In a narrative text, a legend is a story that blends historical fact with imagination, focusing on a real or historically specific person, place, or event, and is often passed down through generations.

- social function

to preserve cultural values and beliefs, explain historical or phenomena, and provide entertainment and moral lessons by presenting human actions, often embellished with the supernatural, as potentially true events.

- example of the text

the legend of toba lake

Once upon a time, lived a man named Toba. One day, he caught a fish and brought it home to eat it. He left the fish in the kitchen and searched for some firewood. After he came back, he was surprised.

The fish turned into a beautiful woman. Toba fell in love, then asked the woman to marry him. She agreed, in one condition. Toba must never tell anyone that she was once a fish. Toba promised, and they both happily married with a son, Samosir.

One day, Toba was very angry at Samosir at the farm. " Why did you eat my lunch ? You son of a fish ! " Said Toba. Samosir cried and then ran to his home. He told his mother what happened. The mother was sad, because Toba broke his promise. Then, she told Samosir to go to a hill, because a disaster was about to come.

Suddenly, there was a flood coming, turning the place into a lake. The woman jumped into the water and turned into a fish. Samosir was saved on the hill. But his father, Toba drowned in the lake. After that, people started to call the place as Toba Lake, and they called the island in the middle of the lake as Samosir Island

- character + characteristic

Toba : a hardworking man, but quicktempered and broke his promise.

The Fish / The Woman : kind, patient, loyal, but deeply hurt when betrayed.

Samosir : innocent, honest, and obedient to his mother.

- setting

Time : long time ago (Once upon a time).

Place : a village around Lake Toba, North Sumatra (their house, the farm, then Lake Toba and Samosir Island).

- moral

Always keep a promise, because breaking it can cause disaster. Control your anger and never say harsh words to loved ones. Respect and care for your family. Patience and honesty are better than anger.

A fairy tale is a short, fictional story, often for children, that features magical elements and characters like fairies, dragons, or talking animals. These tales typically take place in imaginary settings and include a journey or a challenge for a hero, often ending with a clear moral lesson, though not always directly stated.

★ Social function

Fairy tales social functions by transmitting cultural values, fostering empathy and compassion, teaching moral lessons through relatable characters, and providing a safe space for children to process emotions and fears.

★ Example of the text

Princess Aurora was cursed by an evil fairy to die from a spinning wheel, but a good fairy changed it so she would only sleep for 100 years. On her 16th birthday, the curse came true and the whole castle fell asleep.

A hundred years later, a prince found Aurora, kissed her, and broke the spell. Everyone woke up, and the prince and princess lived happily ever after.

> Character

- Princess Aurora (Sleeping Beauty): A kind, beautiful, and innocent princess who is the target of a curse.

- Prince Charming : A brave and valiant prince who must overcome obstacles to break the curse with his love.

- Maleficent : The evil fairy and antagonist who curses Aurora as revenge.

- The Good Fairies (Flora, Fauna, and Merryweather) : Benevolent fairies who provide gifts and try to protect Aurora from the curse.

> Characteristic

- Princess Aurora : Often portrayed as passive and a "damsel in distress" who must wait for rescue.

- Prince Charming : Embodies courage, determination, and the power of true love.

- Maleficent : Symbolizes evil, vengeance, and unchecked rage.

- The Good Fairies : Represent hope, kindness, and the power of good to overcome evil.

> Time

While versions vary, the story generally takes place in a vague "long ago," often associated with a medieval period. The Disney film, for example, was released in 1959, but the story itself is set centuries earlier.

> Place

The primary setting is a royal castle in a medieval kingdom, with lush forests and surrounding landscapes. The castle is often depicted as a grand and picturesque structure, sometimes covered in thorns in the versions where the princess sleeps for an extended period.

> Moral Value

- True love conquers all: The ultimate triumph of love and kindness over evil is a central theme.

- Patience and perseverance : The story teaches the value of waiting for the right time and persevering through challenges to achieve a positive outcome.

- Courage : Prince Charming's quest highlights the importance of bravery in facing difficult tasks.

- Inner worth: True beauty and worth come from within, not just from outward appearance.

a traditional story, especially one concerning the early history of a people or explaining some natural or social phenomenon, and typically involving supernatural beings or events

b.) Social Function (Myth)

The social function of myth is to provide social validation and structure, enforcing societal norms, teaching moral behavior, and validating the existing social order to maintain stability and continuity within a community

c.) Example of the Text

Τhe Three Sisters of Fate

In Greek mythology, the Moirae are the three goddesses of fate. Clotho, Lachesis and Atropos. The three sisters weave the fate of humans and gods alike. Neither human nor God has the power to influence or question their judgment and actions! Clotho, the youngest one, spins the thread of life; she is the very origin, the creation of life itself and her thread is spun upon the birth of a person!

Lachesis, the second sister, is the one that allocates the fate of people during life. The name comes from the Greek word ‘λαγχάνω’ which means to obtain from lots. In that sense, one can understand that their destiny is chosen out of a myriad of possibilities. It is said that Lachesis measures the thread of life with her rod, determining its length and nature. The last sister of fate is Atropos, the unturning. Atropos is the cutter of the thread of life and with her shears she determines how someone will die.

d.) Characters & Elements

Characters + Characteristics:

Clotho → The youngest sister; spins the thread of life; symbolizes creation and beginning.

Lachesis → The second sister; measures the thread with her rod; symbolizes destiny during life and the choices given.

Atropos → The oldest sister; cuts the thread of life with her shears; symbolizes death and the inevitability of an ending.

Setting (Time & Place):

Time: Ancient Greek mythological era (timeless, not fixed).

Place: Mythological/cosmic setting (not bound to Earth, as they govern both gods and humans).

e.)Moral Value:

Human beings and even gods cannot escape fate.

Life has a beginning and an inevitable end, and destiny must be accepted.

Teaches acceptance of life’s cycle: birth → life → death.

Long ago, in the kingdom of Pajajaran, there lived a beautiful princess named Kadita. She was the only daughter of the wise King Munding Wangi. The king loved Kadita dearly and wanted her to become queen one day. However, the king's second wife, jealous of Kadita’s beauty and popularity, plotted against her.

One night, the queen cursed Kadita with a terrible skin disease that spread across her body. Her once-beautiful skin turned scaly and foul-smelling. The people started avoiding her, and the king, under pressure from the queen, banished her from the palace.

Heartbroken and humiliated, Kadita wandered into the forest and reached the southern shore of Java Island. Tired and hopeless, she threw herself into the ocean. But instead of drowning, she was embraced by the spirits of the sea. They healed her body and turned her into the powerful and eternal ruler of the Southern Sea—Nyi Roro Kidul.

To this day, fishermen and locals in southern Java still offer prayers and sacrifices to Nyi Roro Kidul, believing she protects the sea and brings good fortune—but also punishes those who disrespect her.

Analysis of the Folklore Text

a) Definition

Folklore is a traditional story passed down through generations, often orally, that reflects the beliefs, culture, and values of a community. It includes legends, myths, fairy tales, and fables. Folklore often explains natural phenomena, historical events, or moral values using symbolic characters and stories.

b) Social Function

Preservation of culture: It helps preserve the cultural identity of a community or region.

Moral education: It teaches values such as respect, humility, and justice.

Explanation of nature: It often explains the origin of natural occurrences (e.g., Nyi Roro Kidul as the spirit of the sea).

Entertainment: It provides storytelling that entertains and bonds the community.

c) Example of the Text

Title: The Legend of Nyi Roro Kidul (The Queen of the Southern Sea)

Origin: West Java, Indonesia

Type: Legend (a traditional story believed to be based on historical facts, involving supernatural events or beings)

d) Character, Characteristics, Setting, and Moral Value

Characters:

1. Kadita / Nyi Roro Kidul – the main character, a princess who becomes a sea spirit

2. King Munding Wangi – her father, the ruler of Pajajaran

3. Jealous Queen – the antagonist who curses Kadita

Character Traits:

Kadita: Beautiful, kind, innocent, tragic, becomes powerful after her transformation

The King: Loving but weak, easily influenced

The Queen: Jealous, cunning, cruel

Setting:

Time: Ancient times / long ago

Place: Kingdom of Pajajaran and the southern coast of Java Island

Moral Value:

Kindness and patience are rewarded, even in suffering.

Jealousy and evil intentions lead to downfall.

Nature and spirits must be respected.

fable is a fictional story whose characters are animals, plants or inanimate objects that behave like humans.

B. Social funcation

The social function of the story of the Rabbit and the Tortoise is to educate about the values of perseverance, hard work, humility, and the importance of consistency in achieving goals.

C. Example of the text

The Rabbit and the Turtle

One day a rabbit was boasting about how fast he could run. He was laughing at the turtle for being so slow.

Much to the rabbit’s surprise, the turtle challenged him to a race. The rabbit thought this was a good joke and accepted the challenge. The fox was to be the umpire of the race. As the race began, the rabbit raced way ahead of the turtle, just like everyone thought.

The rabbit got to the halfway point and could not see the turtle anywhere. He was hot and tired and decided to stop and take a short nap. All this time the turtle kept walking step by step by step. He never quit no matter how hot or tired he got. He just kept going.

However, the rabbit slept longer than he had thought and woke up. He could not see the turtle anywhere! He went at full-speed to the finish line but found the turtle there waiting for him.

D. Find character, setting, characteristik, moral value

1. Character

• Rabbit

• Tortoise

• Fox

2. Characteristik

• Rabbit : fast, arrogant, lazy

• Tortoise : slow, hardworking, patient

• Fox : fair, neutral

3. Setting

• Time : one day

• Place : outdoors, forest

4. Moral Value

• Be humble and keep trying, because persistence wins over arrogance

1. Find the definition of Simple Present Tense

The simple present tense is a tense used to express habits, general truths, repeated actions, or fixed arrangements.

2. When do we use simple present tense? Give example

We use the simple present tense when:

Talking about daily habits/routines → I wake up at 6 a.m.

Talking about general truths/facts → The sun rises in the east.

Talking about scheduled events → The train leaves at 7 o’clock.

3. The pattern of

a. Positive sentence

Formula: S + V1 (s/es)

Example: She reads a book every day.

b. Negative sentence

Formula: S + do/does + not + V1

Example: He does not like coffee.

c. Question

Formula: Do/Does + S + V1 ?

Example: Do you play football?

Adverbs of frequency describe how often an action happens.

Examples:

Always

Usually

Often

Sometimes

Seldom/rarely

Never

Usage:

Before the main verb → She always studies at night.

After to be → He is never late

2. Descriptive text is a text that gives information about the characteristics or qualities of something, such as how it looks, smells, tastes, or feels.

3. Descriptive text is a text that aims to create a clear picture of a specific thing or person through words, helping the reader to visualize what is being described.

It aims to make the reader see, hear, or feel what the writer describes.

Use of adjectives to describe (e.g., beautiful, tall, amazing)

Use of linking verbs (e.g., is, are, looks, seems)

Use of specific nouns (e.g., Eiffel Tower, Borobudur Temple)

Often uses figurative language (e.g., simile or metaphor)

The Eiffel Tower is one of the most famous landmarks in the world. It is located in Paris, France. The tower is made of iron and stands about 324 meters tall. It was built in 1889 by Gustave Eiffel. The Eiffel Tower looks very beautiful, especially at night when the lights shine brightly. Many tourists visit this place to enjoy the amazing view of Paris from the top.