A Look at Vision Science in History by Mitchell Whittaker https://padlet.com/mitchellwhittaker/lnhfmq63hn4t00cu whittaker.104 en-us 2022-03-20 22:57:33 UTC 2022-03-29 20:14:08 UTC hello@padlet.com Early Cataract Surgeries in Ancient Egypt mitchellwhittaker https://padlet.com/mitchellwhittaker/lnhfmq63hn4t00cu/wish/2104145649 Cataracts have been impeding people's vision forever. Cataracts develop when the lens in the eye becomes opaque is no longer able to produce a clear image. In ancient Egypt around 1000 A.D., one early ophthalmologist, Ammar ibn Ali of Mosul, born in 1010 A.D., invented a syringe that would be able to be inserted into the lens and suck up cataracts, leading to a clearer vision for his patients, without as many risks as the customary approach at the time1. His invention was crucial for the development of optic surgeries for centuries to come, as this was the first case of cataracts being completely removed2.

At the time, a method called couching was standard. This operation included inserting a needle into the corner of the cornea and pushing aside the cataract out of focus from the path to the cornea, but still leaving the cataract in place2. Ammar disapproved of this method, and instead opted for a method that would completely remove the cataract. His syringe worked well, and he performed many operations with his new removal technique in his lifetime.

Sources:

1. https://www.djo.harvard.edu/print.php?url=/physicians/re/3379&print=1

2. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Ammar-ibn-Ali-al-Mawsili-and-His-Innovating-Suction-Laios-Moschos/67ea6a432ab0dfc7c05a3b2e55109cae26d1c9df#citing-papers

3. https://islaminindonesia.wordpress.com/2014/03/23/ammar/
]]> 2022-03-20 23:43:55 UTC https://padlet.com/mitchellwhittaker/lnhfmq63hn4t00cu/wish/2104145649 Salvino D'Armate invents the Eyeglasses mitchellwhittaker https://padlet.com/mitchellwhittaker/lnhfmq63hn4t00cu/wish/2104179001 Born into a noble family in Flourence, Italy, Salvino D'Armate was very interested in eyesight, and would invent these spectacles during his life in Italy1. They were the first eye glasses that did not require use of the hands, like a monocle or a reading stone1. Instead, they simply rested and balanced on the bridge of the nose, with two convex lenses made from a type of quartz called Beryl2.

In terms of importance in history, glasses are one of the most common and practical ways to correct myopia and hyperopia. D'Armate's invention is one of the most important inventions in vision history, but the credit wasn't always known to be his. It wasn't until his grave was found in the 14th century that D'Armate got the credit he deserved2.

Sources:

1. https://www-jstor-org.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/stable/24619648?seq=2

2. https://www.salus.edu/Centennial-Celebration/Highlights/Centennial-Features/The-Quest-for-Clearer-Vision-The-History-of-Eyegl.aspx

3. https://www.bygonely.com/bg_item/spectacles-1286-by-salvino-darmate/ (Image)]]> 2022-03-21 00:20:57 UTC https://padlet.com/mitchellwhittaker/lnhfmq63hn4t00cu/wish/2104179001 Bartolomeo Eustachio Correctly Identifies the path of the Optic Tract in Italy, 1552 mitchellwhittaker https://padlet.com/mitchellwhittaker/lnhfmq63hn4t00cu/wish/2108368602 In the midst of the 16th century in Italy, Bartolomeo Eustachio was an outstanding scientist and neurosurgeon. He was the first person to correctly identify the correct path of the optic nerves1. He also put forth that the optic chiasm may be part of the optic tract and he was completely correct. Contrary to the beliefs of the ancient Greeks, he argued that the optic tract does not project to the lateral ventricles like previously believed, and instead  argued that the optic tract passed through the lateral geniculate nuclei1.

However right he was about the optic tract, it wouldn't be until 1714 for his works to be rediscovered and published by Pope Clement XI, over 150 years later1. His works helped shaped the way we view vision and how that works in transmitting information to the brain.

Sources:

1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5644697/

2. https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/224769/view/bartolommeo-eustachio-italian-physician (Image)





]]> 2022-03-22 20:44:34 UTC https://padlet.com/mitchellwhittaker/lnhfmq63hn4t00cu/wish/2108368602 The docent for this exhibit: Georg Bartisch mitchellwhittaker https://padlet.com/mitchellwhittaker/lnhfmq63hn4t00cu/wish/2110738663 Georg Bartisch would be the perfect mentor and instructor to guide you through this exhibit. Born in 1585, Georg quickly became a renowned ophthalmologist in Saxonia. Georg Bartisch is often considered the "father of ophthalmology" for his excellent works and teachings throughout his life, most notably his work entitled Ophthalmodouleia1. This was the first German book on ophthalmologic diseases, and included 92 wood prints of drawings of the eye that acted as layers that could be lifted to imitate dissection1. Ophthalmodouleia was a very in-depth look into ocular anatomy and went extensively into disorders of the eye, along with prescriptions and herbal remedies to pacify them.

Throughout his life, Georg was keen on the eye. He became an oculist at a very young age, and later became a court oculist for Duke Augustus I of Saxony1. He left such an impact on the world of vision science and is still widely respected today as the father of ophthalmology.

Sources:

1. https://library.uthscsa.edu/2015/01/george-bartisch-an-inventive-look-into-ophthalmodouleia/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0039625705000871 (photo)


]]> 2022-03-24 00:19:14 UTC https://padlet.com/mitchellwhittaker/lnhfmq63hn4t00cu/wish/2110738663 Uso de los Antoios - The First Comprehensive Optometry Guide. mitchellwhittaker https://padlet.com/mitchellwhittaker/lnhfmq63hn4t00cu/wish/2110788006 In 1623, Benito Daca de Valdes released a book that would change optometry forever. Released in his home country of Spain, Uso de los Antoios served as a comprehensive look into how glasses should be fit on a patient1. This comprehensive manual took into account the degrees of prescriptions and when glasses should be worn, and the powers of each different kind of lens and when those should be worn.

This book is widely considered to be the first comprehensive book of optometry and how sight can easily be corrected with glasses1. Interestingly, he was also the first person to describe anisometropia, a disorder where the two eyes have different refractive powers2. His contribution to the world of Optometry was critical in building the foundations of how vision sciences are handled today, with prescription fittings and different lenses.

Sources:

1. https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/hindsight/article/download/24562/30074/57550

2. http://www.blog.contactlensking.com/Daza-de-Valdes-First-Book-of-Optometry.php]]> 2022-03-24 00:47:53 UTC https://padlet.com/mitchellwhittaker/lnhfmq63hn4t00cu/wish/2110788006 The First Idea of an Artificial Cornea, 1789. mitchellwhittaker https://padlet.com/mitchellwhittaker/lnhfmq63hn4t00cu/wish/2112704436 One of the pioneers of ophthalmology in the 18th century was French ophthalmologist Guillaume Pellier de Quengsy. He was the first to propose the idea of Keratoprosthesis, a surgical procedure in which a diseased cornea is replaced by an artificial one1. This diseased cornea could be a result of a birth defect, an infection or a burn1.

He proposed a correct procedure for a surgery that is still used today. Keratoprosthesis is only recommended if a person has had a failure of a donor corneal transplant, but Pellier de Quengsy was ahead of his time with his suggestion of Keratoposthesis. He even developed the idea for a porous prosthetic skirt, a concept still used today in ophthalmology2.

Sources:

1. https://bjo.bmj.com/content/bjophthalmol/98/5/576/F4.large.jpg (Image)

2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0142961201001685

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10432778/]]> 2022-03-24 22:12:23 UTC https://padlet.com/mitchellwhittaker/lnhfmq63hn4t00cu/wish/2112704436 Technology now allows for High-Resolution Images of the Retina mitchellwhittaker https://padlet.com/mitchellwhittaker/lnhfmq63hn4t00cu/wish/2114438318 The OCT was first introduced at MIT in 1991 by James G. Fujimoto. This imaging technique is one of the most widely used in the world to examine the retina1. The OCT is so impactful in Ophthalmology when it comes to diagnosing diseases like macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy1. The OCT has changed the world of Ophthalmology, and it is one of the most common machines at an eye doctor's office.

James Fujimoto worked extensively with multiple different scholarly groups and universities to invent this life-changing optical imaging device. The OCT works by using light waves to reflect off of different depths in the eye to reconstruct a 3D model of the eye, more specifically, the retina2. This technology has also been used widely in the world of cardiovascular and oncologic imaging2. If it weren't for the progress made by the other ophthalmologists and optometrists of the past, an advancement as significant as the OCT machine could never have been made.

Sources:

1. https://www.nae.edu/164563/Inventors-of-Optical-Coherence-Tomography-Win-2017-Fritz-J-and-Dolores-H-Russ-Prize#:~:text=Hitzenberger%2C%20David%20Huang%2C%20and%20Eric,optical%20coherence%20tomography%20(OCT).

2. https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2017/3409327.pdf

https://www.opticianonline.net/news/specsavers-names-oct-suppliers (Image)]]> 2022-03-25 20:46:32 UTC https://padlet.com/mitchellwhittaker/lnhfmq63hn4t00cu/wish/2114438318