Americas: Post-Classical States

+ Aztec: floating gardens, human sacrifice

+ Inca: terraced mountains, mita forced labor

Eurasia: 2nd Islamic Flowering

+ Safavid: only Shia empire

+ Ottoman Turks: dominated Silk Roads trade, ruled over diverse peoples

+ Mughals: ruled diverse population, united India

+ Europe: competing fragmented states, Renaissance

+ China: maritime voyages of Zheng He cancelled, Ming Dynasty

Austrialia: Paleolithic Persistance

Africa: still had stateless societies except for Songhay in West Africa

* China 

+ Legalism 

+ hardheaded and practical

+ Daoism focused mostly on nature and a connection to mother earth

+ Confucianism focused on farmers, hierarchy, and family values.

+ China considered itself higher then everyone else

* India

+Buddhism

+focused on self temperance, complex life cycle

+Hinduism

+ Hinduism had animal sacrifice to the gods, but stopped.

+ Greece

+Greek Rationalism

+Focused on reason and human understanding

+Greek Mythology

+Stories based on real occurences

Persians:

+ Satraps (type of governor) in each state.

+During 500 B.C.E. biggest empire

+Had a efficient postal system

Greeks:

+ Small city states

+Public participation (for male citizens) in political life

+Emerged around 750 B.C.E

+created settlements all over the Mediterranean

+In 594 B.C.E Solon made Athenian politics democratic

+Greeks beat the Persians in 480 and 490 B.C.E (Greco-Persian war)

+Civil war 431-404 B.C.E

+Alexander the Great conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia

+Sparta broke the pattern of patriarchy

Chiefdoms:

-- complex tribe run by a chief

-- earliest chiefdoms - Mesopotamia

-- chief derived from lineage

-- collected tribute from commoners

Agricultural Village Societies:

-- avoided joining larger empires

-- not city or state based

-- Igbo, Benin, & Yoruba

Pastoral Nomadic Societies:

-- domestication of plants and animals

-- differed from region to region

-- Cain & Abel - conflict between agricultural and pastoral societies

-Paleolithic more equal

-Women gathered (main source of income) 

-First Wave patriarchy (China)

-horticulture: women unable to help as much

-increased population, needed in

household

-men did political work

-Goddesses replaced with male figures

-respectable women vs. non-respectable women (Mesopotamia)

China: 

Peasants

Landlord

elite officials 

merchants

India: caste system

Varna

Brahmin- priest, teachers, head of body

Kshatriya- warriors, rulers, shoulders of body

Vaisya-Farmers,merchants,

artisans.

Sudra- Labor. feet of the body

Untouchables- polluted labor

Rome

Slavery

pleb

equites

senators

Patriarchies

Dominance of men over women in the family and in society generally.

widespread and pervasive

*north/south vs east/west orientation (hard for people in Americas to expand and spread agriculture)

*Africa close to Eurasia=influence through trade

*Americas had few edible plants and animals

*shared difficulties with lack of resources, rebellions, foreigners

Paleolithic- manipulated their environment.

hunting and gathering ways of life.

Gender based division labor

monotheistic

nomadic

Agricultural- animals tools and culture

New way of life- replaced previous practices of hunting with agriculture/Taming and breeding of animals.

Relationship of human and nature.

Cultivation

Breading

Deep knowledge of the natural world and, how to mange it .

Example-Fertile Cresent

-East:

- Founding of Constantinople in 330

--Access to Black Sea in Byzantium-> stronger navy and and marine let them fend off invaders, more trade

-- Tightly centralized political authority and wealth

-- Eastern Orthodox Christianity

West:

-- Geographic location made made the west isolated from trade

----fragmented-> internal geography made unity difficult

--disease and warfare affected population

--Germanic invaders mixed with population

--Roman Catholicism

-The tie that held the Roman Empire together was to conquer, and its culture was built on slaves from warfare.

-China was simply unifying its own states, its philosophy was not to conquer others.

-The Roman Empire fell due to overexpansion, and the conflict set ended in fractured states that went to war, ending much chance for unification.

-China fell due to economic and internal affairs, still leaving room for a successful Dynasty to take its place.

-Rome faced disease that wiped out a large amount of its population, causing unrest and difficulty.

-Both China and Rome faced invasions from outside peoples.

* Korea 

-Modeled China's Capital

-Used the term Wang

*Japan

-Adopted Chines court rituals

-Chinese Buddhism took root in Japan

-Tribute System

*Vietnam

-Also adopted Buddhism and Confucian ideas

-Developed Chu Nom variation

-Trung Sisters rebellion, Tried to expel Chinese influences

*TRIBUTE SYSTEM ALLOWED FOR EXCHANGE BETWEEN CHINA AND OTHER SOCIETIES, like the Xiongnu

*Eurasia

-Chinese technology diffused into Eurasia

-Gunpowder and the Printing

-Normally improved upon Chinese technologies

*China

-Got horses through tribute system with nomads

-Got attacked by nomads like the Xiongnu and Mongols

China:

--Invasion brought unity

--Yuan Dynasty

-- some cultural syncretism

-- peasant rebellions led to mongol departure

-- Confucian ideology came back strong, determined to flush out Mongol impact

Middle East:

--huge cultural assimilation following invasion

-- Mongols made use of Persian bureaucracy

--Mongols in Persia adopted Islam

--became a part of the Middle Eastern population

Europe:

-- Western Europe not conquered

-- Russia conquered brutally and made into "Kipchak"

-- all of Europe became more connected with the rest of Eurasia through trade

-- Mongols conquered Eastern Europe (once Byzantium)

Silk Roads

+Revived by the Mongols

+Transport of only Luxury goods ( because of cost) Elite market

+Diffused: Indo-European Languages, and Horse technology

+Prospered the most when large states made the route safe (i.e. Mongols)

+Diffused Buddhism through Central and East Asia

+Establishments of Monasteries ( rest and supply for merchants)

+Oasis towns

+ Spread disease

Sea Roads

+Non-Luxury items, more common good

+Vector for disease

+Spread Islam

+ Adapted ( riding typhoon)

+Spread technology

+Islam was friendly to commercial life

-Interactions with agricultural peoples

-Trade of materials and culture

Xiongnu:

-Raids in northern China

-Military system

Arabs and Turks:

-Spread of islam

Mongols:

-unified nation under Chinngis Khan

-violent raids of Eurasia

-economy and trade (spread the plague)

-promoted diplomacy

Lao Tzu: daoism

-- thought of education as useless

-- withdrawing to nature

-- no political or social

-- "Laozi wanders beyond"

-- daoism and confucianism regarded as yin yang

Confucius: confucianism

-- Moral example of superiors

-- importance of education

-- "Confucius roams within society"

-- importance on history

-- ancestor veneration

Islam

-Islam spread through trade routes, both in the Indian Ocean Trading Network and on the Sand roads, mainly due to its friendly nature towards traders.

-Islam grew in strength and many of the centers of Islam were also centers of trade.

Europe

-Europe became a world power after it searched and developed power in the Indian Trade Network.

-The connection to the Silk Roads was a major source of profit and luxury goods in

*Buddhism

- Similar- Split, into Mahayana and Theravada

- Similar- Borrowing-Buddhist had Hindu traditions, karma and rebirth

-Difference- More of a philosophy

*Hinduism

-Similarity- Borrowing- Mixed with Islam, SIrvijaya, and other religions

-Present in India

*Judaism

-Similarity- Mixed and Blend- Zoroastrianism, Starting block of Christianity and Islam

-

Egypt:

+West Africa

+limited to wealthy

+Middle East

+Turks

+Central Asia

+Mongols