Here are bullet points all about the British Imperialism of Japan and how they cleverly used it for themselves:

• The historical Japanese empire was formed on the date of January 3, 1868. This occurred because emperor Meiji and his supporters overthrew the last shogun leader, whose name was Yoshinobu.

• Very soon, nations began eyeing Japan and its resources. An example would be an American naval force commanded by Matthew Perry that entered the Urania fortified harbor and refused to leave unless Japan abandoned its global commercial policy state of isolation and established a strong, diplomatic relationship with the United States.

• A growing wave of nationalism grew through Japan, where the antagonists were the Western imperialists like Britain and the United States that were attempting to fiddle around with Japanese affairs.

• After seeing the absolute horrors that the Chinese experienced due to Western imperialism, for example the Opuim War that had all of China addicted, the Japanese had to stay high alert. Little did they know they were going to outsmart the west and use imperialism for themselves.

• Japan took the Western ideas and imperialized themselves, forcing out even the strongest of British forces. After that, they became a major threat, taking over almost the entire southeastern Asia. They were finally regarded as a true threat during World War 2, when they were part of the Axis group.

• The bombing of Pearl Harbor woke the world up about Japan, even though they were given back with Hiroshima and Nagasaki, both very cruel and painful moments in history.

• Even after all of these years, Japan managed to outsmart the western nations and were able to use imperialism against them. They are still one of the most respected, advanced, and amazing countries in the world today!!!!!

Source: https://www.britannica.com/place/Empire-of-Japan/The-demise-of-imperial-Japan

https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/Nigeria-as-a-colony

• British imperialism negatively impacted Egypt through westernization and loss of culture that the nation experienced.

• Egypt suffered a great loss of freedom and control of its own country. European powers controlled the nation in all aspects such as politics, economics, and ect.

• Not only did Britain control major areas in Egypt but Egyptian officials had no say in matters regarding themselves at all.

• Many Egyptians died due to the occurrence of revolutionary activity, which sprouted from British exploitation. For example, in the 1919 revolution 800 Egyptians died while a further 1600 were injured.

• Egyptian were also used as cheap Labour and were greatly exploited both in their work in cotton industries and when working on infrastructure. The constant exploitation lead to the death of workers such as the Suez Canal project where thousands died.

Link: https://historystuffweb.wordpress.com/imperialism-in-egypt/#:~:text=Imperialism%20had%20a%20massive%20and,as%20a%20result%20of%20imperialism.

• The Spanish had the first permettant settlement in the Philippines in 1565

• They held colonial control over the Philippines until 1898 when the U. S. took control over the Philippines when they won the Spanish-American War

• In 1899 was when the First Philippine Republic declared independence, a constitutional government was also established - viewed as an act of insurrection by Americans

• In 1902, the U.S. congress passed legislation which created the Philippine Assembly- however many many Filipinos were killed or died of famine or disease in the Philippine-American War

• As time went on, U.S. federal laws increased thw amount of legislative authority Filipinos had

• They were initially administered by an American Governor General

• The general appointed American members of the Philippine Commissions

• The U.S. military also pacified indigenous populations in the Philippines

• Even after Japan took control of the Philippines in the WW2, U.S. took control of the islands once again

• Finally in 1946, The Treaty of Manila was signed by the U.S. and the Philippines

  • It recognized that the Republic of the Philippines was independent

  • However, the treaty also allowed America to retain existing military vases and assets in the Philippines which they still use to this day.

Sources: https://library.csun.edu/SCA/Peek-in-the-Stacks/us-imperialism-philippines

Early Imperialism + Who?

India was Imperialized by Britain, this happened because Britain had much more power in terms of money and an economy.

Britain took control of a lot of farming and agricultural areas of India’s economy and since farming was very important to India, this was very harmful to them.

How did this Affect life in India?

British interrupted many industries such as textiles. Also, Britain made some very hostile conditions inside India and made their lives very difficult. It ruined many traditions, led to very intense mistreatment by imperialists

Sources:

https://www.britannica.com/place/western-Africa/Initial-difficulty-of-European-administration

https://1.cdn.edl.io/9KI5qyYFpsH1hgCFc2bJ1yWckQncw7PxQNe6wlwoGEfwXpjr.pdf

Sources:

• https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj

• https://www.historycrunch.com/british-imperialism-in-india-overview.html#/

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company

• https://www.mrbelloblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/4.-British-Take-Over-India-.pdf

• British’s rule of India was an example of a form of Spheres of Influence imperialism. Spheres of Influence imperialism is when an outside power claims exclusive trading or investment privileges.

• In this case of India, East India Company, an English company founded on December 31, 1600 was formed to take advantage of India’s(and Southeast Asia’s) trade with the East. This company was one of the extensions of British imperialism in India from 18th century to the mid 19th century.

• During this time, the company on the basis of improving India’s economy and helping with their trade, entered into their politics and influenced the government with British ideas.

• The East India Company traded cotton, silk, indigo, saltpeter, tea, slaves, and Indian spices with the Indians in order to break the Spanish and Portugal spice trade monopoly.

• The East India Company brought imported slaves to factories in Southeast Asia and India and used the locals in these areas in order to produce the natural resources like cotton, silk, indigo, etc. that were to be traded with others.

• The East India Company slowly started to gain control of certain parts of India and influenced the controlled parts of India with British ideas. Due to this Indians were forced to follow British rule and they were even treated as slaves leaving many of the Indians, helping produce the resources for trade, starving and poor.

• After controlling many parts of the India, the East India Company started to fail. When the company controlled these parts, the shareholders were influencing British policy so the Indian government had to interfere to stop this and caused the Regulating Act(1773) and India Act (1784) both of which allowed governmental control over the political policies. After the East India Company failed, the British government took over India’s government and treated it as a colony, in the form of spheres of influence.

• Imperialism had a negative and big impact on Egypt

• After the British colonization of the nation, there was a lack of freedom

• Corruption took place

• 800 Egyptians died and 1600 were injured during the revolutionary activity

• Egyptians were used as cheap labor

• Loss of culture, education, health care and freedom were all results of British imperialism

• Egypts economy was positively impacted during this time

• After Britain departed from Egypt, the country fell into financial crisis.

Sources:

https://historystuffweb.wordpress.com/imperialism-in-egypt/#:~:text=Imperialism%20had%20a%20massive%20and,as%20a%20result%20of%20imperialism.

-The management methods through Punjab were direct due to the fact when the Sikhs were defeated by the British empire due to the traitor Tej Singh, their area became annexed. They directly put their forms of management on top of them through war and commands

-There were many disagreements about land during the time and they differed in the ideas of what to do so

-During 1907 Punjab unrest happened principally around the Colonisation bill that was implemented in the province in 1906 which went against the Punjab Land Alienation Act which tried to restrict the land ownership in Punjab. These lands were so important due to the canals and/or rivers near them

-This continued in agitation and soon after Bengal, Punjab and Britain began to separate into different provinces. Muslims were forced to go to Pakistan and non-Muslims were forced to go to India

-Within the migration itself, many disputes happened and the violent nature of the areas cause India and Pakistan to be suspicious and hostile of each other

Sources:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India

https://www.britannica.com/place/Punjab-state-India/History

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_Canal_Colonies

Sources:

• https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Imperialism-In-Nigeria-FCAC2VJPY8V

• https://republic.com.ng/october-november-2023/the-making-of-nigeria/#:~:text=While%20British%20colonial%20administrators%20like,was%20exercised%20in%20the%20South.

• Imperialism had a massive and negative impact on Egypt as can be seen through the lack of freedom that resulted from British colonization of the nation

• Additionally, many Egyptians died due to exploitation and the occurrence of revolutionary activity as a result of imperialism

• Not only was the revolution caused by the negative impacts of imperialism, but it itself caused further impacts that negatively effected Egypt.

• The main impact was the death toll. It is estimated that 800 Egyptians died while a further 1600 were injured during revolutionary activity

  Source:https://historystuffweb.wordpress.com/imperialism-in-egypt/#:~:text=Imperialism%20had%20a%20massive%20and,as%20a%20result%20of%20imperialism.

  
  

Who & Where?

• France conquers Madagascar

When?

• August 6, 1896: French Parliament voted to annex this island & sent Gen. Joseph-Simon Gallieni as the first military commander

• France took nearly 200 years to establish their (unchallenged) political control

  • Before it had been established, citizens of Madagascar had been under the rule of Malagasy rulers, under whom they could enjoy freedom

  • WHY did it take so long? - France = no rush to establish political authority over a sub-continent that was far, and (at the time) seemed to have no hope of economic return

Why?

• France colonized Madagascar for it to be used as a “refueling” base for merchants and a way for France to expand their trade within the Indian Ocean

How?

• By force

• France typically used direct rule

Form of Imperial Rule:

• Madagascar was primarily characterized as a Colony under France’s rule, as it’s internal government had been replaced by France’s Parliment

  • However, France had also taken advantage of Madagascar’s trade systems through as France made it so that 3/4ths of all of Madagascar’s was with France.

  • They had also limited the different types of products that could be exported out of Madagascar to agricultural products and raw materials for industry ONLY

  • Additionally, France strived to create Westernized economic developments

• France had managed Madagascar with Indirect rule

  • They influenced half of Madagascar’s population to convert to Christianty

  • French education was mandatory

  • Though French administrators took control, local leaders were also represented

  • French products were favored by customs duties BUT Madagascar’s enterprise was encouraged

Additional Info:

• Use of roads, railroads, and modern health services began

• Slavery abolished by French authorities

• 1947: Thousands of nationalists were killed in a rebellion against France

• JUNE 26 1960: INDEPENDENCE!!

Sources:

• https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13864364

• https://www.jstor.org/stable/45309984

• https://quod.lib.umich.edu/w/wsfh/0642292.0037.004/--flux-du-sang-et-sauterelles-how-the-people-and-environment?rgn=main;view=fulltext#:~:text=%5B14%5D%20Meant%20to%20be%20a,trade%20within%20the%20Indian%20Ocean.

• https://www.britannica.com/place/Madagascar/Outside-influences-1861-95

• https://www.historians.org/teaching-and-learning/teaching-resources-for-historians/teaching-and-learning-in-the-digital-age/through-the-lens-of-history-biafra-nigeria-the-west-and-the-world/the-colonial-and-pre-colonial-eras-in-nigeria/the-french-argument-for-direct-rule#:~:text=%22Indirect%20rule%22%20was%20not%20the,these%20two%20forms%20of%20rule.

• The imperial management method that Britain used on Nigeria was indirect because Britain still had power within the country but local leader/officials still had power

• The form of imperialism that Britain used on Nigeria was colonialism because Nigeria was governed internally by a foreign power (Britain), which helped it into becoming more powerful.

• Imperialism in Nigeria started as a way for the British to get materials/goods from the country for industrialization.

• However, Britain didn’t want to stay in Nigeria and decided not to establish any permanent means of industry or production.

• The British took any of Nigeria’s materials and exported them out of the country.

• This resulted in a huge dip in Nigeria’s economy since their main skill was handcrafting, which was a big potential of industrialization and economic growth.

• Two of the many communities in Nigeria were the Aguleri and the Umuleri groups. Britain created conflict between these two groups as a result of imperialism.

• The British industrialized a city called Otu-Ocha (that was near both groups) and turned it into a trade center.

• This example of industrialization created major conflict between both groups as each community wanted the land of the trade center for themselves.

• This conflict sparked a war between the Aguleri and Umuleri.

Sources:

• https://u.osu.edu/cs1100sp21fechtel/2021/02/13/british-colonialism-in-nigeria-things-fall-apart-by-chinua-achebe-context-presentation-sophie-ireton/#:~:text=Imperialism%20in%20Africa%20was%20the,for%20industrialization%20(Ikponmwosa%2020).

• https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/The-arrival-of-the-British

• Britains obsession with finding and discovering the source of the Nile river is what compelled them to Uganda

• In 1885 during the Berlin Conference, Uganda (one of many nations) is given to the British

• With permission from the Kabaka (king), the Imperial British East African Company sets up in Uganda in 1888

• In 1890, the Anglo-German Agreement made Uganda a British protectorate/territory, allowing British to DOMINATE Uganda

• In 1894, Uganda signed multiple treaties -> British have rights to harvest cotton = protection; Uganda joins British Sphere of Influence

• The British trick Ugandan rulers into signing treaties that give away their natural resources. The British didn’t respect their end of the bargain (protection)

  • British brought in an army -> COLONIZATION

  • Colonized Uganda -> forced natives to do labor for British & made Ugandan people who agreed with Imperialism join the military

• British set up INDIRECT GOVERNMENT -> favored Bugandans and upset northern tribes

  • Bugandan people were treated well while notherners were forced to join Ugandan Army = UNFAIR to uneducated people

Source:

• https://imperialismhistoryuganda.weebly.com/during-imperialism.html#:~:text=The%20British%20Take%20Over&text=In%201885%20Uganda%2C%20among%20other,a%20British%20protectorate%20or%20territory.

asianstudies.org

Britannia.com

Sources: https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/blighted-by-empire-what-the-british-did-to-india/

https://enrouteindianhistory.com/the-plight-of-the-indian-handicraft-industry/

https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj

https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/humanrights/2023/07/12/beyond-the-raj-how-british-colonialism-continues-to-impact-human-rights-in-india/#:~:text=Rising%20Economic%20Inequality%20and%20India's%20Rural%20Poor&text=In%2040%20years%2C%20between%201880,in%20the%20mid%2D20th%20century.

• In 1882 Egypt was acquired by Britain

• The country had many aspects of imperialism that countries wanted which was a weak economic system while having strategic economic and military positioning

• It also had the Suez canal which was a desire of many European countries

• The country was heavily impacted by British’s selfish actions and much was lost of its freedom, health systems, religion, and control of its own country

• The only positive impact that this had was Britain greatly improved Egypts failing economy

• By 1889 economy and infrastructure exploded with roads, dams, and railways while the economy saw a budget surplus due to British expanding cotton and light industries and tourism

• However, all these things didn’t make up for the negative effects caused by the British who spread their power over Egypt into the schooling systems

• Egypt was announced as a British protectorate in 1914 but had always been one since British got a hold of it in 1882.

Sources :

https://historystuffweb.wordpress.com/imperialism-in-egypt/#:~:text=Imperialism%20had%20a%20massive%20and,as%20a%20result%20of%20imperialism.

Specific Region: Madras Presidency

present day tamilnadu, Andhrapradesh, parts of Karntaka and Odisha

• The British took over India in 1858 for raw materials to power factories in England. India was known for many cash crops such as cotton which the British wanted.

• They controlled and oppressed the Indians and even tried to convert them into Christians. They believed they were the superior race and looked down on Indians and made them work long hours of labor.

The Madras Presidency:

• Madras presidency was officially called Presidency of Fort St. George by the British and was an administrative subdivision also known as Madras province 

• Its capitals changed by the season. The winter capital was Madras and it is summer capital is Ootacamund

• In 1639 the English east India company bought a village of madraspatnam and a year later established the agency of Fort St George 

• The British changed the government of the region and had one governor who had legislative, executive and judicial powers

• The Indians felt oppressed and controlled by the British and wanted freedom from the long hours of working under them in their factories as well as other jobs for very cheap.

• Over several years Indians had enough of this treatment and started to revolt

• Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty established the Madras Native Association on 26 February 1852 but it didn’t last long 

• It was followed by the Madras Mahajana Sabha which was created on May 16th 1884.

• Also out of the 72 delegates that participated in the first session of the Indian national congress 22 were from the Madras presidency 

• Newspapers such as the Hindu were also addressing the issue of independence 

Sources:

https://www.utsavpedia.com/fashion-cults/the-presidency-of-madras/

https://www.britannica.com/place/Madras-Presidency

http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/curriculum/unit-two/module-nine/module-nine-activity-six/

Life Before:

1. Before British imperialism, Bombay Presidency was under the control of various indigenous rulers and kingdoms.

2. The region had a diverse population, with communities of Hindus, Muslims, Parsis, and others coexisting.

3. Agriculture was a major occupation, with the cultivation of crops like rice, wheat, cotton, and sugarcane.

4. Trade and commerce thrived, with Bombay serving as a significant port for maritime activities.

5. The region had a rich cultural heritage, with art, music, and literature flourishing.

6. Education was primarily limited to the elite classes, with traditional systems of learning prevalent.

7. The society was structured hierarchically, with a clear distinction between different social classes.

8. Local governance was carried out by indigenous rulers and local administrative bodies.

9. The region had its own legal and judicial systems, influenced by local customs and traditions.

10. The economy was primarily agrarian, with limited industrialization and modern infrastructure.

Life During:

1. British administration directly controlled the Bombay presidency, exerting direct rule over the region.

2. The economy was transformed with the introduction of new agriculturall systems and the expansion of the textile industry.

3. Industrialization led to the establishment of factories and increased employment opportunities in cities.

4. The Bombay presidency became a major commercial and financial center, attracting foreign investments.

5. Western education was introduced, opening up new opportunities for higher education and professional training.

6. Infrastructure was improved with the construction of roads, railways, and modern ports.

7. The British administration introduced new legal and judicial systems based on English law.

8. Society was influenced by the caste system and social segregation, with the British occupying positions of power.

9. Western culture had a significant impact on daily life, influencing clothing, music, and architecture.

10. Resistance and nationalist movements developed, with leaders like Mahatma Gandhi fighting for India's independence.

Life After:

1. The Bombay presidency became part of independent India, with the region gaining self-governance.

2. The economy continued to evolve, with a focus on industrialization and diversification of industries.

3. The government implemented policies to promote economic growth and development in the region.

4. Education became more accessible, with a focus on expanding literacy rates and improving educational infrastructure.

5. Social reforms were introduced to address issues such as caste discrimination and gender inequality.

6. The region witnessed urbanization and the growth of cities, leading to improved infrastructure and living standards.

7. Cultural expressions flourished, with a renewed emphasis on local traditions and art forms.

8. Political participation increased, with the establishment of democratic institutions and the right to vote.

9. The region experienced advancements in healthcare, leading to improved public health and life expectancy.

10. Efforts were made to preserve and celebrate the diverse cultural heritage of the Bombay presidency.

Links:

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiOgd7604GEAxXilYkEHZYoAsoQFnoECCYQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FBritishraj&usg=AOvVaw10-a2xQYtg4yrYjlC2tjB4&opi=89978449

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiOgd7604GEAxXilYkEHZYoAsoQFnoECCkQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhum5415.omeka.fas.harvard.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fshow%2Fmappingmumbai%2Fbombaybritishpossession&usg=AOvVaw0yS96YY4X5jJzNKDvdxjyV&opi=89978449

• The Nigerians did not have a strong military, which led to little protection against the British forces. This caused the British to take advantage of the Nigerians and colonize them.

• After the British took over

• Nigeria, they implemented direct and indirect rule over Nigeria to attain valuable materials they possessed.

• The British later divided
  Nigeria's population into groups to prevent them from resisting authority as a unit.

• They had a local government over years of its colonization, but there was a more distant but powerful central government in London.

• Nigeria was a colony and a protectorate, meaning the British had control, but there was an internal government within Nigeria.

• Sources:

  https://u.osu.edu/introhumanities

  online/2020/02/04/history-of-the-british-takeover-of-nigeria/

  https://www.britannica.com/place

  /Nigeria/Nigeria-as-a-colony.