Series : production of sulphuric acid (combustion of sulphur to form sulphur dioxide, then oxidised to sulphur trioxide, finally absorption of sulphur trioxide in water to produce sulphuric acid)( S8 + 8O2 -> 8SO2, 2SO2+ O2 ->2SO3, SO3 +H2O->H2SO4)

Complex : nitrate acid formation (NH3 undergo oxidation to form NO and H2O, then NO undergo oxidation to form nitrogen dioxide, then nitrogen dioxide undergo dissolution with water to form nitrate acid)(NH3 + O2-> NO +H2O, 2NO + O2 -> 2NO2, 3NO2 + H2O -> 2HNO3 + NO)

Independent: Cracking in petroleum refining (breaking down large hydrocarbons using more than 1 catalyst)( C8H18 -> C4H10 + C4H8)

SERIES REACTION: Hydrogen-Chlorine reaction to form Hydrogen Chloride

COMPLEX REACTION: Nitrogen-Oxygen to form Nitrogen Dioxide

INDEPENDENT REACTION: Combustion of propane with oxygen to produce CO2 and water.

Original: Ethanol Dehydration

Simplified Equation:

C2H5OH→C2H4+(Simultaneously)→C4H10O

2. Series Reaction:

Original: Sulfuric Acid Production

Simplified Equation:

2SO2+O2→2SO3→2H2SO4

3.Complex Reaction:

Original: Combustion of Methane

Simplified Equation: CH4 +O2→CO2+H2O

4.Independent Reaction:

Original: Electroplating Copper

Simplified Equation: Cu2+ +e−→Cu( independently)

1. Alfiana Nabila (A20MJ0154)

2. Precious Souline Imanny (A20MJ0157)

Parallel Reaction:

Example: Production of Biodiesel

Series Reaction:

Example: Production of ammonia.

N2+3H2 ⇌ 2NH3

Complex Reaction:

Example: The catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons in petroleum refining.

Independent Reaction:

Example: Haber Bosch Process

N2+3H2 ⇌ 2NH3

Example: Petrochemical Refining

Petrochemical refining involves the simultaneous reactions of crude oil to create a variety of products, including diesel, petrol and feedstocks for petrochemicals. Different crude oil fractions react separately to simultaneously generate different products.

2) Series reaction

Example: The Haber-Bosch process

Nitrogen and hydrogen undergo a sequence of processes in the Haber-Bosch process that result in the formation of ammonia. Every stage in the sequence adds to the total amount of ammonia produced.

3) Complex Reaction:

Example: Synthesis of pharmaceutical

Complex reactions frequently occur during the production of medications. To produce the target chemical with great selectivity, for example, several reactants may react sequentially or concurrently during the manufacture of a particular medicine.

4 )Independent Reaction:

Example: Water Treatment Industry

Independent reaction may happen in the water treatment sector. For example, the elimination of impurities by filtration, flocculation, and coagulation requires separate reactions that target distinct impurities without interfering with one another. For industrial chemical processes to be efficient and cost-effective, it is essential to comprehend and optimise these reactions.

- Example: Within a petrochemical refinery, hydrocarbon reforming can give rise to parallel reactions, generating diverse hydrocarbons like methane and ethane simultaneously.

Reaction 1: Catalytic Cracking

Chemical Equation: C₁₄H₃₀ → C₈H₁₈ + C₆H₁₂ (Gasoline production)

Reaction 2: Steam Cracking

Chemical Equation: C₁₄H₃₀ → C₄H₈ + C₁₀H₂₀ (Ethylene production)

Reaction 3: Hydrocracking

Chemical Equation: C₁₄H₃₀ → C₆H₁₄ + C₄H₁₀ (Diesel production)

2. Series Reaction:

- Example: Sulfuric acid manufacturing entails a series of reactions—initiating with sulfur combustion to form sulfur dioxide, followed by oxidation to sulfur trioxide, and concluding with sulfuric acid production through sulfur trioxide absorption in water.

Net Chemical Equation: 2S₈ + 3O₂ + 2H₂O → 2H₂SO₄

3. Complex Reaction:

- Example: The gasoline production process engages in a complex reaction mechanism during the cracking of heavy hydrocarbons, involving numerous intermediate steps leading to the creation of various smaller hydrocarbons.

Step 1: Initiation - Thermal Decomposition:

Chemical Equation: C₁₄H₃₀ → C₈H₁₈ + C₆H₁₂

Heavy hydrocarbons undergo thermal decomposition to form lighter hydrocarbons like gasoline.

Step 2: Propagation - Chain Reactions:

Chemical Equation: C₈H₁₈ → C₄H₁₀ + C₄H₈

Propagation steps continue, generating additional products by breaking down larger hydrocarbons.

Step 3: Termination - Formation of Stable Products:

Chemical Equation: 2C₄H₁₀ → C₈H₁₈

The reaction terminates with the formation of stable hydrocarbons.

4. Independent Reaction:

- Example: In wastewater treatment, coagulant addition for impurity removal comprises independent reactions, where each coagulant reacts autonomously with distinct pollutants, aiding in their elimination.

Reaction 1: Aluminum Sulfate Dissociation:

Chemical Equation: Al₂(SO₄)₃ → 2Al³⁺ + 3SO₄²⁻

Aluminum sulfate dissociates into aluminum ions and sulfate ions in water.

Reaction 2: Coagulation of Impurities:

Chemical Equation: Al³⁺ + Impurity²⁻ → Solid Precipitate

Aluminum ions react independently with various impurities in the water, causing coagulation and the formation of solid precipitates.

Reaction 3: Formation of Flocs:

Chemical Equation: Solid Precipitate + Water → Flocs

The solid precipitates formed during coagulation combine with other impurities to create flocs.

NUR ANNEZA SOFIA BINTI ZAHID (A21MJ0067)

• Ethylene oxide is typically synthesized through the parallel reactions of ethylene and oxygen.

• Main Reaction: Ethylene Oxidation
  C2H4 + O2 → C2H4O
  Side Reaction: Complete Combustion of Ethylene
  2C2H4 + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O

2) Series reaction

• The production of ammonia (NH3) using the Haber-Bosch process is an illustration of a series reaction in the chemical process sector. The reaction:

• Fixation of N2: N2 + 3H2 → 2NH

3) Complex reaction

• Production of nylon. The reaction involves combining two monomers, diamine and dicarboxylic acid, which undergo a condensation polymerization reaction.

• Ricinoleic acid -> Sebacic acid + Diamine to nylon

4) Independent reaction

• The catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons during petroleum refining is an example of independent reactions. Large hydrocarbons must be broken down into smaller ones in this process in order to generate useful products like petrol.

  Two separate responses that are taking place at the same time are:

  Large Hydrocarbon Molecule A Cracking: A → Products

  Large Hydrocarbon Molecule B's Cracking: B → Products

MUHAMMAD AIMAN IQMAL

Parallel

• oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid

  
  

  Partial Oxidation:2SO2+O2→2SO3

  
  

  Formation of Sulfuric Acid:SO3+H2O→H2SO4

• reactions occur simultaneously in the industrial process for sulfuric acid production.

Series

• Haber-Bosch process for ammonia synthesis:

  Formation of Nitrogen Monoxide:N2+3H2→2NH3

  
  

  Formation of Ammonia:N2+3H2→2NH3

  
  

  Complex reaction

  • Ostwald process for nitric acid production:

    Ammonia Oxidation:4NH3+5O2→4NO+6H2O

    
    

    Formation of Nitrogen Dioxide:2NO+O2→2NO2

    
    

    Absorption in Water:3NO2+H2O→2HNO3+NO

  
  

  Independent reaction:

  • Neutralization of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide:

    
    

    HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → H₂O(l) + NaCl(aq)

  
  

N2 + 2O2 -> 2NO2

Parallel: Oxidation of 2-methyl-2-butanol

2-methyl-2-butanol +conc H2SO 4 -> i)2-methyl-2-butene

ii) 2-methyl-1-butene

Series: double condensation double absorption (DCDA) of sulphuric acid

S8 + O2 -> SO3

SERIES

• decomposition of ethylene oxide

COMPLEX

• Adding a cobalt salt, such as cobalt chloride (CoCl2), to water (H2O)

  CoCl2 (s) + 6 H2O (l) → [Co(H2O)6]2+ (aq.)

  
  

INDEPENDENT

• breaking crude oil from gasoline

PARALLEL

• nitration of benzene and toluene mixture

CH3OH +1/2 O2->HCHO+H2O

Parallel:nitration of phenol with the formation of ortho-, meta-, and para-nitrophenol(identical reactants)

Independent:occurs in the catalytic cracking of crude oil to form gasoline

Complex:oxidation of ethane to CO2 and H2O passes through a series of intermediate steps in which alcohol aldehyde and acid are formed.

production of ethylene oxide (Ch2=ch2+1/2o2 -> H2C-ch2

\ /

O

parallel:

(Ch2=ch2+1/2o2 -> H2C-ch2

\ /

O

Ch2=ch2+3o2 -> 2co2 +2h2o

-OXIDATION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE TO SULFURIC ACID

S+O2 -> SO2 (A -> B)

2SO2 + O2 -> 2SO3 (B -> C)

<-

SO3 + H2O -> H2SO4

PARELLEL REACTION

- REACTION ETHYL BROMIDE WITH POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE

(Eqn on picture)

COMPLEX REACTION

-HABER-BOSCH process

PRODUCING AMMONIA FEOM NITROGEN AND HYDROGEN

INDEPENDENT

-CATALYSIS PETEOCHEMICAL INDUSTRY

Chemical reaction: 2 C2H4 + O2 ---> 2 C2H4O

Series reaction- The reaction of ethylene oxide with ammonia.

k1 k2

A--->B--->C

Chemical reaction: Ethylene oxide + NH3-> OH

[

NH2

Multiple reaction- Halogenations of alkene

A + B -->C, k1

C + B -->D, k2

D + B -->E, k3

A --> C --> D --> E

Chemical reaction: Shown in the diagram

Independent reaction- Catalytic in petroleum.

A--> B+C

D-->E +F

C15H32 --> 2C2H4 + C3H6 + C8H18

ethene + propane + octane

Complex reaction :

N2 + O2 -> 2NO

2NO + O2 -> 2NO2

Independent reaction :

Complete combustion reaction of propane

C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3 CO2 + 4 H2O

Parallel reactions: These are also called “competing reactions” In this type of reaction the reaction yields two different products. In Chemical Engineering these are used to manufacture an element that happens as a by-product of two reactions. This reaction happens faster than the series reaction.

Complex reactions: A complex reaction takes place when the reactants are converted into products in multiple steps or more than one step. Some side reactions take place when complex reactions occur. Additionally, a number of steps are involved in the reaction to form the right product.

Independent reactions: Independent reactions are those that occur simultaneously but do not affect each other's rate or outcome. In other words, the products of one reaction do not participate in the other reaction. An example of an independent reaction in the chemical process industry is the synthesis of ammonia through the Haber-Bosch process.