moderated by an organization. Globally out of a population of 862,378,600, Asian and the Pacific overwhelming have 563,946,000 volunteers with Africa following with 109,192,500. Formal volunteering is 6.5% of this accumulation with informal volunteering 14.3% (U.N., 2022).

Reference

paminorth — 2023-12-30 02:38:28 UTC

Smith, D. Horton., Stebbins, R. A., & Grotz, Jurgen. (Eds.). (2016). The Palgrave Handbook of Volunteering, Civic Participation, and Nonprofit Associations (1st ed. 2016.). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-26317-9

Reference

paminorth — 2023-12-30 02:46:00 UTC

United Nations. (n.d.). What is not counted does not count: Global volunteering estimates. In State of the World’s Volunteerism Report 2022. essay.

Notes

paminorth — 2023-12-30 03:14:22 UTC

Evidence from behavioral genetics show that individual behaviors, decisions and energy for social interest for is genetically effect. These epignetic expressions interact when a certain condition is experienced. These are changes that may be transmitted to generations, affecting positive behaivor (Smith)

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-02 04:56:51 UTC

Plagnol, A. C., & Huppert, F. A. (2010). Happy to Help? Exploring the Factors Associated with Variations in Rates of Volunteering Across Europe. Social Indicators Research, 97(2), 157–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9494-x

Notes

paminorth — 2024-01-02 04:57:18 UTC

The sense of well being from unpaid volunteer work helping others is about giving rather than receiving.

A large portion of research has focused on older adult volunteers. In this case, informal volunteering is not helpful to negative symptoms; depression and loneliness. Research on the subject is primarily U.S. data, not indicating the differences between nations.The lowest rates of volunteerism is in Bulgaria, and then followed by Poland, Russia, Estonia and Hungry showing 20% of the population patricipation. Switzerland, Austria and Norway have high levels of participation of 50% with Switzerland at 67%, of the population that volunteers at least once in a year.

East Germany, after the Fall of the Berlin Wall, was at their lowest for volunteers. The findings were simply that happier people gave of their time. In view of the lack of volunteers in the eastern Europe is due to not being motivated. Either due to the Soviet Union and forced volunteering. (Plagnol et al., 2010).

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-03 05:26:33 UTC

Allwood, C. M., & Berry, J. W. (2006). Origins and development of indigenous psychologies: An international analysis. International Journal of Psychology, 41(4), 243–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590544000013

Notes

paminorth — 2024-01-03 05:28:38 UTC

Indigenous psychology is helpful in understanding of the phenomenon (understanding of the human being) in both situational and opportunity for the International Psychologist. (Allwood & Berry, 2006).

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-03 05:57:29 UTC

Palincsar, A. (1998). Social constructivist perspectives on teaching and learning. Annual Review of Psychology, 49(1), 345–375. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.345

Notes

paminorth — 2024-01-03 05:58:32 UTC

Learning takes place when social interactions transform to a belief through interactions, negotiation and collaborations (Palincsar, 1998).

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-03 06:16:09 UTC

Kim, U., Yang, K. & Park, Y. (2006). The scientific foundation of indigenous and cultural psychology: The transactional approach. In Kim, U., Yang, K., Hwang, K. (Eds.), Indigenous and cultural psychology (pp. 27-48).

Notes

paminorth — 2024-01-03 06:16:38 UTC

From an indigenous psychology view, mutuality and understanding is shared as a group (Kim et al., 2006). As an International psychologist, improving psychology in other countries…

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-03 06:17:58 UTC

Burr, V., (2003). What is social constructionism? Social Constructionism (pp. 1-27). New York, NY: Routledge.

Notes

paminorth — 2024-01-03 06:18:37 UTC

Social constructivism cautions on making assumptions about human beings is critical. In the form of action and behavior,understanding of the world takes place (Burr, 2003). Learning takes place when social interactions transform to a belief through interactions, negotiation and collaborations (Palincsar, 1998). Human emotions are found in the cultural process as culture influences how we develop from childhood (Levenson et al.)

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-03 06:21:30 UTC

Slimbach, R. (2020). The art of world learning : community engagement for a sustainable planet (First edition.). Stylus Publishing.

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-03 06:21:51 UTC

Slimbach, R. (2020). The art of world learning : community engagement for a sustainable planet (First edition.). Stylus Publishing.

Notes

paminorth — 2024-01-03 06:23:35 UTC

A learner consciousness is the ability to think of different ways of being human, responding to the challenges in life and thinking in terms of not only as it is, but as what it might be. We cannot simply separate our own needs from that ofhers, because of the interconnections of economics, evnironments and cultures.

Happiness or well being, is immeasurable. People who learn to think differently can in trun live differently.As Plato taught, people learn how to be free,when they are aware of the shackles that bind them internally and externally. Seeing the world differently is to move beyond ones existences of familiarily in see the world in a new way (Slimbach, 2020).

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-03 06:26:22 UTC

Rzeszutek, M., Lis-Turlejska, M., Pieta, M., Karlsen, M., Backus, H., Florek, W., Lisowska, K., Pankowski, D., & Szumial, S. (2020). Knowledge about traumatic World War II experiences among ancestors and subjective well-being of young adults: A person-centred perspective. PLoS ONE, 15(8), e0237859. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A633404656/HWRC?u=dall6191&sid=bookmark-HWRC&xid=6c35e783

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-04 06:54:42 UTC

Joachim C. Häberlen. (2016). Making Friends: Refugees and Volunteers in Germany. German Politics and Society, 34(3), 55–76. https://doi.org/10.3167/gps.2016.340303

Notes

paminorth — 2024-01-04 06:55:09 UTC

Many of the volunteers receive the role as not prioritized and most who participate are marinalized themselves, e.g. migrant workers, urban women). Recognition programs for volunteers is helpful.

When most of the volunteer status is measured it focuses on organization-based, rather than the volunteering that is conducted by people in their communities, like those helping the Ukraine refugees.

References

paminorth — 2024-01-05 01:15:06 UTC

Krippner, S., & Barrett, D. (2019). Transgenerational Trauma: The Role of Epigenetics. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 40(1), 53–62.

Notes

paminorth — 2024-01-05 01:15:35 UTC

The word Epignetics carries a unsavory connotation to those of Jewish descent; as experiments were performed during wwII.

The study of Epignetics involves cellular variations that are a result of circumstances, and trauma. These are genes that do not make changes in expression genetically, but is noted on the result of trauma with generations in the future.

Epignetics involve changes in the DNA without affecting the DNA sequence. The research observes these changes

Genes are capable of a change in behavior, as eptignetics is in search of membory. Strong occurences that include both the DNA and DNA-protein.

DNA can remmber past occurences of tragic events, DNA methylation in an a parent that has experienced trauma, and show up in bheaviors of generations to come Krippner

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-05 01:17:56 UTC

King, A. (2016). Rise of resilience. Nature, Suppl.OUTLOOK: COGNITIVE HEALTH, 531(7592), S18-S19. https://tcsedsystem.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/rise-resilience/docview/1770384628/se-2

Notes

paminorth — 2024-01-05 01:18:22 UTC

In unerstaning how stress affects the humnan brain; new research finds that stress also increases reslsiency and found in those that can withstand the unavoidable circumstances in life. Genes are not changed through the process of stress, changing how they are expressed,by the attachementth methyl groups with proteins.

The mark on the brain of stress, can begin in DNA or prior to birth. Researchers quest to find ways to encourage resliency, or reversing the stressors in life. In the means of reversing the effect, the author suggests meditaiton, yoga and exercise. He also suggests that pharmaceuticals.

Notes

paminorth — 2024-01-05 01:19:26 UTC

Colangeli (2020) argues that psychoanalysis can adequately treat generational trauma for individuals. Discussed was intergenerational trauma and how memories can be transferred to other generations. Cautioned was the ethcial reasons in behavioral epignetcs that changes the blood, saliva and brain. Treatments and pscyhalaysis is presented as changeable DNA. Not mentioned is the use of western psychology instead of indigenous psychology in collective trauma.

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-05 02:13:59 UTC

Mittermaier, A., Patzelt, H., & Shepherd, D. A. (2021). Motivating prosocial venturing in response to a humanitarian crisis: Building theory from the refugee crisis in Germany. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587211025233

Notes

paminorth — 2024-01-05 02:15:29 UTC

The research included interviews with from each prosocial venture. The studies showed that there are two specific groups that begin the community prosocial movement, one out of compassion and the other more self serving in the future. The compassion driven sector engaged with refugees immediately, first hand. The self serving venture offered help through supporting with collected items, apartments and supplies.

Previous studies on the response to crisis by volunteers show the importance of addressing those that are hurting. Community is needed to face the future of continuing crisis.

Notes

paminorth — 2024-01-05 02:16:39 UTC

Many of the volunteers receive the role as not prioritized and most who participate are marinalized themselves, e.g. migrant workers, urban women). Recognition programs for volunteers is helpful.

When most of the volunteer status is measured it focuses on organization-based, rather than the volunteering that is conducted by people in their communities, like those helping the Ukraine refugees.

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-05 02:19:22 UTC

Raza, Z., Hussain, S. F., Foster, V. S., Wall, J., Coffey, P. J., Martin, J. F., & Gomes, R. S. M. (2023). Exposure to war and conflict: The individual and inherited epigenetic effects on health, with a focus on post-traumatic stress disorder. Frontiers in Epidemiology (Online), 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fepid.2023.1066158

Notes

paminorth — 2024-01-05 02:19:44 UTC

War and conflict triggers epignetic changes. Offspring generationally have an increase in mortality. In ancestors of the Holocaust, survivors with PTSD showed not connection to psychiatric disorders. A decrease in cortisol appears in the offspring, but for only those of paternal sides. The lack of cortisol may lead to immune system and health.( Raza et al., 2023).

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-05 04:57:07 UTC

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, January 4). Public health genomics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/genomics/default.htm

Notes

paminorth — 2024-01-05 04:57:42 UTC

The center for Diseasse Control and Prevention state that Epignentics are reversabile when changes include behavior or the surroundings. Although Colangeli (2020) shares that psychoanalysis will change the effect of generational trauma, it eludes the idea that changing the environment or behavior is key to recovery.

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-05 06:03:55 UTC

Voicu, M., & Voicu, B. (2009). Dobrovoľníčky/ci a dobrovoľníctvo v strednej a východnej Európe. Sociológia, 6, 539–563.

Notes

paminorth — 2024-01-05 06:08:13 UTC

Volunteering is lower in ex communist countries, but is becoming stronger. In the past it was thought to be a western idealogy.

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-05 20:57:08 UTC

Güntert, S. T., Wehner, T., & Mieg, H. A. (2022). Volunteer Work as a Matter of Motivation. In Organizational, Motivational, and Cultural Contexts of Volunteering. Springer International Publishing AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92817-9_2

Notes

paminorth — 2024-01-05 20:59:49 UTC

Functional approach:

Values, understanding, career,social,enhancement, protective

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-05 21:17:51 UTC

Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J., & Miene, P. (1998). Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1516–1530.

Notes

paminorth — 2024-01-05 21:21:59 UTC

Motivation behind volunteering as a functional approach

Referene

paminorth — 2024-01-06 04:52:19 UTC

Black, M. (2022). A demon-haunted land: Witches, wonder doctors, and the ghosts of the past in post-WWII Germany. Metropolitan books.

Note

paminorth — 2024-01-06 04:55:34 UTC

After WWII, Germany was left in shambles because of the war crimes comitted by the Nazis. In this book, the silence following the end of the war, left people searching for solace. They were told to be silent and to work hard. Believing in the supernatural and leaning on religous convictions for forgiveness. Unfortunately, the silence led to generational trauma.

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-06 20:29:53 UTC

UNHCR Situation Ukraine refugee situation. UNHCR Data Portal. (2024). https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine

Notes

paminorth — 2024-01-06 20:31:31 UTC

Lowest volunteerism is in Bulgaria and previous soviet bloc countries, surround countries have highest rate/expending the US.

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-06 21:43:50 UTC

O’Dwyer, & Bernauer, J. A. (2014). Quantitative research for the qualitative researcher. SAGE.

Notes

paminorth — 2024-01-06 21:48:48 UTC

Philosophical assumptions affect how a researcher chooses betwee qualitative and quanitative research. Either seeking to uncover new information experienced in natural settings, or discovering new information with simplication of the subject. Research questons may influence. The way the problem is described and research questions influence the research sought.

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-06 22:43:00 UTC

Johr B. (1995 ). Die Ereignisse in Zahlen . In BeFreier und Befreite: Krieg, Vergewaltigung, Kinder (pp. 46 -73 ). Frankfort/Main : Fischer .

Note

paminorth — 2024-01-06 22:43:57 UTC

Reported number of raped women after WWII 1.4 to 1.9 million

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-07 03:09:24 UTC

Jonas, K. J., & Morton, T. A. (2012). Restoring civil societies the psychology of intervention and engagement following crisis. Wiley-Blackwell.

Notes

paminorth — 2024-01-07 03:10:02 UTC

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-07 03:40:39 UTC

Gobodo-Madikizela, P. (2002). Remorse, Forgiveness, and Rehumanization: Stories from South Africa. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 42(1), 7-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167802421002

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-07 04:26:40 UTC

Adonis, C. K. (2015). Generational forgiveness and historical injustices: perspectives of descendants of victims of Apartheid-era gross human rights violations in South Africa. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 25(1), 6–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2015.1007594

Notes

paminorth — 2024-01-07 04:27:22 UTC

The aprarthied and forgiveness to political human rights

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-07 04:44:02 UTC

Eichhorn, S., Stammel, N., Glaesmer, H., Klauer, T., Freyberger, H. J., Knaevelsrud, C., & Kuwert, P. (2015). Readiness to reconcile and post-traumatic distress in German survivors of wartime rapes in 1945. International Psychogeriatrics, 27(5), 857–864. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610214002695

Notes

paminorth — 2024-01-07 04:44:39 UTC

The adverse psychological effects of PTSD the result of the experienced by the victims. Support from local courts and community have sought for both victims and perpetrators reconciliation is necessary for peace (Eichhorn et al, 2015).

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-07 04:51:32 UTC

Ruberg, W. (2021). Monica Black, A Demon-Haunted Land. Witches, Wonder Doctors, and the Ghosts of the Past in Post-WWII Germany. Tijdschrift Voor Sociale En Economische Geschiedenis, 18(3), 170–172. https://doi.org/10.52024/tseg.11096

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-07 04:56:38 UTC

van Schie, S., Güntert, S. T., Oostlander, J., & Wehner, T. (2015). How the Organizational Context Impacts Volunteers: A Differentiated Perspective on Self-determined Motivation. Voluntas (Manchester, England), 26(4), 1570–1590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-014-9472-z

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-07 20:35:01 UTC

Colangeli, R. (2020). Bound Together: How Psychoanalysis Diminishes Inter-generational DNA Trauma. American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 80(2), 196-218. https://doi.org/10.1057/s11231-020-09247-x

Notes

paminorth — 2024-01-08 01:16:16 UTC

In this study, volunteers motivation to continue to serve an NGO is identified through a self determined, collective action.

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-08 02:23:14 UTC

Harrison, C. (2022). Researching and transcribing traumatic experiences : a qualitative approach to studying survivors of genocide online. SAGE Publications, Ltd.

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-08 02:50:29 UTC

Berger, A. L. (2010). Unclaimed Experience: Trauma and Identity in Third Generaton Writing about the Holocaust. Shofar, 28(3), 149-VII. https://tcsedsystem.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/unclaimed-experience-trauma-identity-third/docview/250732145/se-2

Notes

paminorth — 2024-01-08 02:52:04 UTC

Generational trauma and the third generation with a greater influence

Reference

paminorth — 2024-01-08 07:03:37 UTC

Team, G. B. (2023, May 4). Germany culture, customs, and traditions: GPI translation blog. Globalization Partners International. https://www.globalizationpartners.com/2023/05/04/germany-culture-customs-and-traditions/

Notes

paminorth — 2024-01-08 07:04:14 UTC

Description of German culture.German food and beer, with celebrations of Oktoberfest. A traditional outfit known as Tracht, indicates a persons socialclass,and symbolizes the countries culture, and with art, dating back tomedieval gothic chubches. Composters that herald from Germany are Back, Beethoven and Mozart.

Reference

paminorth — 2024-02-15 05:55:52 UTC

Bezo, B., & Maggi, S. (2015). Living in “survival mode:” Intergenerational transmission of trauma from the Holodomor genocide of 1932–1933 in Ukraine. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 134, 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.04.009

Reference

paminorth — 2024-02-16 03:28:38 UTC

Starkweather, S. (2020). Collective identity in Germany: An assessment of national theories. James Madison Undergraduate Research Journal, 7(1), 36-48. http://commons.lib.jmu.edu/jmurj/vol7/iss1/4

Topic

paminorth — 2024-02-16 03:30:20 UTC

Discussion on the resilency of collectivism left in german society and the connection to nationalism

Reference

paminorth — 2024-06-30 18:59:37 UTC

Alexander, J. C., Eyerman, R., Giesen, B., Smelser, N. J., & Sztompka, P. (2004). The trauma of perpetrators: The holocaust as the traumatic reference of German national identity. In Collective Trauma and Collective Identity (1st ed., pp. 112–154). University of California Press.

Topic

paminorth — 2024-06-30 20:41:21 UTC

Reconciliation between victims and perpetrators does not just happen. It is a collective identity between the past and the present that will heal both. Rituals, like public confessions of guilt provide the only way to maintain a national identity.

Reference

paminorth — 2024-06-30 20:43:12 UTC

American Psychological Association. (2008). The Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles For Psychologists. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/international/pi/2008/10/gauthier

Notes

paminorth — 2024-06-30 20:45:26 UTC

Universal Declaration of Ethical priniciples; American Psychologists Code of Ethics

Notes

paminorth — 2024-07-01 03:48:33 UTC

The social theory of Banduras is that people will strive to have influence over their lives. There are four factors of behavior: behavior, environment, and persona.

Reference

paminorth — 2024-07-01 03:51:27 UTC

Berlin Arrival Support. bevos. (2022). https://bevos.org/berlin-arrival-support/?lang=en

Topic

paminorth — 2024-07-01 03:51:54 UTC

Online BAS site with information on volunteering in Berlin.

Topic

paminorth — 2024-07-01 03:57:14 UTC

Research of three families in Ukraine that had lived through genocides with Salin. Showed that fear-based survival mode decreases methylation in dna

Reference

paminorth — 2024-07-01 03:58:36 UTC

Boulianne, S. (2023). Standby ties that mobilize: Social media platforms and civic engagement. Social Science Computer Review, 41(3), 1001-1016. https://doi.org/10.1177/08944393211067687

Topic

paminorth — 2024-07-01 03:59:27 UTC

Volunteers in Berline are motivated to help and engage in communities.

Reference

paminorth — 2024-07-01 04:06:16 UTC

Coleman, P. (2021). Validity and reliability within qualitative research in the caring sciences. International Journal of Caring Sciences https://www.internationaljournalofcaringsciences.org/docs/54_goleman_special_143.pdf

Topic

paminorth — 2024-07-01 04:07:44 UTC

Interview process, and reliability and validity.

Reference

paminorth — 2024-07-01 04:19:24 UTC

Crowe, S., Creswell, K., Robertson, A., Huby, G., Avery, A., & Sheikh, A. (2011). The case study approach. BMC medical research methodology, 11, 100. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-11-100

Topic

paminorth — 2024-07-01 04:20:43 UTC

Understanding reality in a perspective from society

Reference

paminorth — 2024-07-01 04:24:59 UTC

Davies, K. (2023, November 27). Volunteer work Germany 2019-2023. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1339096/volunteer-work-germany/#:~:text=People%20who%20do%20volunteer%20work%20in%20Germany,in%20Germany%20volunteered%20from%202019%20to%202023.

Reference

paminorth — 2024-07-01 04:26:48 UTC

de Groot, M., Schaafsma, J., Castelain, T., Malinowska, K., Mann, L., Ohtsubo, Y., Wulandari, M. T. A., Bataineh, R. F., Fry, D. P., Goudbeek, M., & Suryani, A. (2021). Group-based shame, guilt, and regret across cultures. European journal of social psychology, 51(7), 1198–1212. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2808

Topic

paminorth — 2024-07-01 04:27:42 UTC

Generational trauma of first and second generation Germans

Reference

paminorth — 2024-07-01 04:47:51 UTC

Durdella, N. (2019). Qualitative dissertation methodology: a guide for research design and methods. SAGE Publications, Inc.

Topic

paminorth — 2024-07-01 04:48:31 UTC

Informed consent with participants

Topic

paminorth — 2024-07-01 04:50:07 UTC

Saturation for qualitative research with interviews

Reference

paminorth — 2024-07-01 04:50:30 UTC

Dworkin, S. L. (2012). Sample size policy for qualitative studies using in-depth interviews. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(6), 1319–1320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-0016-6

Reference

paminorth — 2024-07-01 04:58:13 UTC

European code of conduct 2023. ALLEA. (2023). https://allea.org/portfolio-item/european-code-of-conduct-2023/

Reference

paminorth — 2024-07-01 05:01:36 UTC

Flannery, M. (2017). Self-determination theory: Intrinsic motivation and behavioral change. Oncology Nursing Forum, 44(2), 155–156. https://doi.org/10.1188/17.ONF.155-156

Topic

paminorth — 2024-07-01 05:01:54 UTC

Image remade for motivational concept