Muscular System

Article & Module: Isabella 

Nervous System: 

Article & Module: Sophie

 

Endocrine System: 

Article, Q1, Q2: Sophie

Q3 & Q4: Isabella

Isabella, what do you think? Is this okay?

 

I am sorry to hear you've been unwell! I hope you feel better soon. 

 

I have been working on the eWorkbook today, I've uploaded all of my tasks but am still waiting on some feedback from Tom - I'll amend once I get that if need be. 

 

I have rearranged the references; they needed some editing (APA style) and to be ordered (let me know if you pick up something I have missed) 

 

When you upload your work in here can you make sure your questions have the in-text citation and also the full reference with it so I can add it to the Reference column also. :) 

 

There is also a list of edits (last column in the eWorkbook) to be made from the previous group, is there any way you would mind grabbing one or two of those to edit?  I'll start with Q2 and I'll pick up whichever you don't grab... it’s frustrating the person isn’t here to edit their own work but if we do this, it’ll improve our grade! 

 

I hope you get some rest and are back to normal soon! 

Question 1: Name the collective structure where Botox exerts its action and identify specific components (minimum of four) within the structure. 

 The collective structure where Botox exerts its action is within the neuromuscular junction. Some of the specific components which make up its structure include, but are not limited to, the muscle belly, epimysium, myosin, muscle fascicle, sarcomere, perimysium, myofilament as well as the actin (Perry, C. 2020).  (44 words)  

Perry, Carolyn. (2020). The neuromuscular junction: Structure and function, Ken Hub, https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-neuromuscular-junction-structure-and-function

Calcium plays a significant role in the initiation of a muscle action potential as it is one of two ions, the other being sodium, that are shuttled through various channels after acetylcholine has attached to receptors on the respective muscle surface. As a direct result of this, calcium drives the resting membrane to become positive in value and voltage gated channels are then switched on alongside the action potential of the muscle (Kuo, I. Y., Ehrlich, B. E. 2015).  (72 words)

Kuo, I. Y., & Ehrlich, B. E. (2015). Signaling in muscle contraction. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology, 7(2), a006023. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a006023

Botulinum Neurotoxin A prevents the initiation of a muscle action potential within the neuromuscular junction through inhibiting the required neural transmission by obstructing acetylcholine from being released. Botulinum Neurotoxin A is administered into the muscle and interferes by causing paralysis within the neuromuscular junction. It successfully does this as the presynaptic motor neurons are subsequently unable to release any acetylcholine and as a result, initiation of any muscle action is prevented (Nigam, P. K., Nigam, A. 2010).  (71 words)

Nigam, P. K., Nigam, A. (2010). Botulinum toxin. Indian journal of dermatology, 55(1), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.60343

In the production of a muscle action potential, sodium plays a key role as it is the change from negative to positive within a cell that allows a threshold to be reached and action potential to be produced. This process arises at the axon hillock as a consequence of depolarisation where voltage gated sodium ion channels are forced to open due to an electrical stimulus. It is the sodium reentering the cell which then elevates the cell charge from a negative to a positive allowing for muscle action potential (Aarushi, K. 2020). (89 words)

Action Potential, Teach Me Physiology, Khanna, Aarushi, 2020, https://teachmephysiology.com/nervous-system/synapses/action-potential/

Muscle tone is defined as the continuous and partial contraction of a muscle which allows it to maintain balance and posture, reflex when needed as well as provide support to other organ systems. It is the muscle spindle that regulates and maintains muscle tone and it is within these spindles that nuclear bag fibers and nuclear chain fibers are located. These contain myosin and actin which enables the spindles to stretch with the muscle (Medicine LibreTexts, 2020). Spasticity is one tonic disorder which can be treated by Botox (Camargo, C., & Teive, H. 2019). (85 words)

Medicine LibreTexts (2020), 9.3D: Muscle Tone, Anatomy and Physiology, https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Book%3A_Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/9%3A_Muscular_System/9.3%3A_Control_of_Muscle_Tension/9.3D%3A_Muscle_Tone

Camargo, C., & Teive, H. (2019). Use of botulinum toxin for movement disorders. Drugs in context, 8, 212586. https://doi.org/10.7573/dic.212586

Thyroid hormones carry out various actions within the body and are known as T3 (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (Tetraiodothyronine). Two actions of these hormones include energy production and regulating different bodily functions as they govern the metabolism. The pituitary gland sends a message to the thyroid gland to make more or less of these hormones depending on the needs of the person (NCBI, 2018).  (61 words)

Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (2018), How does the thyroid gland work? National Center for Biotechnology Information, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279388/

Question 4: Hormonal axes are pathways that direct neuroendocrine function. Identify the relevant axis, in this case, and describe the associated control and regulation of thyroid hormones. Include the relevant organs, hormones and cells from which they are released/produced 

The hormonal axis in this case is the hypothalamus pituitary thyroid (HPT) axis. The HPT axis controls and regulates thyroid hormones through its secretion of the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) which in itself is regulated by the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). It is only through the release of thyroid stimulating hormone that the necessary amounts of T3 and T4 are produced for the required energy production and metabolic needs of the individual. The pituitary gland can sense when thyroid hormones are too low or high and sends signals which allow TSH to produce more or less of the hormones. The organs directly involved in the release of thyroid hormones are the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and thyroid gland and it is the follicular cells responsible for the production of both T3 and T4 (Mariotti, S & Beck-Peccoz, P. 2016). (131 words)

Mariotti, S & Beck-Peccoz, P. (2016), Physiology of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis, National Center for Biotechnology Information, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK278958/

Fracture repair can take months as it is required to go through different stages. When this type of injury occurs, the bone fracture forms a hematoma which lasts around five days. Afterwards, for five to six days, a fibrocartilaginous callus is formed followed by a bony callus which lasts around two weeks. Lastly, remodelling takes place which can take months or years depending on the patient’s recovery and health status. Cells such as macrophages, monocytes, and lymphocytes work to remove damaged tissue and release cytokines which allow for bone healing and repair to begin.

Jonathon R. Sheen; Vishnu V. Garla. (2020), Fracture Healing Overview, Stat Pearls, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551678/

Question 4: 

Elderly women are at a greater risk for developing osteoporosis for a number of reasons. These include the decline in estrogen as women age as well as lifestyle factors such as alcohol consumption, smoking, lack of a nutritious diet and ensuring that they remain physically active (Bijelic, R., Milicevic, S., & Balaban, J. (2017). 

Bijelic, R., Milicevic, S., & Balaban, J. (2017). Risk Factors for Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women. Medical archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina), 71(1), 25–28. https://doi.org/10.5455/medarh.2017.71.25-28

        

 

I have uploaded all of your content and just have some edits to do later this week and then we can submit it! As it is a group assignment, I am pretty certain once one person uploads it, it will be uploaded for the other automatically. 

 

Due to feedback from Tom I need to edit a couple of my questions – so I will get to that as soon as I can. 

 

As for the skeletal system edit you did (firstly thank you!) just Q3 is under the word count and it’ll be worth just adding a bit more to that one – (it needs to be 75 words or 10% under or over, currently, it’s at 46 words). 

 

I can do a check over the rest of our questions and if any are over, I can do an edit to bring the word count down, are you happy for me to do that? I have brought the other question you edited down a few words as well but didn’t take away from the content! I am also yet to add the rest of your references too but will do that when I work on the other stuff :) 

 

I need to change these questions: Nervous System

 

Tom: For Q2 I was referring to the lack of the neurolemma in the CNS unlike in the PNS - since the PNS have a neurolemma there is the capacity for regeneration after injury.

Tom: Q4. You might want to include the concept of decussate for the second order neuron.

 

Isabella, I must say, we have worked so well and are almost finished! We just have little edits to make and we have finished this assignment all on our own and EARLY! It’s only Week 12 which is a week early than what we planned haha! GO us! 

 

'Sodium plays a key role in producing an action potential, as its fluctuation (specifically re-entering the cell and elevating the charge) influences the cell charge from negative to positive within a cell, allowing the threshold to be reached and action potential to be produced. This process arises at the axon hillock as a consequence of depolarisation where voltage-gated sodium ion channels are forced to open due to an electrical stimulus.' (71 words)

(DONE)

 

Thyroid hormones conduct various actions within the body they’re known as T3 (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (Tetraiodothyronine). Two actions include energy production and regulating different functions as they govern the metabolism. The pituitary gland sends a message to the thyroid gland to make more or less of these hormones depending on the needs of the person. (55 words) (DONE)

 

The hormonal axis in this case is the hypothalamus pituitary thyroid (HPT) axis. The HPT axis controls and regulates thyroid hormones through its secretion of the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) which in itself is regulated by the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). It is only through the release of the thyroid stimulating hormone that the necessary amounts of T3 and T4 are produced for the required energy production and metabolic needs of the individual. The pituitary gland can sense when thyroid hormones are too low or high and is responsible for sending signals which allow TSH to produce more or less of the hormones when needed. The organs directly involved in the release of thyroid hormones are the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and thyroid gland and it is the follicular cells responsible for the production of both T3 and T4 (137 words) (DONE)

 

Elderly women are at a greater risk for developing osteoporosis for a number of reasons. These include the decline in estrogen levels which naturally occurs as a woman ages as well as lifestyle factors surrounding alcohol consumption, whether or not they smoke, if they are following a nutritious diet and whether or not they remain physically active and healthy. Out of these factors, smoking has been shown to increase the risks of developing osteoporosis whereas physical activity can protect bone mass as we age. (Bijelic, R., Milicevic, S., & Balaban, J. (2017). 

Bijelic, R., Milicevic, S., & Balaban, J. (2017). Risk Factors for Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women. Medical archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina), 71(1), 25–28. https://doi.org/10.5455/medarh.2017.71.25-28