The Société genovoise d'Utilité publique, a Swiss welfare agency, actively seconded Dunant's suggestion, the result being the formation (1863) of the organization that became known as the Red Cross. The next year, delegates from 16 nations met in Switzerland, and the Geneva Convention of 1864 for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick of Armies in the Field was adopted and signed by 12 of the nations represented. It provided for the neutrality of the medical personnel of armed forces, the humane treatment of the wounded, the neutrality of civilians who voluntarily assisted them, and the use of an international emblem to mark medical personnel and supplies. In honor of Dunant's nationality, a red cross on a white background—the Swiss flag with colors reversed—was chosen as this symbol.

 

The original Geneva Convention, its subsequent revisions, and allied treaties such as the Hague Convention for naval forces and the Prisoner of War Convention have been signed (although not always ratified) by almost all countries and their dependencies. The International Committee of the Red Cross was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1917, 1944, and, with the League of Red Cross Societies, in 1963.

 

The Red Crescent, which was first used by the Ottoman Empire in 1876, was formally recognized by the League of Red Cross Societies in 1929. Iran used the Red Lion and Sun, formally recognized in 1949, until 1980. The adoption of the Red Crystal symbol in 2005 (effective in 2007), although occurring primarily as a means to provide an emblem under which Israel's Magen David Adom could become a full member (2006) of the international movement, also established a neutral emblem that could be used by any national society that preferred to avoid using the Christian cross or Islamic crescent.

 

The abbreviation “9/11” was coined because of the four coordinated terrorist attacks that took place on September 11, 1993. The WTC is under attack because of America's problems of globalization, economic power, and prosperity. Al-Qaeda hopes, by attacking these American symbols, they will spread power across the country and be able to improve the position of the United States in the world community. 

 

This incident occurred on the morning of September 11, 2001. A total of 19 Al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial planes; the hijackers were terrorists from Saudi Arabia and several other Arab nations. Reportedly financed by the al Qaeda terrorist organization of Saudi fugitive Osama bin Laden, they were allegedly acting in retaliation for America’s support of Israel, its involvement in the Persian Gulf War and its continued military presence in the Middle East.. They crashed two planes into the top floor of the North Tower, South of the WTC complex, and a third plane into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. The top of the Twin Towers collapsed from the collision. As the evacuation of the tower and its twin got underway, television cameras broadcast live images of what initially appeared to be a freak accident. 

 

The fourth plane, Flight 93, crashed into an empty field in western Pennsylvania about 20 minutes by air from Washington, D.C. As a result of this attack, there were 2,977 people from 93 countries, namely 2,753 people who died in New York; 184 people died at the Pentagon, and 40 people died on Flight 93. A World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was held to select an appropriate permanent memorial to the victims of 9/11. It consists of two reflecting pools with waterfalls rushing down where the Twin Towers once rose into the sky.

The attacking Ottoman Army, which significantly outnumbered Constantinople's defenders, was commanded by the 21-year-old Sultan Mehmed II (later called "Mehmed the Conqueror"), while the Byzantine army was led by Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos. After conquering the city, Mehmed II made Constantinople the new Ottoman capital, replacing Adrianople.

The fall of Constantinople marked the effective end of the Roman Empire, a state which dated to 27 BC and lasted nearly 1,500 years. The capture of Constantinople, a city which marked the divide between Europe and Asia Minor, also allowed the Ottomans more effectively to invade mainland Europe, eventually leading to Ottoman control of much of the Balkan peninsula.

The conquest of Constantinople and the fall of the Byzantine Empire was a watershed of the Late Middle Ages and is considered the end of the medieval period. The city's fall also stood as a turning point in military history. Since ancient times, cities and castles had depended upon ramparts and walls to repel invaders. The Walls of Constantinople, especially the Theodosian Walls, were some of the most advanced defensive systems in the world. These fortifications were overcome with the use of gunpowder, specifically in the form of large cannons and bombards, heralding a change in siege warfare.

The commercial rivalry of the two countries again led to war in 1665. England declared war in March 1665 and won a decisive victory over the Dutch from Lowestoft in June. After the destruction of the Dutch carrier, only hasty actions by Vice Admiral Cornelis Tromp prevented the defeat at Lowestoft from becoming a complete defeat. However, the British failed to capitalize on their early success, and most of the ensuing battles were won by the Dutch. . An English ally, the kingdom of Münster, sent troops into Dutch territory in 1665 but was forced out by the French, who took the Dutch side in January 1666. The plague epidemic in 1665 and the Great Fire of London in 1666 contributed to England's predicament. The war ended the following month with the Treaty of Breda.

The Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672–74). England and the Dutch Republic had been allies for a century when they returned to war over secret Dutch trade and negotiations with the American colonies, then revolted against the British. Britain declared war on 20 December 1780, and the following year quickly took over key Dutch possessions in the West and East Indies. A small Dutch force attacked a British convoy in a hesitant clash of Dogger Banks in August 1781. The Republic was never able to muster the right fleet for battle, but when the war ended in May 1784, the Dutch were at the lowest point of their power and prestige.

Capitalizing on the reluctance of other European powers to oppose him by force, he sent troops to occupy Austria in 1938 (the Anschluss) and to annex Czechoslovakia in 1939. After signing the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, Germany invaded Poland on Sept. 1, 1939. Two days later France and Britain declared war on Germany. Poland’s defeat was followed by a period of military inactivity on the Western Front, known as the Phony War.

At sea Germany conducted a damaging submarine campaign by U-boat against merchant shipping bound for Britain. By early 1940 the Soviet Union had divided Poland with Germany, occupied the Baltic states, and subdued Finland in the Russo-Finnish War. In April 1940 Germany overwhelmed Denmark and began its conquest of Norway. In May German forces swept through the Netherlands and Belgium on their blitzkrieg invasion of France, forcing it to capitulate in June and establish the Vichy France regime. Germany then launched massive bombing raids on Britain in preparation for a cross-Channel invasion, but, after losing the Battle of Britain, Hitler postponed the invasion indefinitely.

By early 1941 Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria had joined the Axis, and German troops quickly overran Yugoslavia and Greece in April. In June Hitler abandoned his pact with the Soviet Union and launched Operation Barbarossa, a massive surprise invasion of Russia, reaching the outskirts of Moscow before Soviet counterattacks and winter weather halted the advance.

In East Asia Japan expanded its war with China and seized European colonial holdings. In December 1941 Japan attacked U.S. bases at Pearl Harbor and in the Philippines. The U.S. declared war on Japan, and the war became truly global when the other Axis powers declared war on the U.S. Japan quickly invaded and occupied most of Southeast Asia, Burma, the Netherlands East Indies, and many Pacific islands. After the crucial U.S. naval victory at the Battle of Midway (1942), U.S. forces began to advance up the chains of islands toward Japan.

In the North Africa campaigns the British and Americans defeated Italian and German forces by 1943. The Allies then invaded Sicily and Italy, forcing the overthrow of the Fascist government in July 1943, though fighting against the Germans continued in Italy until 1945. In the Soviet Union the Battle of Stalingrad (1943) marked the end of the German advance, and Soviet reinforcements in large numbers gradually pushed the German armies back. 

The massive Allied invasion of western Europe began with the Normandy Campaign in western France (1944), and the Allies’ steady advance ended in the occupation of Germany in 1945. After Soviet troops pushed German forces out of the Soviet Union, they advanced into Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Romania and had occupied the eastern third of Germany by the time the surrender of Germany was signed on May 8, 1945. In the Pacific an Allied invasion of the Philippines (1944) was followed by the successful Battle of Leyte Gulf and the costly Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa (1945). The U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, and Japan’s formal surrender on September 2 ended the war.

An estimated 40,000,000 to 50,000,000 people died during World War II, including about 6,000,000 Jewish men, women, and children who died in the Holocaust. Millions more civilians were wounded and made homeless throughout Europe and East Asia.

Political and economic instability in Germany, combined with bitterness over its defeat in World War I and the harsh conditions of the Treaty of Versailles, allowed Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party to rise to power.  He signed alliances with Italy and Japan to oppose the Soviet Union and intervened in the Spanish Civil War in the name of anticommunism.  After signing the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, Germany invaded Poland on Sept.  Poland`s defeat was followed by a period of military inactivity on the Western Front, known as the Phony War.

At sea Germany conducted a damaging submarine campaign by U-boat against merchant shipping bound for Britain.  By early 1940 the Soviet Union had divided Poland with Germany, occupied the Baltic states, and subdued Finland in the Russo-Finnish War.  In April 1940 Germany overwhelmed Denmark and began its conquest of Norway.  In June Hitler abandoned his pact with the Soviet Union and launched Operation Barbarossa, a massive surprise invasion of Russia, reaching the outskirts of Moscow before Soviet counterattacks and winter weather halted the advance.

The U. S.  declared war on Japan, and the war became truly global when the other Axis powers declared war on the U. S. Japan quickly invaded and occupied most of Southeast Asia, Burma, the Netherlands East Indies, and many Pacific islands.  After the crucial U. S.  naval victory at the Battle of Midway (1942),

U. S. forces began to advance up the chains of islands toward Japan.  The massive Allied invasion of western Europe began with the Normandy Campaign in western France (1944), and the Allies` steady advance ended in the occupation of Germany in 1945.  After Soviet troops pushed German forces out of the Soviet Union, they advanced into Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Romania and had occupied the eastern third of Germany by the time the surrender of Germany was signed on May 8, 1945.

Chinese Communists joined with the Nationalist Army in the Northern Expedition of 1926–27 to rid the nation of the warlords that prevented the formation of a strong central government. After the Japanese invaded Manchuria in 1931, the Government of the Republic of China faced the triple threat of Japanese invasion, Communist uprising, and warlord insurrections. As with the first effort at cooperation between the Nationalist government and the CCP, this Second United Front was short-lived. These undemocratic polices combined with wartime corruption made the Republic of China Government vulnerable to the Communist threat.
 
 Though only nominally democratic, the Nationalist Government of Chiang Kai-shek continued to receive U. In 1945, the leaders of the Nationalist and Communist parties, Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong, met for a series of talks on the formation of a post-war government. Years of mistrust between the two sides thwarted efforts to form a coalition government. Early in 1947, the ROC Government was already looking to the island province of Taiwan, off the coast of Fujian Province, as a potential point of retreat. Government wanted to be charged with facilitating the loss of China to communism.
 
 The unfinished nature of the revolution, leaving a broken and exiled but still vocal Nationalist Government and Army on Taiwan, only heightened the sense among U. policy of protecting the Chiang Kai-shek government on Taiwan. Until the 1970s, the United States continued to recognize the Republic of China, located on Taiwan, as China’s true government and supported that government’s holding the Chinese seat in the United Nations.

While there might not seem to be much to do in Buñol, this town comes to life every August when the La Tomatina Festival takes place. This popular festival began by accident on the last Wednesday in August in 1945 during a parade in People's Square. There was a parade taking place with musicians, giants, and large heads, and a few youngsters made one of the participants fall, hitting everything that got in his way. The crowd became angry and began throwing tomatoes that they found on a nearby vegetable stand.

La Tomatina was banned in the early 1950s by Francisco Franco due to the festival's lack of religious importance, however, this did not stop the participants, who were arrested. The people protested the prohibition and the festival was again allowed with more participants. The festivity was again canceled until 1957 when, as a sign of protest, a tomato burial was held. It was a demonstration in which the residents carried a coffin with a huge tomato inside. The parade was accompanied by a music band that played funeral marches. The protest was successful, and La Tomatina Festival was finally permitted and became an official festival.

As a result of the report of Javier Basilio, a broadcaster from the Spanish television program called Informe Semanal, the festival started to be known throughout the rest of Spain. Since then, the number of participants increased year after year as well as the excitement about the La Tomatina Festival. In 2002, La Tomatina of Buñol was declared a Festivity of International Tourist Interest by the Secretary Department of Tourism due to its popularity.

La Tomatina is Spain’s tomato throwing festival that takes place annually on the last Wednesday in August in the town of Buñol near Valencia in Spain. It has been held since 1945. The tomato throwing continued for a few years until it was banned in the early 1950s. La Tomatina was banned by Spanish dictator Francisco Franco for having no religious significance.

However, after a tomato burial was held in 1957 in protest of the decision during which those in favor of the festival carried a coffin containing a large tomato. The festival was once again permitted after enough locals and others protested in favor of La Tomatina in 1957 and the La Tomatina Festival has since gained in popularity exponentially. 

In 2002, La Tomatina was declared a Festivity of International Tourist Interest by the Spanish Secretary of the Department of Tourism. It might be a crazy tradition, but it's a lot of fun to be experienced with a huge amount of people.

Name : Florecita Cindy Septiana ( X MIPA 4 / 12 )

Yihequan is an organization that was founded during the Qing dynasty. Yihequan is an organization that does not like the presence of Foreigners who act as they please in China. Yihequan did not hesitate to attack these foreigners using kungfu. The Yihequan attack is known in the West as the Boxer Rebellion.

In this Boxer Rebellion, Yihequan and the peasants did not attack the Chinese government, but instead attacked the foreign people in China. The cause of the Boxer Rebellion was that the mainland of North China was stricken with poverty. Chinese people suspect that the causes of this poverty are natural disasters to foreign imperialism in China. The suspected made Yihequan maximizing security in North China's provinces. Due to the security in Northern China, Yihequan became very famous. In addition, Yihequan is believed to have immunity by the Chinese people because of the kungfu they has learned.

By May 1900, Boxer were roaming the countryside around the capital at Beijing.  In Beijing the Boxers burned churches and foreign residences and killed suspected Chinese Christians on sight. Hundreds of Chinese Christians, were besieged in their legation quarters and in the Roman Catholic cathedral in Beijing.

Perhaps a total of up to 100,000 or more people died in the conflict. The great majority of those killed were civilians, including thousands of Chinese Christians and approximately 200 to 250 foreign nationals.

Until the Eiffel Tower was completed in Paris, France in 1889, the Great Pyramid was the tallest structure made by human hands in the world; a record it held for over 3,000 years and one unlikely to be broken. Other scholars have pointed to the Lincoln Cathedral spire in England, built in 1300, as the structure which finally surpassed the Great Pyramid in height but, still, the Egyptian monument held the title for an impressive span of time.

The pyramid rises to a height of 479 feet (146 metres) with a base of 754 feet (230 metres) and is comprised of over two million blocks of stone. Some of these stones are of such immense size and weight (such as the granite slabs in the King's Chamber) that the logistics of raising and positioning them so precisely seems an impossibility by modern standards.

The pyramid was first excavated using modern techniques and scientific analysis in 1880 by Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie (l.1853-1942), the British archaeologist who set the standard for archaeological operations in Egypt generally and at Giza specifically. 

Although many theories persist as to the purpose of the pyramid, the most widely accepted understanding is that it was constructed as a tomb for the king. Exactly how it was built, however, still puzzles people in the modern day. The theory of ramps running around the outside of the structure to move the blocks into place is still debated by historians. So-called "fringe" or "New Age" theories abound, in an effort to explain the advanced technology required for the structure, citing extra-terrestrials and their imagined frequent visits to Egypt in antiquity.

These theories continue to be advanced in spite of the increasing body of evidence substantiating that the pyramid was built by the ancient Egyptians using technological means which, most likely, were so common to them that they felt no need to record them. Still, the intricacy of the interior passages, shafts, and chambers (The King's Chamber, Queen's Chamber, and Grand Gallery) as well as the nearby Osiris Shaft, coupled with the mystery of how the pyramid was built at all and its orientation to cardinal points, encourages the persistence of these fringe theories.

Another enduring theory regarding the monument's construction is that it was built on the backs of slaves. Contrary to the popular opinion that Egyptian monuments in general, and the Great Pyramid in particular, were built using Hebrew slave labor, the pyramids of Giza and all other temples and monuments in the country were constructed by Egyptians who were hired for their skills and compensated for their efforts. No evidence of any kind whatsoever - from any era of Egypt's history - supports the narrative events described in the biblical Book of Exodus.

Worker's housing at Giza was discovered and fully documented in 1979 by Egyptologists Lehner and Hawass but, even before this evidence came to light, ancient Egyptian documentation substantiated payment to Egyptian workers for state-sponsored monuments while offering no evidence of forced labor by a slave population of any particular ethnic group. Egyptians from all over the country worked on the monument, for a variety of reasons, to build an eternal home for their king which would last through eternity.