'The two notions matter'.

Sometimes diplomatic efforts are about keeping people happy.

When talking about the UN and making analyses always check the organization chart to understand what's going on.

• It is not clear who's responsible for what.
• It has been proposed to create an agency to deal with low politics.

It is very hard to understand because for example the main operations of UN Women is outside of the UN.

• Ideas change the way issues are perceived.
• Ideas redefine state and non-state interest and goals, setting agendas for action
• Ideas mobilize coalitions to press for action
• Ideas become embedded in institutions.
• Ideas affect implementation

• Human rights for all- from aspirations to implementation
• Gender equality -  from eliminating discrimination to women's empowerment.
• Peace and security -  evolving ideas and approaches.

1. Human rights for all
2. Gender equality and Women's rights
3. Development Goals
4. Fairer international economic relations
5. Strategies for accelerating development in poorer countries
6. Priorities for social development
7. Environmental sustainability
8. Peace and Human security
9. Human development

1. Jan tinbergen
2. Wassily Leontief
3. Gunnar Myrdal
4. James Meade
5. W. Arthur Lewis and Theodore W. Schultz
6. Lawrence R. Klein
7. Richard Stone
8. Amartya Sen

Article 2 Genocide convention, ... any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:

(a) Killing members of the group;
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

We should recognize the powerful, if often un- acknowledged, role of material incentives, competitive struggles, and tacit col- lusion with uncooperative government officials or local militia.

the absence of ‘institutional memory’ to inform decision-making based on lessons learned doesn't help.

1. who are the ‘we’ to determine whose suffering matters, 
2. Erosion of impartiality, independence, neutrality and humanity 

• Militarization: The bombing of the IRCR. The fact that militaries participate make it different.
• Politization: Humanitarian NGO are force multipliers. NGO were so embedded in what they do that no matter what they do, they are always going to be politicized.
  • Gill Asher: Part of the High Commissioner of Refugees. What the UN had to do was to send banners in different languages to say that the UN was unpolitical.
• Marketization: Involves money. 

sovereignty is no longer sovereign, the world has outgrown it. P.104

The supremacy of sovereignty over law is untenable. P. 106

The ICRC argued: “In terms of the existing right to assistance, humanitarian assistance cannot be regarded as interference. Far from infringing upon the sovereignty of states, humanitarian assistance  in armed conflicts, as provided for by international law, is, rather, an expression of that sovereignty.” 

1. Governments should prevent genocide. (domestic)
2. International assistance to protect HR.
3. Coercive measures by outsiders.

2. Weiss (2012, humanitarian internvention): ‘If only altruism without significant interests had to be present, there would rarely be sufficient motivation to get involved in the first place or to stay the course.’ 

R2P spectrum of action must include military force as the option of last resort (conceptually, not sequentially).  Thakur (2015)
PURITAN VIEW IN RESPONSE TO PARIS

KOSOVO it was illegal but it was legitimate.... what would have happened if they had intervened in Rwanda???? This triggered the commission.

1. Governments should prevent genocide. (domestic)
2. International assistance to protect HR.
3. Coercive measures by outsiders.

• No. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are not legally binding.

• The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with 169 targets are broader in scope and go further than the MDGs by addressing the root causes of poverty and the universal need for development that works for all people. The goals cover the three dimensions of sustainable development: economic growth, social inclusion and environmental protection.
• Over more ground, with ambitions to address inequalities, economic growth, decent jobs, cities and human settlements, industrialization, oceans, ecosystems, energy, climate change, sustainable consumption and production, peace and justice.
• The new Goals are universal and apply to all countries, whereas the MDGs were intended for action in developing countries only
• A core feature of the SDGs is their strong focus on means of implementation—the mobilization of financial resources—capacity-building and technology, as well as data and institutions.

Key novelties of the 2030 Agenda, such as universality and
policy integration, have not been translated into
meaningful organisational adjustments. 

• Partners in development
• North-South: A programme for survival.
• The so-called Bruntland report
• Our Global Neighborhood.
• The Responsibility to protect