2.1.1 - 2.1.8 Study Aid ~ Health Science II by anabelle ryn evans

Principal Investigator

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the lead researcher of clinical trials or research grants; they manage the integrity of a study

Lab Manager

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the person who oversees a lab, handles scheduling, orders supplies, and maintains equipment

Lab Technician

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people responsible for working in a lab carrying out many different jobs in it

Post-doctoral Students

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graduates continuing education, research, and training

Hormones

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signaling molecules produced by glands; a hormone induces a specific effect on the activity of cells

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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part of the nervous system which, in vertebrates, consists of the brain and spinal cord, to which sensory impulses are transmitted and from which motor impulses pass out, and which supervises and coordinates the activity of the entire nervous system

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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part of the nervous system that is outside the central nervous system and comprises of the cranial nerves except for the optic nerve, the spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system

Cerebrum

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dorsal portion, composed of right and left hemispheres, of the vertebrate forebrain; the integrating center for memory, learning, emotions, and other highly complex function of the central nervous system

Lobe

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division of a body organ (as the brain, lungs, or liver) marked off by a fissure on the surface

Cerebellum

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large dorsally projecting part of the brain concerned especially with the coordination of muscles and the maintenance of bodily equilibrium, situated between the brainstem and the back of the cerebrum and formed in humans of two lateral lobes and a median lobe

Brain Stem

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part of the brain that is composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata and connecting the spinal cord with the forebrain and cerebrum

Gyrus (Gyri)

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a convoluted ridge between anatomical grooves

Sulcus (Sulci)

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a shallow furrow on the surface of the brain separating adjacent gyri

Cerebral Cortex

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outer layer of the cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex; “gray matter”

Cranial Nerves

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send electrical signals between your brain, neck, and body; they provide a way for you to sense your surroundings and to make facial expressions. Each nerve pair splits to serve the two sides of your brain and body

Cranial Nerve I

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also called the olfactory nerve, it relays information about the sense of smell

Cranial Nerve II

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also called the optic nerve, it relays information about the sense of sight

Cranial Nerve III

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also called the oculomotor nerve, it relays information so the eye can move

Cranial Nerve IV

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also called the trochlear nerve, it enables eye movement; specifically, it controls the ability to look down and move your eyes toward your nose

Cranial Nerve V

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also called the trigeminal nerve, it is in charge of sensation to the face and controls the muscles of mastication (chewing)

Cranial Nerve VI

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also called the abducens nerve, enables eye movement; specifically, it controls the ability to move your eyes away from your nose

Cranial Nerve VII

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also called the facial nerve, it is in charge of expression; Bell's Palsy - this temporary facial palsy is often caused by injury or disease to the facial nerve

Cranial Nerve VIII

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Cranial Nerve IX

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also called the glossopharyngeal nerve, it is responsible for oral sensation, taste, and salivation

Cranial Nerve X

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also called the vagus nerve, it is the longest nerve in the body and controls heart rate and blood pressure

Cranial Nerve XI

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also called the accessory nerve, it controls shoulder elevation and head-turning

Cranial Nerve XII

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also called the hypoglossal nerve, it controls tongue movement

Clinical Research

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branch of healthcare science determines the safety and effectiveness of medications, devices, diagnostic products, and treatment regimens intended for human use. These may be used for prevention, treatment, diagnosis, or for relieving symptoms of a disease

Experimental Research

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branch of research is sometimes referred to as basic medical research and includes animal experiments, cell studies, biochemical, genetic and physiological investigations, and studies on the properties of drugs and materials

Neurons

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primary signaling cells of the nervous system; neurons send and receive electrical and chemical signals

Glial Cells

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cells in the nervous system that provide protection and maintain homeostasis for neurons

Cell Body

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central part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and is the main structural component of gray matter

Axon

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a long nerve cell process that usually conducts impulses away from the cell body

Dendrites

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any of the usually branching protoplasmic processes that conduct impulses towards the cell body of a neuron

Cell Membrane

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semi-permeable membrane made of phospholipids that surrounds the cytoplasm of cells; found in all cell types

Nucleus

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organelle found in all eukaryotic cells that contains all of the chromosomal DNA of the cell

Schwann Cell

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cell that produces the myelin sheath

Axon Terminals

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endings of axons; the location where axons make contact with other nerve or effector cells

Myelin Sheath

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in a neuron, an insulating coat of cell membrane from Schwann cells that is interrupted by nodes of Ranvier

Nodes of Ranvier

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gap in the myelin sheath of nerve cells found between neighboring Schwann cells

Action Potential

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brief electrical impulse that travels along the axon of a neuron, nerve impulses

Synapse

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place at which a nervous impulse passes from one neuron to another

Neurotransmitters

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substance (as norepinephrine or acetylcholine) that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse

Homeostasis

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maintenance of stable internal physiological conditions (like body temperature or the pH of blood), which enables the optimal functioning of an organism

Model Organism

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non-human organism that scientists extensively study to gain understanding into biological processes

Reflex

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automatic response to a stimulus that doesn’t reach the level of consciousness; automatic and often inborn response to a stimulus that involves a nerve impulse passing inward from a receptor to the spinal cord and thence outward to an effector (as a muscle or gland) without reaching the level of consciousness and often without passing to the brain

Reaction

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thoughtful response to external stimuli in which the brain processes the nerve impulse before reacting; action performed in response to a stimulus

Cognitive Decline

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condition of having memory loss, reduced or slower thinking, or other impairment in mental capabilities due to aging

Neurologist

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doctor who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and managing brain disorders

Bioengineer

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discipline that applies engineering principles of design and analysis to biological systems and biomedical technologies

Agonist

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bind to synaptic receptors & increase effect of neurotransmitters

Antagonist

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also bind to synaptic receptors, but they decrease effect of neurotransmitters

Inverse Agonist

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bind w/ constitutively active receptors, stabilize them, activity reduces

Reuptake Inhibitor

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increase in extracellular concentrations of neurotransmitters (increase in that too)

Acetylcholine

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muscle contraction, learning, & memory

Dopamine

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pleasure, motivation, mood, attention, memory, & movement

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

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primary inhibitory neurotransmitter of CNS; essential for signal regulation & normal brain function

Glutamate

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primary excitatory neurotransmitter

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

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excitatory neurotransmitters, fight or flight, arousal, attention

Seratonin

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regulation of mood, sleep, helps with digestion