Dương Minh Châu

Ngô Mai Linh

Đỗ Hoàng Kiều Khanh

Trần Lê Minh

Trần Tấn Hoàng

Nguyễn Huyền Trang

Hải Yến

Lê Huy Hoàng

Nguyễn Văn Hiểu

Nguyễn Mỹ Linh

Lê Thị Lan Quỳnh

Phạm Thị Ngọc Anh

Vũ Thùy Dương

Nguyễn Hà Thủy Tiên

Hoàng Thùy Trang

Lã Thị Phương Anh

Phạm Thanh Thảo

Trần Sơn Tùng

Trần Thị Kim Ngân

Nguyễn Tùng Lâm

Trần Thị Cẩm Vân

I. Overview of Hanoi

1. Geography:

• Location of Hanoi:

- Is located in the Red River Delta, in the center of North Vietnam

- Encompassed:

+ the north: Thai Nguyen and Vinh Phuc Province

+ the south: Ha Nam and Hoa Binh

+ the east and the south east: Bac Giang, Bac Ninh and Hung Yen

+ the west: Hoa Binh, Phu Tho

- Mean “the hinterland between the rivers”

- Hanoi’s terriory is washed by the Red river and its tributaries

- There are some other rivers flowing through the capital: Duong, Cau, Ca Lo, Day, Nhue, Tich, To Lich nad Kim Nguu

• Climate:

Hanoi is situated in a tropical monsoon zone with two main seasons

- The dry season:

+ october – april: it is cold and there is very little rainfall

+ january – march: cold and some light rain

- The wet season:

+ may – september

+ hot with heavy rains nad storms

- The average annual temperature: 23.2C

- The average rainfall: 1,800mm

- The average Temperature:

+ Winter: 17,2C, but can go down to 8C

+ Summer: 29.2C, but can reach up to 39C

2. History

- Hanoi is a saced land of Vietnam.

- In the 3rd centuryBC, Co Loa (actually belong to Dong Anh Distric) was chosen as the capital of the Au Lac Nation of Thuc An Duong Vuong (the king Thuc)

- Hanoi later became the core of the resitance movements against the Northern invasions and become a very populations and rich residential center

- Hanoi had been selected as the chief city of Vietnam under the Northern domination in the autumn of Canh Tuat lunar year 1011 by Ly Thai To

- The year 1010 then became a historical date for Hanoi and for the whole country in genaral

- For about a thousand year, the capital was called Thang Long, then chaging to Dong Do, Dong Kinh and finally to Hanoi in 1831

- The sacred piece of land thereafter continued to be the theatre of many fateful events

3. Tourism

- Have many ancient architectueal works: the old quarter and over 600 pagodas and temples

- Famous sites include the One Pillar Pagodar biult in 1042, the Temple of Literature biult in 1070, Hanoi Citadel, Hanoi opera House, President Ho Chi Minh’s Mausoleum etc.

- Hanoi also characteristically contains 18 beautiful lakes: Hoan Kiem Lake, West Lake, Truc Bach Lake etc…

- Many traditional handicrafts are also practiced in Hanoi: bronze molding, silver carving, lacquer, and embroidery

- Has many famous traditional professionnal handicraft villages such as bat trang pottery village, ngu xa broze casting village, yen bai glossy silk etc.

1. Geography:

• Location of Hanoi:

- Is located in the Red River Delta, in the center of North Vietnam

- Encompassed:

+ The north: Thai Nguyen and Vinh Phuc Province

+ The south: Ha Nam and Hoa Binh

+ The east and the south east: Bac Giang, Bac Ninh and Hung Yen

+ The west: Hoa Binh, Phu Tho

- Mean “the hinterland between the rivers”

- Hanoi’s terriory is washed by the Red river and its tributaries

- There are some other rivers flowing through the capital: Duong, Cau, Ca Lo, Day, Nhue, Tich, To Lich

• Climate:

Hanoi is situated in a tropical monsoon zone with two main seasons

- The dry season:

+ October - April: is cold and there is very little rainfall

+ January - March: cold and some light rain

- The wet season:

+ May – Sep

+ Hot with heavy rains, storms

- The average annual temperature: 23.2C

- The average rainfall: 1,800mm

- The average Temperature:

+ Winter: 17,2C, but can go down to 8C

+ Summer: 29.2C, but can reach up to 39C

2. History

- Hanoi is a saced land of Vietnam.

- In the 3rd centuryBC, Co Loa was chosen as the capital of the Au Lac Nation of Thuc An Duong Vuong (the king Thuc)

- Hanoi later became the core of the resitance movements against the Northern invasions; become a very populations and rich residential center

- Hanoi had been selected as the chief city of Vietnam under the Northern domination in the autumn of Canh Tuat lunar year 1011 by Ly Thai To

- The year 1010- a historical date for Hanoi and for the whole country in genaral

- For about a thousand year, the capital was called Thang Long, then chaging to Dong Do, Dong Kinh and finally to Hanoi in 1831

- The sacred piece of land thereafter continued to be the theatre of many fateful events

3. Tourism

- Have many ancient architectueal works: the old quarter and over 600 pagodas and temples

- Famous sites: the One Pillar Pagodar built in 1042, the Temple of Literature built in 1070, Hanoi Citadel, Hanoi opera House, President Ho Chi Minh’s Mausoleum etc.

- 18 beautiful lakes: Hoan Kiem Lake, West Lake, Truc Bach Lake etc…

- Many traditional handicrafts: bronze molding, silver carving, lacquer, and embroidery

- Traditional handicraft villages: Bat Trang pottery village, Ngu Xa broze casting village, Yen Bai glossy silk etc.

• Location: Red River Delta (center of North Vietnam)

• Encompassed: Thai Nguyen & Vinh Phuc (North); Ha Nam & Hoa Binh (South); Bac Giang, Bac Ninh & Hung Yen (East); Hoa Binh & Phu Tho (West).

• Hanoi: “The hinterland between the rivers” (Ha: river, Noi: interior).

• Almost 40 km of the Red River flows through Hanoi.

• Other rivers: Duong, Cau, Ca Lo, Day, Nhue, Tich, To Lich and Kim Nguu.

2. History 

• Ancient Capital: Hanoi has been a political center since ancient times. In the 3rd century BC, Co Loa (now in Dong Anh district) was chosen as the capital of Au Lac.

• Center of Resistance: Hanoi became a focal point for resistance movements against foreign invasions.

• Development and Name Changes: Benefiting from its advantageous location, the city gradually grew into a populous and wealthy center. Over the centuries, Hanoi was repeatedly chosen as the capital of Vietnam during the Bắc thuộc period. In 1010, Lý Thái Tổ moved the capital from Hoa Lu to Dai La and renamed it Thang Long. The capital's name has changed many times over the centuries, and it was finally named Hanoi in 1831.

• Historical Role: Hanoi has been the site of many important historical events for the country.

3. Tourism

• Ancient architecture works : the Old Quarter and over 600 pagodas and temples.

• Famous sites : the One Pillar Pagoda ( built in 1042), the Temple of Literature ( built in 1070 ), Hanoi Citadel, Hanoi Opera House, President Ho Chi Minh’s Mausoleum etc..

• 18 beautiful lakes: Hoan Kiem Lake, West Lake and Truc Bach Lake etc.., which are the lungs of the city, with their surrounding gardens and trees providing vital sources of energy

• Many traditional handicrafts : bronze molding, silver carving, lacquer and embroidery, especially with many famous traditional professional handicraft villages, Ngu Xa bronze casting village, Yen Thai glossy silk etc…

4. Climate 

• Situated in a tropical monsoon zone with 2 main seasons : 

• Dry season ( October - April) : cold, little rainfall but January to March have some light rain.

• Wet seasons ( May - September) : hot, heavy rain and storms

• The average annual of temperature : 23.3

        The Average annual of rainfall: 1,800mm

Central Theme: Hanoi as a Historical and Cultural Center

Hanoi

• Sacred land of Vietnam

• Located in Red River Delta

• Strategic location for trade and defense

Historical Development

• 3rd century BC: Co Loa as capital of Au Lac

• Resistance center: Against Northern invasions

• Gradual expansion: Into a populous residential center

• Repeated selection: As capital under Northern domination

• Ly Thai To: Moved capital to Dai La (1010)

• Name changes: Thang Long, Dong Do, Dong Kinh, Hanoi

• Continuous historical significance: Theater of fateful events

Key Points:

• Hanoi's geographical location as a crucial factor in its historical development

• The city's role as a symbol of Vietnamese resistance

• The evolution of Hanoi's name and status over time

Would you like to focus on a specific aspect of Hanoi's history, such as its role in the resistance against foreign invaders or the development of its urban landscape?

1. General Information

• Location: 87 Ma May Street, Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi.

Area: LOcated in the heart of the Old Quarter, a historic area known for its narrow streets and traditional “tube house”

• Origin: Belonged to a wealthy Vietnamese merchant family, built in the late 19th century, around 1890.

• History: Built in XIX century with the traditional Vietnamese architecture with the purpose being used as a house and selling stuff, before 1945 the Vietnamese family stayed and sell rice, afterwards sold to a chinese family and they sell Chinese medications, after the chinese moved into south, the house going under government management and this house was used to give 5 families a stay place.

• Currently Use: functions as a museum, showcasing traditional Vietnamese architecture and lifestyle.

2. Layout 

• The layout of the house features the traditional Hanoi Old Quarter architectural style.

•  The house is a variation of the 3 or 5-bay house typical in Vietnam. It is divided into 5 bays.

•  The first bay where we are standing is the outermost part of the house, used by the household for trading and exchanging goods.

• The second bay is a skylight, a space where air and light enter the house, making it airy. 

• The third space is the family's bedroom. The fourth bay is the courtyard and kitchen area.

•  The final bay on the second floor is the altar area."

3. Design 

• Style: Traditional Vietnamese Old house (Tube house)

• Tubular shape and multiple interconnected sections

• Courtyards allow for natural light and ventilation

• Materials: Wood, tiled roofs supported by wooden beams and intricate decorative details.

• Area covered: 

• 157.6 square meters, with the land running perpendicular to the street

• The plot is 28 meters long

• a front width of 5 meters 

• a rear width of 6 meters, a "widening rear" shape

• The floor plan: 

• Typical of traditional houses of the Old Quarter

•  A variation of the traditional three- or five-room Vietnamese house

• Consisting of House – Courtyard – House – Courtyard – Kitchen – Ancillary Rooms

• Exterior: The façade is decorated with wooden balusters and other architectural details characteristic of the period, such as sliding wooden doors, panel doors, stepped gables, tiled roof columns, and decorative roof eaves.

• Interior: 2 floor

• 1st Floor: 5 sections (3 main sections):

• Section 1: outermost and family’s resting area

• Section 2: Lightwell and bedroom

• Section 3: Courtyard  and kitchen area

• 2nd Floor: 

• Altar area for worshiping

• Roof structure: wooden trusses

• Resting room: where the family enjoys tea, poetry, newspapers,...

• Grandparents’ bedroom

• Last courtyard for drying herbs and growing plants

4. Traditions 

• Decorative them: The plant patterns are embossed in blocks and soft

=> 19th-century artistic style

• Living space: 

• A traditional Vietnamese bed (sập gụ) and a wooden cabinet (tủ chè)

• A washbasin stand

=> Common features of middle-class Hanoi families in the past

• The shape of the land plot: The front width of the land plot is 5 meters, while the rear width is 6 meters

=> In Vietnamese tradition, a land plot that widens at the rear is believed to bring blessings and prosperity in the future.

• Space layout: House – Yard – House – Yard – Kitchen – House (toilet, storage).

=> is a variant form of the Vietnamese three- or five-compartment house and 

• Items in the room: something new in the French style like a Western bed, nightstand, typewriter, or telephone

=> The infiltration of Westernization trends

• The kitchen area: 

• Traditionally equipped with a coal stove, three-legged pot stand, wooden dish rack, hand-painted ceramic bowls, and a wooden tray or stone grinder.

• This space also stores traditional fragrances like soapberry and grapefruit oil.

• The kitchen is where culinary skills and the essence of Hanoi cuisine are passed down from grandmothers to granddaughters.

=> The kitchen is an important place for Vietnamese people in general and for Hanoi residents in particular

• Ancestral Worship Area:

• Ancestral worship is a crucial tradition, with the worship space positioned prominently in the house. 

=> To express filial piety and respect from descendants to the deceased.

• Items on the altar include elements representing the Five Elements (Ngũ Hành): Metal (Kim) - candle holders; Wood (Mộc) - altar table, throne; Water (Thủy) - water cups; Fire (Hỏa) - lamp; Earth (Thổ) - incense burner. 

• Traditional items on the altar often include a five-fruit tray and couplets 

• Traditional paintings like Hang Trong paintings featuring koi fish looking at the moon or Ly ngu vọng nguyệt are also displayed.

=> The traditional items in the Vietnamese worship 

=> It is one of the elements that contribute to the cultural identity of the nation

5. Material 

In the past, people often used wood to build houses for the following reasons:

• Wood is a material that is easily found in nature and can be processed into walls, pillars, and floors with ease.

• Wood has good thermal insulation properties, helping to keep the interior of the house warm in winter and cool in summer.

• Wood is a renewable and eco-friendly material compared to materials like concrete or steel.

• In many cultures, using wood to construct houses has become a part of traditional and folk culture.

• Wood brings natural beauty and coziness to living spaces, creating a sense of closeness and comfort for people.

1. General Information

• Location: 87 Ma May Street, Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi.

Area: LOcated in the heart of the Old Quarter, a historic area known for its narrow streets and traditional “tube house”

• Origin: Belonged to a wealthy Vietnamese merchant family, built in the late 19th century, around 1890.

• History: Built in XIX century with the traditional Vietnamese architecture with the purpose being used as a house and selling stuff, before 1945 the Vietnamese family stayed and sell rice, afterwards sold to a chinese family and they sell Chinese medications, after the chinese moved into south, the house going under government management and this house was used to give 5 families a stay place.

• Currently Use: functions as a museum, showcasing traditional Vietnamese architecture and lifestyle.

2. Layout 

• The layout of the house features the traditional Hanoi Old Quarter architectural style.

•  The house is a variation of the 3 or 5-bay house typical in Vietnam. It is divided into 5 bays.

•  The first bay where we are standing is the outermost part of the house, used by the household for trading and exchanging goods.

• The second bay is a skylight, a space where air and light enter the house, making it airy. 

• The third space is the family's bedroom. The fourth bay is the courtyard and kitchen area.

•  The final bay on the second floor is the altar area."

3. Design 

• Style: Traditional Vietnamese Old house (Tube house)

• Tubular shape and multiple interconnected sections

• Courtyards allow for natural light and ventilation

• Materials: Wood, tiled roofs supported by wooden beams and intricate decorative details.

• Area covered: 

• 157.6 square meters, with the land running perpendicular to the street

• The plot is 28 meters long

• a front width of 5 meters 

• a rear width of 6 meters, a "widening rear" shape

• The floor plan: 

• Typical of traditional houses of the Old Quarter

•  A variation of the traditional three- or five-room Vietnamese house

• Consisting of House – Courtyard – House – Courtyard – Kitchen – Ancillary Rooms

• Exterior: The façade is decorated with wooden balusters and other architectural details characteristic of the period, such as sliding wooden doors, panel doors, stepped gables, tiled roof columns, and decorative roof eaves.

• Interior: 2 floor

• 1st Floor: 5 sections (3 main sections):

• Section 1: outermost and family’s resting area

• Section 2: Lightwell and bedroom

• Section 3: Courtyard  and kitchen area

• 2nd Floor: 

• Altar area for worshiping

• Roof structure: wooden trusses

• Resting room: where the family enjoys tea, poetry, newspapers,...

• Grandparents’ bedroom

• Last courtyard for drying herbs and growing plants

4. Traditions 

• Decorative them: The plant patterns are embossed in blocks and soft

=> 19th-century artistic style

• Living space: 

• A traditional Vietnamese bed (sập gụ) and a wooden cabinet (tủ chè)

• A washbasin stand

=> Common features of middle-class Hanoi families in the past

• The shape of the land plot: The front width of the land plot is 5 meters, while the rear width is 6 meters

=> In Vietnamese tradition, a land plot that widens at the rear is believed to bring blessings and prosperity in the future.

• Space layout: House – Yard – House – Yard – Kitchen – House (toilet, storage).

=> is a variant form of the Vietnamese three- or five-compartment house and 

• Items in the room: something new in the French style like a Western bed, nightstand, typewriter, or telephone

=> The infiltration of Westernization trends

• The kitchen area: 

• Traditionally equipped with a coal stove, three-legged pot stand, wooden dish rack, hand-painted ceramic bowls, and a wooden tray or stone grinder.

• This space also stores traditional fragrances like soapberry and grapefruit oil.

• The kitchen is where culinary skills and the essence of Hanoi cuisine are passed down from grandmothers to granddaughters.

=> The kitchen is an important place for Vietnamese people in general and for Hanoi residents in particular

• Ancestral Worship Area:

• Ancestral worship is a crucial tradition, with the worship space positioned prominently in the house. 

=> To express filial piety and respect from descendants to the deceased.

• Items on the altar include elements representing the Five Elements (Ngũ Hành): Metal (Kim) - candle holders; Wood (Mộc) - altar table, throne; Water (Thủy) - water cups; Fire (Hỏa) - lamp; Earth (Thổ) - incense burner. 

• Traditional items on the altar often include a five-fruit tray and couplets 

• Traditional paintings like Hang Trong paintings featuring koi fish looking at the moon or Ly ngu vọng nguyệt are also displayed.

=> The traditional items in the Vietnamese worship 

=> It is one of the elements that contribute to the cultural identity of the nation

5. Material 

In the past, people often used wood to build houses for the following reasons:

• Wood is a material that is easily found in nature and can be processed into walls, pillars, and floors with ease.

• Wood has good thermal insulation properties, helping to keep the interior of the house warm in winter and cool in summer.

• Wood is a renewable and eco-friendly material compared to materials like concrete or steel.

• In many cultures, using wood to construct houses has become a part of traditional and folk culture.

• Wood brings natural beauty and coziness to living spaces, creating a sense of closeness and comfort for people.

1. origin

• Xoan singing originated from worship songs dedicated to the Hung Kings. This is one of the unique cultural activities of the people of Phu Tho province.

• Xoan singing is also known as "Khúc môn đình" (temple gate singing), a form of worship singing for deities, believed to have originated during the time of the Hung Kings. In ancient times, the people of Van Lang organized Xoan singing during the spring to welcome the new year. There are three forms of Xoan singing: singing to worship the Hung Kings and village guardian deities; ceremonial singing to pray for good harvests and health; and festival singing, which served as a way for young men and women to express their affection.

• Regarding its name, Xoan singing was initially called "Xuan singing" (spring singing) because it was typically performed during the New Year celebration. However, to express gratitude to those who contributed significantly to the Xuan singing art, the Xuan guilds later renamed it Xoan singing.

2. Features

• The characteristics of Xoan include diverse musical forms: speaking songs, recitative singing, poetic recitation, and songs. It includes various vocal performances such as female and male choirs, group singing, call-and-response, and polyphonic singing.

• In terms of musical expression, Xoan music ranges from solemn and leisurely tones to dynamic rhythms and charming and lyrical melodies.

• Dancing and singing always come with each other, with dance movements illustrating the content of the lyrics.

• The performances typically follow a set sequence. It begins with four ceremonial pieces involving prayers, blessings, and descriptions of daily life.

• This is followed by a section called "hát cách", where the head singer or a lead performer presents 14 Nôm poems with the backing of female performers.

• After "hát cách," the program includes folk-style performances characterized by lyrical content, resembling folk songs, love duets, and drum songs.

• Participants in Xoan singing are organized into groups known as "phường Xoan," each consisting of 30-100 people. Male members are called "kép" and female members are called "đào." Each “phường Xoan” is led by a person called the "Trùm," who is responsible for teaching and organizing activities. Most “Trùm” are successors who have inherited the tradition from their parents or grandparents.

3. Meaning

• Xoan singing in Phu Tho has been recognized by UNESCO as an intangible cultural heritage of humanity in need of urgent protection. 

• Xoan singing in Phu Tho is the most primitive folk art form, bearing the traditional beliefs of the people who grow wet rice. 

• "Xoan" means "Spring". Phu Tho people created Xoan singing and performed it at communal houses, temples, and shrines to worship Hung King at the beginning of Spring. 

• Xoan singing is a way to unite communities. People come to Xoan singing, perform together to relieve their worries, find joy in harmony and always respect each other. 

• Xoan singing is often held at traditional religious sites to convey the wishes and prayers of villagers to Saints, Gods, Kings, etc. Therefore, Xoan singing in Phu Tho is also known as Hat cua dinh or in Chinese as Ca mon dinh

4. Conclusion

• Recognized by UNESCO as an intangible cultural heritage in need of urgent protection, Xoan singing embodies the fertility worship of the early wet rice farming communities, expressing prayers for prosperity, favorable weather, and bountiful harvests. It is not only an artistic form but also a medium for conveying the villagers' wishes to deities, making it an integral part of communal worship at temples and communal houses. Xoan singing, therefore, represents a significant cultural practice that preserves the spiritual and social values of the Vietnamese people, rooted in their historical and cultural identity.

• Characterized by a rich variety of musical expressions such as choral singing, recitative, and call-and-response formats, Xoan singing integrates singing with dance, creating a vivid illustration of the lyrics. The performances are organized in a specific sequence, beginning with ceremonial pieces and followed by folk-style performances, highlighting its deep connection to daily life and traditional beliefs.