• A red, warm, or swollen area of skin that spreads quickly

• Severe pain, including pain beyond the area of the skin that is red, warm, or swollen

• Fever

 Later Symptoms

• Ulcers, blisters, or black spots on the skin

• Changes in the color of the skin

• Pus or oozing from the infected area

• Dizziness

• Fatigue (tiredness)

• Diarrhea or nausea

• streptococcal toxic shock syndrome may occur

• hypotension

• tachycardia

• altered mental state

Babiker, A., Li, X., Lai, Y. L., Strich, J. R., Warner, S., Sarzynski, S., Dekker, J. P., Danner, R. L., & Kadri, S. S. (2020). Effectiveness of adjunctive clindamycin in β-lactam antibiotic-treated patients with invasive β-haemolytic streptococcal infections in US hospitals: A retrospective multicentre cohort study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30523-5

Duhaime-Ross, A. (2014, April 14). It only took 35 years for flesh-eating bacteria to become an infectious terror. The Verge. Retrieved October 26, 2023, from https://www.theverge.com/2014/4/14/5613642/only-thirty-five-years-flesh-eating-bacteria-infectious-terror

Kruppa C, Hutter DJ, Königshausen M, Gessmann J, Schildhauer TA, Coulibaly MO. Necrotizing fasciitis and the midterm outcomes after survival. SAGE Open Med. 2019 Apr 4;7:2050312119842433. doi: 10.1177/2050312119842433. PMID: 31057795; PMCID: PMC6452519.

Light TD, Choi KC, Thomsen TA, Skeete DA, Latenser BA, Born JM, Lewis RW 2nd, Wibbenmeyer LA, Shyamalkumar ND, Lynch CF, Kealey GP. Long-term outcomes of patients with necrotizing fasciitis. J Burn Care Res. 2010 Jan-Feb;31(1):93-9. doi: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e3181cb8cea. PMID: 20061842.

Markowitz, Michael DO; Kwan, Stephanie DO; Matzon, Jonas L. MD. Household Transmission of Group A Streptococcus Necrotizing Fasciitis. JAAOS: Global Research and Reviews 6(8):e21.00171, August 2022. | DOI: 10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-21-00171

McSweegan, E. (2023, October 23). necrotizing fasciitis. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/necrotizing-fasciitis

Medical University Malaysia (n.d.). ABCs of: Necrotising Fasciitis. Surgical Interest Group. Retrieved October 31, 2023, from https://sigmum.org/2022/06/27/abcs-of-necrotising-fasciitis/

(n.d.). Necrotizing Fasciitis (Flesh-Eating Disease). Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved October 26, 2023, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23103-necrotizing-fasciitis

Wallace HA, Perera TB. Necrotizing Fasciitis. [Updated 2023 Feb 21]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430756/

[Youtube]. (2019, July 7). Flesh Eating Bacteria (Necrotizing fasciitis) [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akcU_BnseHM

(2022, November 17). Necrotizing Fasciitis: All You Need to Know. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved November 1, 2023, from https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/necrotizing-fasciitis.html

(2023, October 6). Strep A: University of Bristol study to aid hopes of vaccine. BBC NEWS. Retrieved October 26, 2023, from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-66987033.amp

Broad spectrum antibiotics

Clindamycin: inhibits protein synthesis, inhibits pyrogenic exotoxins SPE-A and SPE-B from being produced

• cuts and scraps
• burns
• insect bites
• puncture wounds
• surgical wounds
• blunt trauma

however, research is being developed to find a vaccine in the UK. They are hoping to use a tonsil organoid model. This is where they take tonsils from patients who got them removed and use the cells and grow them alongside the bacteria.

One does need to be available for Group A Streptococcus bacteria because the bacteria has such a wide range of human diseases

• Wash hands 

• Clean and care for wounds

• Avoid hot tubs, swimming pools, and natural bodies of water if you have an open wound or skin infection.

• Care for fungal infections (athletes foot) 

-higher risk of pneumonia, cholecystitis, urinary tract infections, and sepsis.

*body appearance changes

-lost of limb

-extreme scarring

*decreased physical, social, and emotional characteristics

-depression, body dysmorphia

• age

• uncontrolled diabetes

• immunosuppressed

• strains