-Financial

-Social

-Environment and Legal

A project cannot proceed with out adequate amounts of money. Many constraints will revolve the availability of funding and finance. A preliminary assessment of funding options should be carried out when considering whether to proceed with the project. Budget can make or break a project .The more accurate the estimates ,calculations, the more likely to build will happen with out any crippling over spends. A contingency plan is usually set up so that if the project runs over its budget there is money set aside as a back up. As a standard 10% of the project cost is set a side on a flat section of land and 20% if the site is on a slope.

According to the royal institute of chartered surveyors, Almost three quarters of chartered surveyors say financial constraints are halting faster growth in house building, according to a construction market survey. The survey conducted by the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors, showed although construction continued to rise through 2013, 73 per cent of respondents stated a lack of funding was halting faster growth.

The legal constraints exist because there are many regulations that are ruling with the construction project. The legal effect are mainly due to building regulations , work law, safety regulations, and supervision plan. For example, as prohibited by law, certain types of construction work could not be carried out during Sunday and public holidays. I it doesn't comply with the work laws the project will have to update the project schedule now and again to comply with the new regulations. As for the impact of the legal constraints, from one side, it may affect the schedule and lead to project delay. From the other side, it may affect the planning and progress of the project, such as traffic ordinance and excavation permit, where approval is required before the work starts. Building regulations also place a big impact on the design process. As all projects need to go through planning permission where many check are made from the what will the project will do to the environment to the ground in which it is placed on to see the support in which the project needs. Every project must go through planning permission otherwise it is deemed to be illegal. For example CDM regulations are  aimed at reducing large and fatal  injuries which happen in the thousands across the earth. The correct meaning for the CDM is design and management regulations. CDM regulations are used as away of improving the overall management and coordination of health and safety which goes on during the process of constructing a building. According to CDM regulations the clients key duties to their employees include :

-Selecting a competent planning supervisor and principal contractor. 

-Be satisfied with the planning supervisor and principal contractor will allocate the health and safety principals.

-Ensure that a safety plan has been assembled 

-Finally, to make sure that all employees working at the site are not placed under any immediate danger baring in mind being reasonably practicable.

Environmental Effects

The public concern and regulations require the environment to be protected such as air protection, tree preservation, traffic limit, noise control etc. In the planning and design stage of the project, 

Where people are designated to see the Environmental agency to apply for the approval of a project in terms of what effect it may have on wildlife, habitat and the general surroundings. If the approval is not obtained on time, the whole project will be delayed, or could not be carried out. There are also other technical constraints arising from air protection, tree preservation, traffic limit, limit due to excavation permit for works, etc.

The sustainability of the design is also a large factor that affects the design process. If the building is not environmentally friendly or if the building will not last very long then the design would need to be changed prolong the buildings lifespan and also to make the building better for the environment. This affects the design process because in long term it may cost the owners more to repair and improve the building as it deteriorates.

The construction industry contributes to a large amounts of to global warming and other forms of pollution such as air and noise pollution so its part of the design teams process to make construction process least damaging to the environment. Buildings can ruin large sections of habitat and kill animals lives. Which can cause many effect of the time scale of the project if the community or wildlife activists find out could cause massive set backs in terms of time and progress of the project. 

During the design process many things are carried out so that when the project has been publicised the community are happy with the way that the company are building , Designing and carrying out the work. The construction company should make sure that provide their neighbours support and clear updates on the construction of the project otherwise it could cause huge ramifications for the company. Disturbing the community can cause huge time delays which results in the loss of money therefore the design team can not afford to make the mistake.

 

Larger projects will often be required to enter into a section 106 agreement with the local council as part of the planning consent, this can vary from the planting of trees to several millions pounds worth of investment from back into the local community from the client. Concern and media pressure also forms constraints for the construction project. Public concern and internal audit on the purpose of public money, such as the media and the audit department, will restrict the endorsement of the usage of the money. We observe that the social constraints usually come from the people. Inadequate assumptions or bad judgment arising from human constraints can bring disaster. Constraints related to people can appear in three different forms: 

- human resistance

- emotional constraints

- ownership  

By implementing changes with the plan with out telling the public can cause Human resistance. So constraints have to be thought of during the planning stage before actual implementation so as to minimise the effect of human resistance. As for the emotional constraints, there is a tendency for people to take defensive action.In moments where by job security is effected by the constraints, the impact of the emotional constraints can be even greater. Having ownership over the project can place you in the spot light where as the public can then scrutinise you for the change and decisions which have been made by the owner . Which can cause huge time losses as the local community do not like the owner from past decisions which he has made.