Rhetorical Appeals & Logical Fallacies by Amanda Harder https://padlet.com/17hardea/l8rufiq6f4m5 Notes about ethos, logos, pathos, and some logical fallacies. Created for Skatrud's Public Speaking class en-us 2016-12-13 17:45:47 UTC 2016-12-13 19:33:18 UTC hello@padlet.com Ethos: 17hardea https://padlet.com/17hardea/l8rufiq6f4m5/wish/143435282 Appeal to ethics, and it is a means of convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader

EX: "Our expertise in roofing contracting is evidenced not only by our 100 years in business and our staff of qualified technicians, but in the decades of satisfied customers who have come to expect nothing but the best." 

The advertisers try to build up their credibility with their customers by mentioning the experience they have in the field and the technical expertise of their staff.

]]> 2016-12-13 17:49:10 UTC https://padlet.com/17hardea/l8rufiq6f4m5/wish/143435282 Pathos: 17hardea https://padlet.com/17hardea/l8rufiq6f4m5/wish/143435361 Appeal to emotion, and is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response 

EX: "If we do not leave this place soon, we will end up yelling for help. We do not see anyone to help us here. So, leave this place and live." 

The statement evokes emotions of fear. ]]> 2016-12-13 17:49:28 UTC https://padlet.com/17hardea/l8rufiq6f4m5/wish/143435361 Logos: 17hardea https://padlet.com/17hardea/l8rufiq6f4m5/wish/143435419 Appeal to logic, and is a way of persuading an audience by reason

EX: The wage system has made people believe that what a man needs is work.
This, of course, is absurd. What he needs is the goods produced by work, and the less work involved in making a given amount of goods, the better…… But owing to our economic system…where a better system would produce only an increase of wages or a diminution in the hours of work
without any corresponding diminution of wages. 

Author is presenting arguments for the unjust distribution of wealth and its consequences. Gives answers though logic. ]]> 2016-12-13 17:49:39 UTC https://padlet.com/17hardea/l8rufiq6f4m5/wish/143435419 Hasty Generalization: 17hardea https://padlet.com/17hardea/l8rufiq6f4m5/wish/143436306 A fallacy in which a conclusion is not logically justified by sufficient or unbiased evidence. 

EX: My father smoked four packs of cigarettes a day since age fourteen and lived until age sixty-nine.  Therefore, smoking really can’t be that bad for you.

It is extremely unreasonable (and dangerous) to draw a universal conclusion about the health risks of smoking by the case study of one man.

]]> 2016-12-13 17:52:29 UTC https://padlet.com/17hardea/l8rufiq6f4m5/wish/143436306 Post Hoc: 17hardea https://padlet.com/17hardea/l8rufiq6f4m5/wish/143436331 Assumed that because one thing occurred after another, it must have occurred as a result of it

EX: 
(1) Most people who are read the last rites die shortly afterwards.
Therefore:
(2) Priests are going around killing people with magic words!

This argument commits the post hoc fallacy because it infers a causal connection based solely on temporal order.
]]> 2016-12-13 17:52:35 UTC https://padlet.com/17hardea/l8rufiq6f4m5/wish/143436331 Slippery Slope: 17hardea https://padlet.com/17hardea/l8rufiq6f4m5/wish/143436438 An idea or course of action which will lead to something unacceptable, wrong, or disastrous. 

EX:"We have to stop the tuition increase! The next thing you know, they'll be charging $40,000 a semester!"

If tuition price keeps rising, then the cost will be too much and they will have gone too high. ]]> 2016-12-13 17:52:56 UTC https://padlet.com/17hardea/l8rufiq6f4m5/wish/143436438 Bandwagon: 17hardea https://padlet.com/17hardea/l8rufiq6f4m5/wish/143436711 A particular activity or cause that has suddenly become fashionable or popular. 

EX: "Everyone is voting for John Smoot, so he's obviously the best choice for president."

Since everyone is voting for the guy, then the speaker is "jumping on the bandwagon" and voting for him too]]> 2016-12-13 17:53:46 UTC https://padlet.com/17hardea/l8rufiq6f4m5/wish/143436711 Appeal to Authority: 17hardea https://padlet.com/17hardea/l8rufiq6f4m5/wish/143436763 Common type of argument which can be fallacious, such as when an authority is cited on a topic outside their area of expertise or when the authority cited is not a true expert. 

EX: "My 5th grade teacher once told me that girls will go crazy for boys if they learn how to dance.  Therefore, if you want to make the ladies go crazy for you, learn to dance."

Even if the 5th grade teacher were an expert on relationships, her belief about what makes girls “go crazy” for boys is speculative, or perhaps circumstantial, at best.

]]> 2016-12-13 17:53:55 UTC https://padlet.com/17hardea/l8rufiq6f4m5/wish/143436763 Ad Populum: 17hardea https://padlet.com/17hardea/l8rufiq6f4m5/wish/143436810 A fallacious argument that concludes that a proposition is true because many or most people believe it: "If many believe so, it is so." 

EX:“The fact that the majority of our citizens support the death penalty proves that it is morally right.”

Because the "majority" believe it, it is so. ]]> 2016-12-13 17:54:07 UTC https://padlet.com/17hardea/l8rufiq6f4m5/wish/143436810 Ad Hominem: 17hardea https://padlet.com/17hardea/l8rufiq6f4m5/wish/143436874 Directed against a person rather than the position they are maintaining. 

EX: “How can you argue your case for vegetarianism when you are enjoying your steak?”

This clearly shows how a person is attacked instead of being addressed for or against his argument.]]> 2016-12-13 17:54:21 UTC https://padlet.com/17hardea/l8rufiq6f4m5/wish/143436874