a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith.

A Scottish engineer named James Watt invented the first useful steam engine in 1763. It was almost double as efficient as the last and revolutionized locomotion and machinery.

The ability to efficiently transport resources and products over networks of rails by way of steam was revolutionary as it made trade and production far more practical than it was prior.

Sir William Fothergill Cooke and Charles Wheatstone were the first to communicate long-distance by means of the telegraph. Such an invention allowed for much more efficient workflow and management by allowing communication over long distances.

a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Satisfying the demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability.

a theory adopted in U.S. foreign policy after World War II according to which the “fall” of a noncommunist state to communism would precipitate the fall of noncommunist governments in neighboring states.