Developmental disability is long term, and affects cognitive ability, and physical functioning of the person diagnosed. This diagnosis appears before a person turns 22 years of age. Developmental disability is composed of intellectual disability, and physical disabilities, but does necessarily have to be both.  

(U.S. Department of Health and Human Services)

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder not based on atomic or specific generic markers, yet instead is based on both behavioral and developmental characteristics. This Disorder has some specific diagnostic criteria found in the DSM-5, which include deficits in social communication, interactions and understanding relationships.  As well as, specific and reoccurring behaviors or activities that become ritualized and inflexible to change. Furthermore, ASD is broken up into severity levels: level 1, level 2, and level 3.

Neurological structure and development: Approximately half of children who have autism have abnormal EEG, which leads to an underlying structural problem with their brains. Also, individuals with ASD have smaller and fewer Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, and less compacted densely packed in the limbic system, compared to people who aren’t diagnosed with ASD. Lastly, the frontal cortex of a person who has ASD tends to be smaller and more detached, unlike typically developing brains.

Environmental factors: Most researchers have found no link to pesticides or immunizations, although there are numerous anecdotes of parents using bio-treatments that cure their child’s Autism diagnosis.

Sensory processing dysfunction include over-responsivity, which is caused by the brain being unable to stop sensory information effectively. On the other hand, a person diagnosed with ASD can also experience sensory under-responsivity, which occurs when less sensory information is communicated to the brain; and because of the children with ASD tend to jump, spin, and move more than other children not diagnosed with ASD.

Cognitive impairment is affected with Individuals diagnosed with ASD by how they think more visually, rather than linguistically. This referring to their cognition being very literal. People who have Autism tend to no be able carry on situation from on environment to another. 

Self-injuries are the last major secondary condition associated with people with ASD. This happens when someone’s behavior is self-inflicted and causes physical harm. This can include biting, scratching, hitting, etc. towards themselves.

Antecedent package: This usually focuses on a need to increase or decrease a specific behavior.

Behavioral package: This type of intervention should teach an alternative behavior or skill when trying to reduce a problem behavior.

Self-management: This involves encouraging independence by helping the individual regulate their own behaviors.

Community integration: Inclusion support staff are essential when assisting people with intellectual disabilities for leisure and social skills. Both adults and children who are diagnosed benefit from community-based interventions, which can reduce anxiety and build confidence and sociability. 

Functional skills and education: This focuses on improving social skills and decreasing maladaptive behavior. Informing people diagnosed with intellectual disabilities how to shape their current behavior to adapt more efficiently in different situations.

Leisure interventions:  Some examples include engagement in exercises, playing games and doing crafts, and social interactions with others.  The purpose is to reduce stress and increase quality of life. 

incontinence:  Any accidental or involuntary loss of urine from the bladders

delirium: acute brain dysfunction 

dementia: Condition characterized by loss of memory functioning, and deterioration of adapting functions.

2.     Research suggests the effect of increased presents of Alzheimer's Disease.

3.     The APOE e4 lipoprotein of the genetic sequence is associated with a higher risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease

4.     Evidence for a genetic component from genetic testing and family history.

2.     Executive functioning: This refers to increased efforts for completing a multistage task, resuming a task, or making decisions and organizing

3.     Learning and memory: Individual has trouble with recalling information or keeping track of lists.

4.     Language: In the individual there is noticeable word finding difficulty and general terms are substituted for specific terms. They may not be able to name a family or friend that they know.

5.     Perceptual-motor ability: This individual can get lost easily. For mild cases this is with newer places, but with more serious cases and have problems doing spatial tasks.

6.     Social cognition: Individuals with mild cases would have changes in personality, behavior, and attitudes. As well as, less likely to be able to understand and read facial expressions of others.

- Diminished interest or pleasure in most or all of the activities nearly every day

- Significant unintentional increase or decrease in weight or appetite

- Lack of sleep or excessively sleeping every day

- Psycho motor changes noticed by others, this is agitation or sluggishness almost every day

- Fatigue or loss of energy almost every day

- Feeling of guilt or worthlessness almost every day

- Diminished cognitive abilities nearly every day

- Reoccurring thoughts of death

Symptoms of MDD have the potential to negatively impact all different kinds of relationships. As well as alter one’s perception of existing social support. In addition MDD can also disrupt daily activities through symptoms of amotivation, lethargy, and low self-efficacy.

lastly basic self-care is neglected and weight gain or weight loss may be a result.

The anxiety may manifest and physical symptoms which often include muscle tension, sweating, nausea, gastrointestinal problems, jumpiness, fidgeting, trembling, and ability to relax, being easily startled, trouble sleeping and feeling on edge. The sources of worry can vary from patient to patient, but often include issues of financials, jobs, responsibilities, and relationships in the person’s life.

In addition, GAD also affects various systems within the body that influence a patient’s emotional state; and anxiety can affect the patient is motor functioning. This may be shakiness, restlessness, headaches, and the gastrointestinal system.

Also, there are impairments to the Central nervous system, which may cause activity limitation, participation restrictions, difficulty engaging in schoolwork, leisure, and interpersonal relationships. 
Lastly, emotional health may also be affected with patients who are diagnosed with ADHD. These individuals have increased cases of depression and anxiety. As well as increased interpersonal problems that may be a direct result of an organic problem, or an indirect result of societal’s negative reactions towards the clients impaired social skills.

Physical Activity Deficits:
A patient diagnosed with ADHD can have perceptual motor deficits and general coordination deficits. This can make it more difficult to participate in sports and other high-level physical activities. These can also increase the risk of injuries, hospital admissions, and emergency room visits.

 

Behavioral classroom management: 
Findings indicate that prudent negative consequences are superior to contingent praise alone. Likewise, brief time out works better than long ones and consequences are more effective than rewards. Providing these techniques with consistency is key.

 

Education, Training, and Counseling: 
This intervention includes basic social skills that refers to when a patient learns how to initiate and develop healthy relationships with other people. As well as interpersonal relationship activities, which means recreation and leisure activities that are developed for interpersonal interactions and relationships. Lastly, the patient can improve their anger management through opportunities to vent feelings of anger with relaxation techniques, journaling, structured recreational sports, and other activities.

 

Community Integration: Community integration refers to recreation and leisure activities that are engaging in a non-competitive form. These are expressive and cooperative recreational program, such as arts, crafts, and cultural festivals offered by the community. This gives the client an opportunity to express themselves, to explore others differences, and tolerate others in a social setting.

Personality factors: Individuals experiencing depression, high stress levels, challenges in self regulated behaviors, and poor coping skills are more likely to develop substance abuse problems.

 

Cognitive factors: substance produces a positive fact that reinforces the continued cycle or increased usage of substance abuse.

 

Genetic factors: and individual with a parent who has developed substance abuse disorder is that a greater risk for developing it themselves, even if social factors are controlled.

 

Biological factors: Dopamine and serotonin affect the reward pathway of the brain; substance abuse can artificially influence the functioning of these two neurotransmitters to the extent where it becomes difficult for the reward system of the brain to stimulate these naturally.

 

Personal health includes injuries, illnesses, hyperactivity of the atomic nervous system, and physical damage to the body.

 

Cognitive health may be affected by displaying confusion, learning problems, and memory loss

 

health problems may include poor impulse control, poor judgment, poor sleep quality and insomnia.

 

Lifestyle issues could result in financial instability, unemployment, homelessness, traffic accidents, food in security, poor nutritional intake and conflict with the law.

 

Disorders associated with substance abuse:

Anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, mood disorders, experience delusions and hallucinations, and personality disorders.

 

F stands for face drooping. This is when one side of the persons face is numb or droops. 

 

A stands for our weekends. This is when one arm is numb or week and. A person cannot raise both arms without having one of them drift. 

 

S stands for speech. The person is experiencing slurred speech or unable to speak. 

 

T stands for time to call 911. If any of the signs are showing, you must get this person to a hospital.

Left CVA: right hemiplegia, language deficits, slow and caution behavior styles.

Right CVA: left hemiplegia, visual deficits, quick and impulsive behavior style

 

Motor impairments may include hemiplegia, motor planning, muscle power, muscle tone, reflexes, balance, gait, apraxia, and coordination.

 

Sensory impairments refer to decreased sensory awareness, numbness, tingling, astereognosis, agraphia, and processing problems 

 

Cognitive impairments are when an individual shows decreases in consciousness functions, calculation abilities, attention, concentration, problem-solving, organizing, perception, orientation, planning, and time management

 

Language impairments may include aspects such as dysphasia in comprehension, reading, and writing, and a decrease in expression and reception of language

 

Visual impairments refers to a double vision, depth perception problems, and field cuts.

 

In addition, individuals who are experiencing post stroke symptoms may include a decrease in independence and participation, lost mobility, loss of ability to perform activities of daily living, and increased number of and severity of falls

Mild brain injuries occur when an impact or forceful motion of the head result in a brief alteration of mental status, such as confusion or disorientation, loss of memory for events immediately before and after the injury, or brief loss of consciousness.

 

Moderate brain injuries include loss of consciousness, along with persistent confusion and functional impairments in one or more of the cognitive, physical, emotional, or behavioral domains, with a GCS score of 8-12.

 

Severe Traumatic brain injury is when a prolonged unconscious state or coma with a GCS score less than eight

 

There are physical changes which include impairments such as weakness, muscle tone, coordination problems, full or partial paralysis, balance difficulties, and fatigue. 

 

There are cognitive changes that include impairments in arousal and attention, memory, problem-solving, organizing planning, time management, judgment, and abstract reasoning. 

 

Emotional and behavioral changes include difficulty with social skills, such as an ability to emphasize with others or poor pragmatics, disinhibited behavior, and other emotional-behavioral issues.

 

Anoxic injury: an injury that results from an absence of oxygen to the brain. 

 

hypoxic injury:  an injury that results from a decrease of oxygen to the brain. 

 

Cranial nerve dysfunction: injury to one of the cranial nerves because impairments and taste, Smell, visual, auditory, or vestibular function.

 

Edema:swelling an excess fluid in the brain.

 

Hematomas: a collection or pooling of blood that can increase pressure in the brain. 

 

hydrocephalus: vestibular enlargement that occurs when cerebral spinal fluid accumulates in the brain. This results in dilation of the cerebral ventricles and increases an internal pressure.

 

Seizures: post to medic seizures, recurrent seizures, and epilepsy are known to be complications of a Traumatic brain injury