The Berlin Wall didn't just divide the city; it also divided all of Europe and became a symbol of a bipolar world, in which two powers, the United States and the Soviet Union, were the poles of influence.

Its fall made German reunification possible and signaled the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War.

The city was designed according to the principles of feng shui (geomancy), and key structures were built, such as:

Gyeongbokgung Palace (1395), which became the political and residential center of the royal family.

The city walls for defense.

Main gates, such as Sungnyemun (Namdaemun).

Hanyang was the heart of the country's government, culture, Confucian education, and administration throughout the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1897), marking Seoul's rise as a center of power in Korea.

The Twin Towers were located in the heart of Manhattan's Financial District, within the World Trade Center complex, on a 15.5-acre site bounded by Vesey, Church, Liberty, and West Streets. This complex, which included seven buildings, a central plaza, and an underground shopping mall, was located near the Hudson River and three blocks north of the New York Stock Exchange.

In 1943, in a cornfield in Michoacán, Mexico, a new volcano suddenly emerged. A farmer, Dionisio Pulido, observed how the ground opened up, smoke and fire came out, and thus the Paricutín Volcano was born.

In just a few days, the volcano grew rapidly and continued erupting for several years. By 1952, it finally went dormant.

Two nearby towns were covered by lava. Although most of the residents managed to escape, their homes disappeared.

This natural phenomenon attracted international attention, as it was the first time a volcano was observed from its birth to its end.

Gilma Sánchez..

Verbs:

• Took

• Suffered

• Ended

• Ushered

• Left

-Mangandi

Over three years ago, on March 27, 2022, El Salvador marked a before and after in the fight against crime. The government of Nayib Bukele declared the State of Exception, a bold measure that sought to dismantle the terror gangs that had suffocated the country for decades. From being one of the most dangerous countries in the world, El Salvador began to record days, even months, without a single violent death attributed to gangs! Peace returned to the streets and people recovered their tranquility.

The El Salvador Earthquake – January 13, 2001

On January 13, 2001, a devastating earthquake (shock) El Salvador. The earthquake (had) a magnitude of 7.6 on the Richter scale and (occurred) at 11:33 a.m. m. local time. The epicenter (was located) in the Pacific Ocean, off the southern coast of the country.

The earthquake (caused) large landslides, especially in the area of Las Colinas, in the department of La Libertad, where dozens of homes (were) buried. More than 900 people (died), thousands (were) injured and many families (lost) their homes.

The government and the international community (provided) humanitarian aid. Several organizations (arrived) in the country to collaborate in the rescue and reconstruction tasks. This natural disaster (marked) deeply the recent history of El Salvador and (revealed) the country's vulnerability to seismic phenomena.

After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire following World War I, a national movement (emerged) in Anatolia. Led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the Turkish people (fought) for independence against occupying Allied forces. In 1923, the Republic of Turkey officially (replaced) the Ottoman Empire. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (became) the first president of the new republic and (introduced) many reforms.

He (abolished) the sultanate, (established) a secular legal system, and (granted) rights to women, including the right to vote. He also (reformed) the education system and (changed) the alphabet from Arabic script to Latin. These changes (modernized) the country and (helped) shape the identity of modern Turkey.

Atatürk (died) in 1938, but his legacy (remained) strong. Today, he is still (remembered) as the father of modern Turkey.

Location: Yokohama, Japan

Date: June 30, 2002

On June 30, 2002, the Brazilian national football team (won) its fifth FIFA World Cup title after an unforgettable final against Germany in Yokohama, Japan. Brazil (defeated) Germany 2-0 with two goals by Ronaldo, who (redeemed) himself after a difficult performance in the 1998 final. This victory (marked) Brazil as the most successful national team in World Cup history and (united) a country through celebration and pride.

On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. This event marked a turning point in the history of World War II. The bomb, called Little Boy, exploded about 600 meters above the city center and caused massive destruction. Over 70,000 people died instantly, and many others suffered severe injuries or passed away later due to radiation exposure.

This event shocked the world and accelerated the end of the war. Japan officially surrendered on August 15, 1945. The tragedy of Hiroshima served as a warning about the destructive power of nuclear weapons and inspired global peace movements.

On July 20, 1969, NASA's Apollo 11 mission (landed) on the surface of the Moon. The astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin (walked) on the lunar surface, while Michael Collins (orbited) the Moon in the command module. Armstrong (said) the famous words: "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." This mission (marked) a key moment in the history of space exploration.

That day, as he (was leaving) his office in downtown Bogotá, Gaitán (was assassinated) by a man who was later (lynched) by the crowd. His death (triggered) an immediate reaction. Thousands of people in the city (took) to the streets in anger, and violence (erupted) within hours.

Public and private buildings (were set on fire), stores (were looted), and the capital (was left) practically out of control. This event, known as El Bogotazo, (marked) the beginning of a broader period of political violence in Colombia, known as La Violencia, which (lasted) several decades.

FRANCISCO JOSUE LUE MAURICIO

Jairo Balmore Hernández Hernández.

A crucial historical event in Brazil was the Proclamation of the Republic, which occurred on November 15, 1889. This event ended the Empire of Brazil and established a republican government.

Before the proclamation, Brazil was an empire ruled by the monarchy of the House of Braganza, with Emperor Pedro II at its head. However, discontent grew among various sectors of society, including the military, the landowning elite, and intellectuals. The republicans criticized the monarchy and advocated for a more modern and democratic system of government.

On November 15, 1889, a group of military officers led by Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca rose up in Rio de Janeiro. The army marched to the imperial palace and demanded the emperor's abdication. Without the support of the armed forces, Pedro II was forced to relinquish power. The next day, the royal family was exiled to Europe, and the Republic of Brazil was formally proclaimed.

This event marked a peaceful but radical transition in Brazilian history, ending almost 70 years of monarchy and laying the groundwork for the Republic that we have today.

Jairo Balmore Hernández Hernández.

On July 20, 1969, the world watched in awe as NASA achieved one of humanity's greatest milestones: the first successful moon landing. The Apollo 11 mission launched from Earth on July 16 and traveled through space for four days. Astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins formed the crew of this historic mission.

When the lunar module "Eagle" finally landed on the surface of the moon, Armstrong spoke the famous words, “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” He became the first human to walk on the moon, followed by Aldrin. They collected rock samples, conducted experiments, and planted the American flag.

Back on Earth, millions of people watched the broadcast live. The mission proved that space exploration was possible and inspired future generations. After spending about 21 hours on the lunar surface, the astronauts returned safely to Earth on July 24 and were celebrated around the world.

This event changed history, united nations in wonder, and opened the door for future space exploration.

The Qing Dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China, and it (ruled) the country for over 250 years. However, by the early 20th century, the dynasty (faced) internal corruption, foreign pressure, and widespread dissatisfaction among the people. In 1911, a group of revolutionaries led by Sun Yat-sen (organized) the Wuchang Uprising, which (sparked) a nationwide revolt.

The Qing government (tried) to suppress the rebellion, but many provinces (declared) their independence. As the revolution (gained) momentum, Emperor Puyi, who was just a child at the time, (was forced) to abdicate the throne in 1912. This (marked) the end of over two thousand years of imperial rule in China.

The revolution (established) the Republic of China and (inspired) future movements for modernization and democracy in the country. Although China later (experienced) political instability, the fall of the Qing Dynasty (remained) a significant turning point in Chinese history.

Marcos Castillo

In June 2025, Iran experienced a dramatic escalation of violence due to a series of airstrikes carried out by Israel on Iranian territory. These attacks hit central areas such as Tehran, Isfahan, and Tabriz, and targeted strategic military facilities, including missile silos and command centers.

This episode marks a critical point in the tensions between Iran and Israel, generating not only serious geopolitical repercussions but also humanitarian and economic consequences, pushing the region to the brink of a possible wider escalation.

4°G1TIE, Esdras Nehemías Rivera Velasco

On October 13, 1972, Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571, a Fairchild FH-227D carrying 45 people, including the Old Christians rugby team from Montevideo, crashed in the Andes mountains due to a navigation error in bad weather. The plane struck a remote glacier at about 4,000 meters, known as the "Valley of Tears." The impact killed 12 people instantly, and over the following days, 17 more died from injuries, extreme cold reaching -30°C, or an avalanche that buried several survivors. The 16 survivors endured 72 days in brutal conditions with no food or proper gear. To survive, they made the harrowing decision to eat the bodies of the deceased, after intense ethical and religious debates. After two months, Nando Parrado and Roberto Canessa trekked over 60 km for 10 days through the Andes until they found a Chilean muleteer who alerted authorities. On December 22 and 23, 1972, Chilean helicopters rescued the survivors. This story of extreme resilience, teamwork, and moral dilemmas has inspired books like Alive! (1974), films like Alive (1993), and reflections on human survival, while also leading to improved aviation safety measures.

Interesting facts:

Cannibalism Decision: After food supplies were exhausted, the survivors, many of whom were devout Catholics, held intense discussions about the moral implications of eating the deceased. They justified it as a means of survival, comparing it to organ donation or the Eucharist, and began consuming small amounts of flesh to stay alive.

Survival Against Odds: The survivors faced temperatures as low as -30°C and lacked proper clothing or shelter. They created a makeshift shelter from the plane’s fuselage and used seat covers and wreckage to insulate themselves, demonstrating remarkable ingenuity.

Avalanche Tragedy: On October 29, 1972, an avalanche struck the wreckage, killing eight more people and burying the survivors inside the fuselage for days. They dug themselves out with improvised tools, showcasing their resilience.

On July 30, 2025, a large magnitude earthquake (8.8 Mw) occurred on a subduction fault near the coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, in Russia’s Far East. It represented the strongest since the devastating 2011 Tōhoku earthquake in Japan.

The movement happened on a "megathrust" fault, where the Pacific Plate slid beneath the North American Plate, a zone highly prone to major earthquakes. The tremor was accompanied by tsunami warnings due to its shallow depth (20.7 km).

The floodwaters destroyed roads, damaged schools, and interrupted electricity and drinking water supplies. Hospitals struggled to treat the injured, while rescue teams worked around the clock to reach isolated areas. Many families sought refuge in sports halls and community centers, where volunteers provided food, clothing, and blankets.

In the days that followed, the government and aid organizations sent help, but recovery proved slow and difficult. The disaster left a deep emotional mark on the city and highlighted the urgent need for better flood prevention systems. Years later, many survivors still remembered that day as a turning point in their lives, when the community came together to face the crisis.

By: Brayan Lisandro Martinez Hernandez.

G1-TIE.

The tsunami's physical impact was profound and long-lasting. The powerful waves breached a sand spit, turning the freshwater Lake Hamana into a brackish lake. In a notable incident, the waves also destroyed the building that housed the Great Buddha statue at Kōtoku-in, though the statue itself miraculously remained intact, a well-known example of the tsunami's immense force.

The aftermath of the disaster was a time of immense change. The tsunami not only caused widespread destruction but also permanently altered the coastal topography, disrupting trade routes and towns. The event showed the extreme vulnerability of coastal communities and reinforced the importance of understanding and preparing for such natural disasters, a lesson that has guided Japan's disaster management for centuries.

On October 7, 2023, the Hamas group launched a surprise attack from the Gaza Strip against southern Israel, using rockets and armed assaults that left over a thousand dead. In response, Israel declared war and began an air and ground offensive in Gaza.

The bombings and blockade of supplies triggered a severe humanitarian crisis, with thousands of deaths, injuries, and displaced people. The conflict caused international divisions: some countries supported Israel’s right to defend itself, while others denounced the excessive use of force and the impact on Palestinian civilians.

It will be Tomorrow Saturday 19 and Sunday, October 20, the days where national and foreign tourists will live this authentic feast of flavor.

This event not only highlights the gastronomic wealth of the region, but also promotes agrotourism; It also benefits local communities, producers and microentrepreneurs, generating new opportunities for the development of tourism and promoting the identity and traditions of the area.

Douglas Josué Velázquez Martínez

The project WAS ANNOUNCED in December 2019 after an agreement with China, which FUNDED the construction with about USD 54 million.

Demolition BEGAN in October 2021, and construction STARTED on February 3, 2022.

It IS the first national library in the world to be open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

It is estimated that between 1,000 and 6,000 people died, and hundreds of thousands were left homeless. The earthquake also altered the geography of the region and released an amount of energy equivalent to millions of atomic bombs like the one that was dropped on Hiroshima.

This catastrophic event marked a turning point in seismology, as scientists learned more about the power of subduction zones and developed improved systems for earthquake and tsunami warnings.

By: Diego Alexander Ordoñez

G1-TIE

The 100-Hour War

The 100-Hour War, also known as the Football War, was an armed conflict that (occurred) between El Salvador and Honduras from July 14 to July 18, 1969. The conflict (had) as its main cause tensions due to Salvadoran migration to Honduras, where Honduran agrarian reforms (affected) thousands of families.

The situation (worsened) when qualifying football matches for the 1970 World Cup (served) as a trigger for nationalism and (caused) riots. On July 14, the Salvadoran army (crossed) the border and (occupied) several Honduran towns. The air and ground battles (reached) even the capital city, Tegucigalpa.

Finally, the Organization of American States (intervened) and on July 18 both countries (agreed) to a ceasefire. The war (caused) thousands of deaths and injuries, and (forced) the expulsion of more than 300,000 Salvadorans from Honduras. Diplomatic and commercial relations (remained) interrupted for more than a decade.

Germany's thrashing of Brazil in the 2014 World Cup

On July 8, 2014, the German national team (faced) Brazil in the semifinal of the FIFA World Cup, held in Belo Horizonte. From the start of the match, Germany (showed) a fast and precise game. In just 29 minutes, the German team (scored) five goals, leaving the crowd and the Brazilian players completely shocked. Miroslav Klose (scored) his 16th World Cup goal and (broke) the all-time scoring record. Thomas Müller, Toni Kroos, and Sami Khedira also (contributed) to the scoreboard. In the second half, Germany (added) two more goals through André Schürrle, while Brazil only (managed) to score a consolation goal with Oscar in the final minutes. Finally, Germany (defeated) Brazil 7–1, a result that (remained) engraved as one of the biggest humiliations in football history.

Douglas Josué Velázquez Martínez

On January 13, 2001, a powerful earthquake struck El Salvador. Many houses collapsed, roads were destroyed, and hundreds of families lost everything. Rescuers worked day and night, and the solidarity of the people united the country in the midst of the tragedy.

Andrés Eduardo Caballero Ramos

When the bus (became) full, the driver (ordered) Parks to give her seat to a white passenger. She calmly (refused). Her act of defiance (was) a brave stand against injustice. As a result, the police (arrived) and (arrested) her.

Her arrest (sparked) outrage in the community and (led) to the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which (was organized) by civil rights leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. The boycott (lasted) for 381 days and finally, the Supreme Court (ruled) that segregation on public buses (was) unconstitutional. Rosa Parks's simple act (helped) to change a nation.

In recent years, the Historic Center of San Salvador was transformed into one of the most important urban projects in the country. For decades, the area suffered neglect, faced insecurity, and lost much of its cultural value.

The government and the community worked together to recover its beauty. They restored buildings, cleaned the plazas, and organized cultural events that attracted thousands of people. Historic sites such as the National Palace and the National Theater were repaired and painted, while streets became pedestrian zones.

The authorities also implemented modern lighting, removed unsafe structures, and encouraged local businesses to open again. This modernization created new jobs, improved safety, and gave citizens a renewed sense of pride.