Tourism Group Mock PT1 by Papa Darko

anomynous123456 — 2024-11-07 15:07:22 UTC

“expenditures by 693 million international tourists traveling in 2001 total billion, roughly US $ 1.3 billion per day”(Malik,2007).

Khalil, S., Kakar, M. K., Waliullah, & Malik, A. (2007). Role of Tourism in Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan Economy [with Comments]. The Pakistan Development Review, 46(4), 985–995. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41261208

Effects of tourism on local infrastructures and contributing factors of pollution

10089460 — 2024-11-07 15:08:13 UTC

Based on the article by Melissa Sue Hill from the Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, Pollution from yachts and other sources has seriously affected the shorelines of all Grenadines. In some parts, the pollution is so severe that swimming is dangerous. (Hill, 2017).

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. (2017). In M. S. Hill (Ed.), Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations (14th ed., Vol. 3, pp. 549-559). Gale. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3652100166/SUIC?u=rock21695&sid=bookmark-SUIC&xid=562630c8

Effects of tourism on local infrastructures and contributing factors of pollution

10089460 — 2024-11-07 15:08:30 UTC

As written by The Age (Melbourne, Australia), published by the Nine Entertainment Company, tourists flocked to Australia's environmental attractions and, in the process, consumed energy, food and water, and produced solid and sewage waste, significantly damaging the environment. Moreover, it was debatable whether enough of that revenue was spent in managing the environmental attraction to minimize the impact of tourists (The Age, 1993).

Tourism has big effect on environment - study. (1993, January 21). Age [Melbourne, Australia], 15. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A296503773/SUIC?u=rock21695&sid=bookmark-SUIC&xid=aac8f6fb

anomynous123456 — 2024-11-07 15:08:44 UTC

"estimating contribution to GNP as 77%, and about 55% to GDP”(Ramsaran, 1979)

Ramsaran, R. (1979). Tourism in the Economy of the Bahamas. Caribbean Studies, 19(1/2), 75–91. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25612860

Political restriction is the solution to protecting local infrastructure

10089460 — 2024-11-07 15:08:58 UTC

As illustrated in the article by Kathy Brandt from Yachting published by the Bonnier Corporation, “Currently, the legal framework exists in the Caribbean to protect the waters of the region. However, unlike the U.S., where laws are implemented and then enforced, there is simply no implementation, no monitoring and no control in developing countries where funding is a problem” (Brandt, 1994).

Brandt, K. (1994, April). The polluted Caribbean: increased human pollution is harming the coral reefs. Yachting, 175(4), 14. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A15133613/SUIC?u=rock21695&sid=bookmark-SUIC&xid=9b0545c6

Political restriction is the solution to protecting local infrastructure

10089460 — 2024-11-07 15:09:19 UTC

According to Anita Pleumarom, from the Alternatives Journal, tourism agencies have done little to develop effective solutions to control developments aimed at environmental problems resulting from rapid tourism expansion. Furthermore, project managers of tourism companies are accused of abusing the use of natural resources and even violating human rights (Pleumarom, 2002).

Pleumarom, A. (2002). Destruction in disguise: international tourism projects in the Mekong River Basin are a model unsustainable development. Alternatives Journal, 28(4), 32+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A94509882/SUIC?u=rock21695&sid=bookmark-SUIC&xid=11629d23

Effects of tourism on local infrastructure through mass media representation

10079651_1 — 2024-11-07 15:09:36 UTC

"53.8% of sampled people believed Trinidad and Tobago had concerning crime from media they saw, especially those older, female, or natives to other regions" (Lewis-Cameron & Mason, 2024). Lewis-Cameron, A., & Mason, C. (2024). Sensationalisation of Reported Violent Crimes - Sensacionalización de los Delitos Violentos Denunciados: Perceptions of Vacationing Tourists. Études Caribéennes, 57/58, 83–97. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48785397

10079651_1 — 2024-11-07 15:10:20 UTC

"As much as tourism improves a wider scale of job opportunities and the work

quality is higher, it also causes a higher crime, pollution and sexual assaults" (Wallace, 2024). Wallace, W. C. (2024). Residents’ Perceptions of the Impacts of Tourism on the Quality of Life in a Tourist Island Destination - Percepciones de los residentes sobre los impactos del turismo en la calidad de vida en un destino insular turístico: Evidence from Tobago. Études Caribéennes, 57/58, 48–65. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48785395

Contributions to Global Emissions

2520461 — 2024-11-07 15:11:19 UTC

"In 2018, regional tourism in the Caribbean contributed to 62 billion kg CO2e to global emissions."

Ewing-Chow, D. (2019, Nov 26). The Environmental Impact Of Caribbean Tourism Undermines Its Economic Benefit. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/daphneewingchow/2019/11/26/the-carbon-footprint-of-caribbean-tourism-undermines-its-economic-benefit/

2520461 — 2024-11-07 15:12:45 UTC

"Hotels have higher carbon emissions than other building categories; Spending 13 nights in a 5-star hotel would produce food related carbon emissions of 205 kg per person."

World Sustainable Hospitality Alliance. (2017, Nov). Global Hotel Decarbonisation Report. https://sustainablehospitalityalliance.org/resource/global-hotel-decarbonisation-report/

Ignorance of Tourism's Environmental Effects

165618 — 2024-11-07 15:13:37 UTC

According to Monzote (2013), tourism initially was ignorant of its environmental impacts, yet over time environmental awareness began to spread, leading to the rise of environment-friendly implementations such as ecotourism. However, it is this ignorance which has most likely fueled negative environmental change over the years. “Accounting for 5% of the total global carbon emissions”, tourism has gone up the ranks of to be one of the main sources of global carbon dioxide emissions (Zhao et al., 2024).

Monzote, R. F. (2013). The Greater Caribbean: From Plantations to Tourism. RCC Perspectives, 7, 17–24. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26241124

Zhao, X., Li, T., & Duan, X. (2024). Studying tourism development and its impact on carbon emissions. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 7463. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58262-w

anomynous123456 — 2024-11-07 15:13:49 UTC

"provides about two-thirds of the employment opportunities in the Bahamas"(Ramsaran, 1979)

Ramsaran, R. (1979). Tourism in the Economy of the Bahamas. Caribbean Studies, 19(1/2), 75–91. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25612860

2520461 — 2024-11-07 15:16:51 UTC

"Development on Caribbean coasts occurred without any coordinated land-use planning or environmental or development control, causing coastal infrastructure to be more vulnerable to climate change."

Frojmovic, M., Graeff, J., & Mohammed, A. (2013). Planning in the Caribbean. In Planning and the Climate Change in the Caribbean (p. Page 4-Page 6). Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep18430.4

2520461 — 2024-11-07 15:17:47 UTC

"As the Caribbean coast continues to drive tourists, more developmental demand for hotels and other services occurred."

Resource Restraints from Tourism

165618 — 2024-11-07 15:18:10 UTC

Additionally, the adverse effects of climate change profoundly affect the flow of everyday services. Riyad Insanally and Wazim Mowla from the Atlantic Council say the tourism sector has what are called “high energy consumers”, and not being able to keep up with high volume demand staggers affordability to these services (Insanally & Mowla, 2022). On top of that, approximately “40 percent of Caribbean firms cite high electricity costs as a restraint to business operations.” (Insanally & Mowla, 2022).

Insanally, R., & Mowla, W. (2022). A GROWING CLIMATE AND ENERGY CRISIS IN THE CARIBBEAN. In QUICK WINS FOR PACC2030: A Publication by the Caribbean Initiative (pp. 6–7). Atlantic Council. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep43433.4

Tourism Expansion at Environmental Expense

165618 — 2024-11-07 15:19:50 UTC

Ryan R. Peterson from the International Journal of Well-Being explains that Aruba, a country located in the Southern Caribbean Sea, has expanded its infrastructure mainly to support tourism, and this has summoned “ecological pressures … intertwined with changes in climate and nature.” (Peterson, 2021).

Peterson, R. R. (2020). Over the Caribbean Top: Community Well-Being and Over-Tourism in Small Island Tourism Economies. International Journal of Community Well-Being. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42413-020-00094-3

Partial view of Tourism's Economic Implications

165618 — 2024-11-07 15:52:17 UTC

According to Peterson (2021), when tourism’s implications are only considered from an economic standpoint, economies will experience “a short-term growth orientation on tourism arrivals, receipts, and (tax) revenues”. Eventually, this will lead to exceeding “socio-ecological ceilings with significant costs in the medium to long term”.

10079651_1 — 2024-11-11 14:49:06 UTC

Improvements in the lives of women were assumed to be

products of general national development (Levy & Lerch 1991). Levy, D. E., & Lerch, P. B. (1991). Tourism as a Factor in Development Implications for Gender and Work in Barbados. Gender and Society, 5(1), 67–85. http://www.jstor.org/stable/189930

anomynous123456 — 2024-11-11 14:49:25 UTC

"Tourism as an economic sector contributes to produc-

tion (stimulates the domestic and foreign demand),

employment (being a labour-intensive sector) and bal-

ance of payments (helps to reduce the current account

deficit”

Lionetti, S., & Gonzalez, O. (2012). On the relationship between tourism and growth in Latin America. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 12(1), 15–24. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43498706

10079651_1 — 2024-11-11 14:49:58 UTC

"Young girls are getting in sexual relationships with tourists for favors" (Wallace 2024). Wallace, W. C. (2024). Residents’ Perceptions of the Impacts of Tourism on the Quality of Life in a Tourist Island Destination - Percepciones de los residentes sobre los impactos del turismo en la calidad de vida en un destino insular turístico: Evidence from Tobago. Études Caribéennes, 57/58, 48–65. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48785395