Midterm Unit 1 - 3 by BRAD MOLINA https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte en-us 2022-01-11 15:20:44 UTC 2025-08-18 04:12:08 UTC hello@padlet.com Unit 1: Foundation of American Democracy 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1986300530 2022-01-11 15:28:26 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1986300530 a) Limited government including natural rights, popular sovereignty, republicanism and a social contract. 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1990342645 Limited government including natural rights:
The way government is organized affects the safety and happiness of its citizens, therefore the governments powers must be limited.
Popular Sovereignty:
Government must be altered by the will of the people, or even abolished.
Social Contract:
A philosophical agreement on how a government should operate and how it's citizens should be treated. 

]]> 2022-01-13 13:37:11 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1990342645 c) Deceleration of Independence 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1990379471 The Declaration of Independence was the first official statement by a nations people listing their demands and right to choose their own government. There are 3 basic ideas that Declaration of Independence states: every man is made equal and has the right of life, the governments purpose is to protect these rights, if government become tyrannical the people have the right overthrow it. ]]> 2022-01-13 13:54:37 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1990379471 b) Participatory, Pluralist, and Elitist Democracy 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1992957550 Participatory Democracy:
Citizens have the power to decide policy while politicians are responsible for implementing them.
Pluralist Democracy:
Politics are not group dominated and organized groups challenge each other in order to influence policy.
Elite Democracy:
The wealthy and well-educated influence political decision making. 

]]> 2022-01-14 19:51:08 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1992957550 e) Constitution 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1993052556 The Constitution instituted the United States government and laws, and insured certain basic rights for it's citizens. It was signed September 17, 1781, by delegates to the Constitutional Convection in Philadelphia. The Articles of Confederation created a weak government that operated like independent countries. ]]> 2022-01-14 21:21:21 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1993052556 d) Challenges of the Articles of Confederation 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1993076239 The Articles of Confederation were just something that was put in place because there was a need for a government after the Revolution. It pledged unified military and foreign policy decisions, however, it lacked means of tax collection, federal law enforcement, or national currency.
Other Challenges: 
- Only one vote per state regardless of size
- Congress could not regulate trade between states, each state could tax the trade between states
- National government could not tax 
- Could not force states to obey the law
- No national courts 
- Amendments needed the approval of all 13 states
- No executive branch 
- No army or navy 
- No national money


]]> 2022-01-14 21:52:45 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1993076239 f) Debate between Federalist #10 and Brutus l 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1993192324 "Publius" wrote the Federalist papers in support of the new Constitution. The new federal system created a stronger central government., however, Brutus l argued that it created a weaker central government in his Anti-Federalist papers. ]]> 2022-01-15 01:43:25 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1993192324 g) The Great Compromise, Electoral College, Compromise on the importance of Slaves 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1993248828 - Bicameral legislature
- House appointed by population (each slave counts as three-fifths of a free person) and Senate appointed equally among states.
- House is elected by the people and Senate is elected by state legislatures.
- A single executive is chosen by the electoral college
- National judiciary chose by President with help of the senate
- Broad enumerated power; Congress has the power to tax only in proportion to representation in the House; all appropriation bills must originate in the House.
- The three-fifths clause would determine the number of seats in the House of Representatives and would be counted for direct taxation. 
- In other U.S. elections, candidates are voted directly by popular vote while in Presidential elections, candidates are chosen by electors. 
- The amount of electors for each state is proportional to the members of Congress (House and Senate), there are currently 538 electors in all. ]]> 2022-01-15 03:31:51 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1993248828 h) Government's response to 9/11 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1997993349 After 9/11, the America's first response was getting justice and going to war. The executive branch expanded in power after the 9/11 attack. The Bush Administration authorized spying on Americans, a new secretive military tribunal system, and begun secretly detaining men from Muslim and Arab countries.  A lot of pose-9/11 policies are still in place that impacted America's use abroad, immigration and surveillance policies, and the balance of separation of powers. ]]> 2022-01-18 14:09:51 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1997993349 i) Powers allocated to Congress, President and courts demonstrates separation of powers and checks and balances 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1998052045 Powers allocated to Congress: 
- Make laws
- Declare war 
- Raise and provide public money and oversee its proper expenditure 
- Impeach and try federal officers 
- Approve presidential appointments
- Approve treaties negotiated by the executive branch 
- Oversight and investigations 
President and courts demonstrate separation of powers and checks and balances. The judicial branch overturns any unconstitutional order or action by the President. The President checks the judicial branch by appointing federal judges. ]]> 2022-01-18 14:30:07 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1998052045 j) Federalist #51 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1998772405 The purpose of Federalist #51 was to explain how checks and balances protects liberty. "Checks and Balances" was a concept from the French philosopher, Montesquieu. ]]> 2022-01-18 19:03:36 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1998772405 k) Federalist Types, historical progression, grants-block/categorical/federal revenue sharing 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1998820492 There are two types of federalism:
Dual Federalism - Programs and authority are clearly divided among the national, state, and local governments. 
Cooperative Federalism - Programs and authority are mixed among the national, state, and local governments.
The first system of federalism was dual federalism which mostly revolved around the 10th Amendment. Around the 1930s dual federalism  started changing into cooperative federalism. In the 1970s, the U.S. moved into "New Federalism" which allowed the states to reclaim some power while still recognizing that the federal government was superior.
Grants-block and categorical - Grants supply state and local government with revenue. It is a way to equalize resources among the states. A "block" is a grant for a general purpose. A "categorical" grant is a grant for a specific reason.
Federal Revenue Sharing - From 1960 to 2014 federal grants to state and local governments have increased from 7 billion to 608 billion. Federal grants make up 1/3 of the states budgets. ]]> 2022-01-18 19:25:44 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1998820492 l) Federalism-distribution of power/10th/14th Amendments 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1998913952 Powers delegated to the national government: declare war, create and maintain armed forces, establish foreign policy, regulate interstate and foreign trade, make copyright and patent laws establish postal offices, and coin money.
Powers reserved to the state: establish local governments, establish and maintain schools, regulate trade within states, conduct elections, provide for public safety.
10th Amendment: powers that are not delegated to the national government are reserved to the states.
14th Amendment: everyone born in the United States is granted citizenship and is provided equal protection under the law.

]]> 2022-01-18 20:11:22 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1998913952 m) Commerce Clause/Necessary and Proper Clause/Implied Powers 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1998998213 Commerce Clause: "to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states."
Necessary and Proper Clause: any law that is necessary and proper is to be executed.
Implied powers are powers that are not written but are suggested. For example even if there is no specific constitutional support for a law, if it is "necessary and proper" it can be passed. ]]> 2022-01-18 21:00:55 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1998998213 n) McCulloch v Maryland/United States v Lopez 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1999026998 McCulloch vs Maryland is a very important Supreme Court case on Federal Power. In this case, the court established that has implied powers obtained from Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution. The "Necessary and Proper" clause allowed Congress to establish a national bank. The reason why is because there is no law against a national bank.
United States v Lopez is about a high school student who was arrested for violating the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990. The federal government argued that Commerce Clause gives Congress the power to regulate trade between the states. The decision was in favor of Lopez and the court reached the conclusion that the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 violated the constitution and that Congress overreached their powers granted under the Commerce Clause. ]]> 2022-01-18 21:21:07 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/1999026998 Unit 2: Interactions Among Branches of Government-Big Idea-Constitutionalism/Competing Policy-Making Interests 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2003395891 2022-01-20 17:14:39 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2003395891 a) Senate represents state/House represents population/structures/powers 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2003659086 House of Representatives:
- There are 435 voting representatives in the House of Representatives.
- Representation is distributed in the House based on state population.
- Representatives representing inhabited US territories or territories outside the US are not allowed to vote.
- In order for someone to become a representative they must have attained the age of 25, been a US citizen for 7 years, and be an inhabitant of the state that he or she is representing.
Senate:
- In order for someone to become a Senator they must have attained the age of 30, been a US citizen for 9 years, and resident of the state the Senator is representing at the time of election. 
- A Senator's term is 6 years
- Senatorial Class determines which seats will be up for election in a two-year cycle; only one is available for election at a time. 
- The Seventeenth Amendment provides for a direct election of Senators. 
- Senate must be composed of two senators from each state

]]> 2022-01-20 19:18:12 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2003659086 b) Size of chamber/constituencies influence formality of debate 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2003761810 There are a total of 535 Members in Congress; 100 of them serve in the Senate and 435 in the House of Representatives and because of that fact, House debates may be longer. Representatives either represent based on the feeling of their constituents or based on their interest groups. ]]> 2022-01-20 20:15:19 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2003761810 c) Coalitions 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2003793715 A coalition is an alliance for combined action. Party's are ready-made coalitions. A Congressional Caucus, very similar to coalitions, is a group that meets together in order to achieve common legislative objectives. ]]> 2022-01-20 20:35:37 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2003793715 d) Enumerated and Implied Powers 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2003818699 Enumerated Powers: Powers of the federal government strictly listed in the Constitution
Implied Powers: Powers of the federal government that are not strictly listed in the Constitution that allow the federal government to carry out is enumerated powers. ]]> 2022-01-20 20:52:17 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2003818699 e) Creation of public policy including-passing federal budget, raising revenue, coining money, declaring war, and maintaining the armed forces 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2003884372 - The President submits a budget to congress by every first Monday of February in a year. Congress must then pass bills based on the budget.
- Declaring war and maintaining armed forces
- Passing legislation that will improve the economy 
- Managing tax increase ]]> 2022-01-20 21:43:38 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2003884372 f) Necessary and Proper Clause 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2003890679 The "Necessary and Proper" clause states that Congress has the power  "To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or any Department or Officer thereof." This means that even if there is no law against something it is not constitutionally wrong if it's "Necessary and Proper." ]]> 2022-01-20 21:49:01 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2003890679 g) Chamber specific features/debate rules 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2003916441 In the House, time of debate is between advocates and opponents of the bill. Amendments must be relevant to the bill; irrelevant matters are not allowed. In the Senate, floor action does more to shape the legislation. Before debate on a bill, it goes through the rules committee first. The rules committee assigns a specific rule to the bill. ]]> 2022-01-20 22:11:59 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2003916441 h) Policy-making process 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2003929442 - Bill is drafted 
- Bill is assigned to a committee for study
- If the bill is released by the committee, it is voted on, debated, or amended. 
- If the Bill passes it is moved to the Senate.
- Once again, if the bill is passed, there is a conference committee made up of both the Senate and House of Representatives to work out any differences. 
- The bill returns to the House and Senate for final approval. 
- The Government Printing Office prints the revised bill
- The President then has 10 days to either veto or sign bill. ]]> 2022-01-20 22:24:02 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2003929442 i) Leaders in both Chambers 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2003957778 The majority party in the House is led by the Speaker of the House. Their chief assistants are the majority leader and majority whip. The minority party has a minority leader and minority whip that leads them on. Leaders of both parties negotiate UCAs. ]]> 2022-01-20 22:54:33 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2003957778 j) Filibuster and Committee Holds 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2003960812 There is no limit on how much Senators can talk and or how many Amendments they can offer. Sometimes individuals or small groups filibuster on the Senate floor. A filibuster holding the floor using endless speeches so that no action can be taken on a bill or anything else. To break a filibuster there must be a 3/5 majority vote. ]]> 2022-01-20 22:58:07 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2003960812 k) Ratification/Confirmation 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2005617248 - The Senate is able to ratify treaties by a two-thirds majority vote and confirms appointments of the President by a majority vote. 
- In order for an amendment to be ratified, Congress must call a convention for proposing amendments upon application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the states. 
- Amendments proposed by Congress are only valid when ratified by the legislature of, or conventions in, three-fourths of the states.

]]> 2022-01-21 18:46:09 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2005617248 l) Budget 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2005911388 In order to create a framework and set spending limits, Congress passes a budget resolution. Each chamber creates a budget resolution which is then voted on. ]]> 2022-01-21 23:35:33 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2005911388 m) Gerrymandering - Baker v Carr/Shaw v Reno 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2005942761 Gerrymandering is when a political group changes voting districts in order to help themselves or hurt a group against them. In Baker v Carr; for example, a man named Charles Baker felt that his vote was devalued because of the poorly created districts. Tennessee was still using boundaries from the 1900 Census even though it is to be checked every 10 years. Another example of Gerrymandering is the Shaw v Reno case which involved creating Majority and Minority districts in North Carolina. The state legislature created only 2 out of 12 Majority and Minority districts. The concern of racial Gerrymandering for remedial purposes arose and that it may divide us into competing racial factions. ]]> 2022-01-22 00:35:03 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2005942761 o) Powers of the President - Executive Orders/Privilege 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2006871535 A President is allowed to: 
  • Make Treaties with the approval of the Senate
  • Veto bill and sign bills
  • Represent our nation in foreign affairs 
  • Enforce the laws that Congress pass
  • Act as Commander-in-Chief during war
  • Call out troops in order to protect our nation in any case of an attack
  • Make suggestions of what should be new laws 
  • Lead his or her political party 
  • Grant Pardons 
  • Nominate Cabinet members, Supreme Court Justices, and other high officials. 
  • Appoint Ambassadors 
An executive order is an order issued out by the President supported by the law. Executive privilege is a claim made by Presidents that they have the authority of deciding what information is released to the nation, including courts and Congress. 

]]> 2022-01-23 05:34:56 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2006871535 p) Roles - “Hats of the Presidents” 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2006872312
  • Chief Executive 
  • Head of State
  • Chief Diplomat 
  • Commander-in-Chief
  • Chief Legislator
  • Party Leader 

    • ]]>     2022-01-23 05:36:54 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2006872312     q) Who Supports the President? 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2006874050 The Vice President is the one that supports the President. If the President is unable to serve the Vice President will replace him or her. The Vice president can be elected and serve an unlimited number of 4-year terms as Vice President. ]]> 2022-01-23 05:41:23 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2006874050 r) 22nd and 25th Amendment 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2006874598 In simple terms, the 22nd Amendment states that no person is to be elected into office as President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of President more than once. The 25th Amendment states that if the President is not able to do his job then the Vice President will take over. ]]> 2022-01-23 05:42:46 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2006874598 s) Federalist #70 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2006875346 In Federalist #70 Alexandar Hamilton argues for a strong executive leader, supported by the constitution, then a weak leader supported by the Articles of Confederation. ]]> 2022-01-23 05:44:34 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2006875346 u) Types of Bureaucratic Agencies and their Roles 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007371917 There are 4 types of Bureaucratic Agencies:
    • Cabinet Departments: The role of the cabinet departments is to advise the President on any subject he may require relating to the duties of each member's respective office.
    • Independent Executive Agencies: An independent executive agency is an agency that operates more independently from the executive branch. 
    • Independent Regulatory Agencies: A regulatory agency is established by a legislative act in order to set standards in a specific field or activity. Regulatory agencies operate outside of executive supervision
    • Government Corporations: Government corporations are agencies established by the government in order to a market-oriented public service and to produce revenues that meet or approximate its expenditures.
    ]]>     2022-01-23 17:27:56 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007371917     v) Iron Triangles/Issue 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007386711 Iron Triangles describe the relationship between bureaucracies, congressional committees, and interest groups. Issue networks are interest groups and individuals who unite to promote an agenda that influences government policy. ]]> 2022-01-23 17:43:37 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007386711 w) Key Agencies and Role 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007576605 Federal agencies are special government organizations used for managing resources or national security issues. Agencies can enforce laws and regulations, create regulations, and make formal judgments about violations of laws. ]]> 2022-01-23 21:34:11 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007576605 x) Oversight/Committee hearings/Power of the Purse 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007579514
  • The President is the administrator of 15 Cabinet departments and federal agencies. 
  • Once the subcommittee decides to act, it may hold hearings. Hearings are held in order to invited interested people to talk testify in person or in writing about the issue at stake and proposals to deal with it. Hearings also allow Congress to monitor the administration of the laws and programs it enacts. 
  • The Power of the Purse is the ability to spend money, which is designated to Congress. 

    • ]]>     2022-01-23 21:38:45 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007579514     y) Structure of Judicial System 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007586639
  • Supreme Court: National Court
  • Circuit Court Appeals: Hears most cases appealed before they reach the Supreme Court. Deals with both civil and criminal disputes, but also rules on the constitutionality  
  • District Courts: They are run by a single judge serving 6-year terms. There must always be 6 - 12 jurors who come 

    • ]]>     2022-01-23 21:48:32 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007586639     z) Federalist #78 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007612899 Federalist #78 discusses the power of judicial review. It states that federal courts have the power to dictate whether or not Congress’s actions are constitutional or not. ]]> 2022-01-23 22:31:41 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007612899 aa) Marbury v Madison 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007613768 The US Supreme Court case “Marbury v Madison” established the principle of Judicial Review. ]]> 2022-01-23 22:33:18 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007613768 bb) Key judicial players & traditional backgrounds 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007614296 In a federal court, the key positions are the justices who serve on the Supreme Court, the judges who serve on the courts of appeals and district courts, and magistrates who serve on district courts. In order for a justice to be appointed, it must have some political background, as it is going to be appointed by the President. ]]> 2022-01-23 22:34:23 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007614296 cc) Impact on Policy Making Process 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007760198 The Supreme Court has the power to overturn any unconstitutional or unlawful law. The Supreme Court is not able to directly enforce their ruling but it relies on the Constitution and the law for adhering its judgments. ]]> 2022-01-24 01:42:10 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007760198 dd) Principle of Judicial Review 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007771220 Judicial review gives courts the authority to deem the legitimacy of the acts of the executive and legislative branch. The States must also determine their decision based on the Constitution. ]]> 2022-01-24 01:52:09 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007771220 ee) Judicial Activism vs Restraint 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007782628 Judicial Activism: The justified or unjustified claim of the power of judicial review to set aside government acts. 
    Judicial Restraint: Refusal to strike down such acts, leaving the issue to ordinary politics. ]]>     2022-01-24 02:03:16 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007782628     Unit 3: Civil Liberties & Civil Rights Big Idea-Liberty and Order/Civic Participation/Competing Policy-Making Interest/ Constitutionalism/Check Enduring Understanding and Learning Objectives 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007785701 2022-01-24 02:06:15 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007785701 a) The Bill of Rights 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007788271 The Bill of Rights is the first 10 Amendments to the Constitution. It explicitly explains the right of American’s and guarantees civil rights and liberties to the people; for example, freedom of speech, press, and religion. It sets rules for the due process of law and establishes how much power states have.]]> 2022-01-24 02:08:35 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007788271 c) Engel v Vitale/Tinker v Des Moines Independent Community School District/Wisconsin v Yoder 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007789982 Engel v Vitale: Every morning students in New York would salute the flag and participate in voluntary prayer. Two Jewish families and a member of the American Ethical Union then sued the school board. The plaintiffs argued that the prayer was a violation of their First Amendment. 
    Tinker v Des Moines Independent Community School: In 1966, students in Des Moines, Iowa, prostate the War of Vietnam by wearing black armbands to school. After the students wore the bands to school they were sent home. The student's parents filed a lawsuit and argued that the school was violating the student's First Amendment.  
    Wisconsin v Yoder: Three members of Old Order Amish and Mennonite were convicted for breaking Wisconsin’s compulsory education law. The law requires students to attend school until the age of 16; however, the Amish believe that schooling takes away from religiously-infused practices of daily life. The Yoders appealed to the Supreme Court on the grounds that their 1st Amendment exercise was being violated. 
    ]]>     2022-01-24 02:10:06 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007789982     b) Civil Rights and Civil Liberties 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007794637 According to law.cornell.edu “A civil right is an enforceable right or privilege, which if interfered with by another gives rise to an action for injury.” Discrimination occurs when Civil Rights are denied. Civil Liberties on the other hand are personal freedoms protected by the bill of rights. For example, the 1st Amendment.]]> 2022-01-24 02:13:52 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007794637 d) First Amendment 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007795833 The First Amendment guarantees freedoms concerning freedom of speech, religion, expression, assembly, and the right to petition. It restricts Congress from restricting the press or right to speak freely. ]]> 2022-01-24 02:14:55 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007795833 e) Schenk v. United States/New York Times Co. v United States 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007799582 Schenck v United States: Charles T. Schenck, the general secretary for the Socialist Party, and a fellow executive committee member, Elizabeth Baer, were convicted of violating the Espionage Act. Schenck printed draft-age men that conscription is unconstitutional and urged them to resist. After Schenck’s conviction, he asked the court for a re-trial but the court rejected it. He then appealed to the Supreme Court. 
    New York Times Co v United States: Daniel Ellsberg, a former military analyst illegally copied over 7,000 classified reports about the Vietnam War kept at the RAND Corporation, a research institution he had worked at. The pages were leaked to the New York Times and the Washington Post. After two stories were printed about the document President Nixon ordered his attorney general to stop it. The Times refused and was sued by the United States. 
    ]]>     2022-01-24 02:18:06 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007799582     f) McDonald v. Chicago/Gideon v. Wainwright 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007804229 McDonald v. Chicago: In 1982, Chicago enacted a law that banned handguns in order to minimize crimes, deaths, and injuries. It required anyone in Chicago that wanted to own a gun to register it. Owning an unregistered gun was a crime and in practice, most Chicago residents were banned from owning handguns. Otis McDonald and other Chicago residents sued the city for violating the constitution, specifically their 14th amendment rights
    Gideon v. Wainwright: In 1961, a burglary occurred at the Bay Harbor Pool Room in Panama City, Florida. The Police arrested Clarence Earl Gideon, however, Gideon could not afford a lawyer so he asked the Florida court to appoint him one. The judge denied his request because lawyers are only appointed in capital offenses. Gideon was not able to defend himself in court and was sentenced to jail. In Gideon’s 5-year-sentence he studied law and filed a habeas corpus petition but the Florida Supreme Court ruled against him. He ended up taking it up to the Supreme Court. 
    ]]>     2022-01-24 02:22:18 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007804229     g) 2nd /5th/6th Amendments 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007810519 Second Amendment: Grants citizens the right to bear arm 
    Fifth Amendment: Guarantees the right to a jury, forbids double jeopardy and protects anyone against self-incrimination. It requires that “due process” be a part of any proceeding that denies a citizen “life, liberty, or property.”
    Sixth Amendment: Guarantees the right of the accused, including the right to a speedy and public trial, the right to a lawyer, the right to an impartial jury, the right to know your prosecutors, and the charges against you. 
    ]]>     2022-01-24 02:27:39 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007810519     i) Roe v Wade 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007812607  In 1969, an unmarried pregnant woman in Texas known as Jade Roe wanted to have an abortion. Texas law made it a felony to abort a fetus unless it’s a threat to the life of the mother. Roe and her attorneys filed a lawsuit on behalf of her and all other women who were or might become pregnant and seek abortions. The lawsuit was filed against Henry Wade, the district attorney of Dallas County, Texas. ]]> 2022-01-24 02:29:17 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007812607 j) LGBTQ-Equal Protection Clause 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007814975 The “Equal Protection Clause” requires states to practice equal protection. A state must govern equally, not to draw differences about individuals irrelevant to the governmental objective. This includes Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation. ]]> 2022-01-24 02:30:59 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007814975 k) “Letters From a Birmingham Jail” 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007817509 “Letters from a Birmingham Jail” are very famous letters written by Martin Luther King in jail. The entire point of the letters was to encourage people to take “Direct Action” rather than waiting forever. ]]> 2022-01-24 02:32:40 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007817509 l) NOW/Pro Life/Pro Choice 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007821856 In the 21st Century, abortions have become a very controversial topic with a variety of opinions. Pro-Lifers oppose abortions while Pro-Choicers support abortions. Very recently the Supreme Court has had an ongoing debate to reverse the precedent of Roe v Wade. ]]> 2022-01-24 02:35:51 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007821856 m) Brown v. Board of Education 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007827414 Brown v Board of Education was a huge landmark in Civil Rights history and in the 1954 Supreme Court. Justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. This case established that “separate but equal” education and other services were in fact, not equal. ]]> 2022-01-24 02:40:28 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007827414 n) The Civil Rights Act of 1964/ Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972/The Voting Rights Act of 1965 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007829465 The Civil Rights Act of 1964: Prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. This act strengthened the enforcement of voting rights and the desegregation of schools. 
    Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972: Prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity in any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. 
    ]]>     2022-01-24 02:41:53 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007829465     o) 14th Amendment - Equal Protection Clause 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007836565 "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."]]> 2022-01-24 02:47:09 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007836565 p) Affirmative Action 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007845664 Affirmative Action is a policy that requires colleges and employers to take positive steps to remedy the past affects of discrimination. It allows underrepresented identities in certain fields to have a chance to improve these odds. It is a very controversial topic that is constantly reconsidered by the Supreme Court. ]]> 2022-01-24 02:55:31 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007845664 n) Divided Government 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007858912 A divided government is when one or more houses of the legislature are controlled by the party that opposes the executive branch. There aren’t often majority and minority issues under a divided government]]> 2022-01-24 03:06:24 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007858912 o) Multiple access points between national and state/distribution of power between branches and policy making 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007877563 Multiple access points for independent parties and institutions to influence public policy runs from the distribution of powers between national and state governments. National policymaking is contrived by the sharing of power between and among the three branches and state governments.]]> 2022-01-24 03:21:34 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007877563 t) Key Legislate Developments 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007885785 Working with the bureaucracy in order to create regulations through rule making. ]]> 2022-01-24 03:28:32 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007885785 h) 4th Amendment Patriot Act 10505313 https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007892218 The purpose of the USA Patriot Act is to scare-off and punish terrorist acts in the United States and around the world. According to the 4th Amendment, people have the right “to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures.”]]> 2022-01-24 03:34:11 UTC https://padlet.com/newhavenpublicschools/l69agt693wr6hgte/wish/2007892218