https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk The sleep and dream study en-us 2020-08-10 04:10:28 UTC 2020-09-21 07:27:41 UTC hello@padlet.com tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/673859147 1- Does dream recall differ between eye movement (REM) and quiescent (nREM) stages of sleep?
2- Is there a positive correlation between subjective estimates of dream duration and the length of the REM period before waking.
3- Are eye movement patterns related to dream content?]]> 2020-08-10 04:11:22 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/673859147 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/673893679 1- Physiological measures of sleep to explore the relationship between sleep and dreaming.
2- Electroencephalograph (EEG) to record brain activity and eye movements 
3- It showed that we have several stages during the night.
4- Alternating between REM and nREM sleep.
5- They found that participants woken from REM sleep were more likely to report a vivid, visual dream than when woken in other stages.

]]> 2020-08-10 04:58:39 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/673893679 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/673909940 1- It produces a chart showing how brain waves vary, i.e how the frequency and amplitude (height) of electrical activity changes over time.
2- The chart record changes which indicate the sleep stage a person is in. 
3- It can also be used to detect activity in the muscles moving the eyes, can be used to measure eye movement. (ElectroOculogram).]]> 2020-08-10 05:20:24 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/673909940 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/673912604 1- LABORATORY EXPERIMENT
2- REPEATED MEASURE DESIGN
IV - Whether the participant was woken from REM or nREM sleep.
DV- Whether they recalled a dream or not.
3- The relationship between dream duration and the length of the REM period was correlational (although the comparison between estimates of 5 and 15 mins. was another repeated measure design).
4- To study the relationship between eye movement and dream content, self-reports were used.]]> 2020-08-10 05:23:55 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/673912604 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/673916820

7 Male and 2 Female adults were used.

Out of them 5 were studied in detail.

The remaining four were used to confirm the results of the first five.

]]> 2020-08-10 05:29:39 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/673916820 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/673917918 1- Each day participants ate normally excluding caffeine-containing drinks.
2- They were made to sleep in a dark, quiet room with electrodes attached deside the eyes and the scalp (EEG) which led into the experimenters room.
3- Participants were woken by a doorbell at various times during the night.
4- Once awake they were asked to describe their dream if they were having one, then returned to sleep.
5- They were not told about their EEG pattern and whether their eyes were moving.
6- Participants were either woken up in REM or nREM sleep. They weren't told which.
Different ways was decided for waking :

• Random number table
• In groups of three REM and three nREM.
• By telling the participant they will be woken in REM but actually waking them in REM pr nREM randomly.
• No specific order.

]]> 2020-08-10 05:31:16 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/673917918 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/673926329 7- Woken up after 5 mins or 15mins in REM sleep.
8- Participant had to guess the duration of their dreaming. Longer period were also allowed.
9- The no. of words in the dream narrative was counted.
10- Direction of eye movement was detected using EEG electrodes around the eyes.
11- They were woken after single eye movement pattern that lasted for more than a minute and asked to report their dream.
12-Eye movement pattern detected were : 'mainly vertical', mainly horizontal', 'both vertical & horizontal' and 'very little or no movement'
13- Comparison EEG Records were taken from awake participants, 20 naive and 5 of the experimental sample, who were asked to watch distant and close-up activity.]]> 2020-08-10 05:43:25 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/673926329 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/673931059 1- The doorbell was sufficiently loud to rouse them immediately from any sleep stage.
2- The questions were asked only after the recording was done.
3- Reports were not counted as 'dreams' if they couldn't record the contents of the dream.]]> 2020-08-10 05:50:28 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/673931059 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/673933073 Uninterrupted dream stages : FINDINGS -
1- Lasted 30-50 minutes (mean of 20 min. approx).
2- Longer in the night
3- Intermittent bursts of around 2-100 rapid eye movements.
4- No REM  during the onset of the sleep even thiugh the EEG showed similar brain waves as produced during REM sleep.
5- The cycle length varied between particioants but was consistent within individuals i. e from 1 REM stage to another the REM sleep time was 70mins. shortest and 104 min. longest with a mean of 92 mins.
6- Woken from nREM sleep participants returned to nREM sleep.
7- Woken from REM sleep they typically did not dream again until the next REM phase (except sometimes in the final REM phase of the night).
8- The pattern of REM and nREM periods were very similar in experimental and control group participants.]]> 2020-08-10 05:53:22 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/673933073 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/674006074 1- Participants frequently described dreams when woken from REM but rarely from nREM.
2- From REM 79.6%(152/191) of awakenings produced dream recall.
3- From nREM 93% (149/160) of awakenings did not produce dream recall.
4- In 17 nREM awakenings soon after the end of REM stage (within 8 minutes), 5 dreams were recalled (29% of occasions). 
5- From 132 awakenings following priods longer than 8 minutes after REM stage only 6 dreams were recalled(less than 5% of occasions).
6- In nREM awakenings, participants described their feelings but not specific dream content.
7- They were least likely to report a dream when woken from a nREM sleep.
8- Absence of dreaming in REM was common early in night.
9- Of 39 awakening when dreams were not reported , 19 occured in the first 2hrs. of sleep, 11 from the second 2 hours, 5 from the third and 4 from the last 2 hours.
10- Awakenings from the nREM always produced low incidence of recall.
11- Participants did not become any more acuurate over time i.e. they did not improve with practice.

]]> 2020-08-10 07:45:32 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/674006074 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/674232574 1- Accuracy of 5 and 15 min. of REM was very high (88% & 78% respectively). 
2- REM duration & the no. of words in the narrative were significantlly positively correlated.
3- r= 0.4 to r = 0.7, indicating moderate to strong + correlation.
4- The result was based on 1-35 dreams per participant, with a total of 126 dreams.
5- The narratives from after 30-50mins. of REM sleep were not much longer than 15mins. REM.
6- The reason for this was they did not remember all the details of the dream.
7- 1 participant often underestimated the dream duration as he only remembered the end of the dream.]]> 2020-08-10 13:52:52 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/674232574 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/674243433 1- They were found to be related to dream content.
2- It was based on 35 awakenings from nine participants.
3- Periods of only vertical or horizontal were very rare.
4-There were only 3 dreams with mainly vertical eye movements.
5- 10 dreams had little or no eye movements.
6- 2 of these awakenings also had several large eye movements to the left just a second or 2 before the awakening.
7- 21 of the awakenings had mixed eye movements.
8- The eye movement patterns recorded from the awake  (control) participants were similar in amplitude and pattern to those occuring in dreams.
9- There was no eye movement while watching a distant acivity.
10- Vertical eye movements were rare in awake participants.]]> 2020-08-10 14:00:30 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/674243433 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/674254527 1- Dreaming is reported from REM but not nREM sleep.
2- Participants can judge the length of their dream duration and REM patterns related to dream content.
3- Dreaming is more likely at the end of the night, as REM stages are longer.
4- The occasional recall from nREM is due to dreams being recalled from the REM phase.
5- As REM occurs in phases it suggests that participants who were woken randomly in other studies may not have reported dreaming.
6- It could be they were woken only nREM phase or were dreaming about some distant objects so had few REM's, making accurate detection difficult.
7- Measurement of eye movements and brain waves has shown that dreams progress in 'real time'.]]> 2020-08-10 14:08:39 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/674254527 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/678251791 1- Laboratory experiment was used so the extraneous variable was controlled.
2- Loud bell woke each participant at the same time.
3- The participants were not told about their EEG patterns which avoided the DEMAND CHARACYERISTICS.
4- Additional experiment comparing 5 and 15minutes REM were conducted in order to explore the correlation in a more controlled way.
5- Definition of dream was clearly operationalized. This increased the validity.
6- Participant variables was reduced as the time was controlled.
7- EEG is an objective way to investigate dreaming as it is a biological measure. It is also a very reliable measure because it is unaffected by the personal views.
8- The narration of the dream was subjective in nature.
9- The study collected both quantitative and qualitative data which helped to provide more reliable data.]]> 2020-08-13 04:41:39 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/678251791 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/678266555 1- The sample was too small for it to be generalized.
2- The participant was deceived about the stage of sleep he was being woken in. 
3- They could not give informed consent to which stage of sleep they should be woken as they were never informed about the stages.
4- Low ecological validity;
People who drink coffee or alcohol before sleep must have experienced a different sort of dreams as they were restrained.
Sleepin in the laboratory, connected to a machine and under observation is different from sleeping in their normal bed. This could have made the sleeping behaviour less typical.]]> 2020-08-13 04:59:39 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/l9k5fao7tuw7fzxk/wish/678266555