Osaka being the second largest metropolitan region of Japan also plays a large role in its increasingly humid weather. With such high numbers in such a small region, being the second smallest prefecture by size, Osaka's population only represents 7% of the entirety of Japan. Despite it being such a small region, its population is over 20 million, which makes it one of the biggest metropolitan areas in the world. When you think about Osaka's pollution in respect to their population and size it makes sense for it to be condensely polluted. With so many citizens driving and biking around, it is bound to get polluted severely. This would not be severe if for example the population of Osaka was 10% of itself, which is 200,000, making it a much lighter scale of pollution, proportionate to the region's size, but that is definitely not the case. The disproportionate citizen to land ratio is causing Osaka's small environment to become polluted. It is found that air quality is worse in cities rather than rural and remote areas, this is because of dense populating. In densely populated areas, there are more cars and bikes to pollute the air. This is a social cause because it is the society that is causing this effect to occur to their environment and since it is the population, it links to society and humans, making it a social factor. 

The most signficant causal factor in Osaka would be the social factor. Most of the issues that erupt that cause for carbon emissions are never natural. All of the issues that occur, occur not because of environmental itself, but always because of human disruption to the environment. The social factor is the general root to both the economic causes as well as the environmental causes. Humans run the economy, and keep industrialisation moving, which would cause for carbon emissions to be released into the air, and for the UHI effect, it was referred to as a bearable factor either way, making it environmental as well as social. Yes the location of Osaka makes it difficult to keep sustainable, though if it were not for society making a large social impact and societal growth then the heat increase would not have occured, making the social factor the most significant. 

It is likely that heat waves will become worse under climate change - heat waves and climate change is a major social and political challenge that requires reducing the amount of carbon emissions in the air.  If the population, being the social cause, continues to add more greenhouse gases at the current rate into the atmosphere then the temperature will continue to rise. Melbourne has become highly populated and in some areas more industrial so when the city warms up it traps the heat making it hotter at night which is known as the Urban Heat Island effect. This is a social cause because the greenhouse gases that society produces is what is causing for more carbon emissions to occur. 

Melbourne's geographical positioning causes it to be damaged by the natural environment. In summer, Melbourne has to endure the hot weather that is blown its direction from Central Australia, classified as one of the hottest areas on Earth. This is called the synoptic pattern, when hot air travels from Central to the South-east corner, in Melbourne. This is a completely environmental effect because it cannot be controlled by anything. This is a completely natural process, making it an environmental cause.

The most significant causes in Melbourne would be social because the social factor is the one that can be the most helped. The other two environmental factors are completely natural and unstoppable, and should just be left alone, as for the social aspect with greenhouse gases, this is a factor that can be stopped. This is the most significant and most attention deserving factor as it is the factor that could help the environment, reducing carbon emissions and greenhouse gases. Social is the most significant factor because focusing attention on it could reduce the rapid heat increase in Melbourne.

One way Osaka is suffering from its dense population, is the industrialisation that is slowly damaging the environment with its pollution. Because of the dense construction in Osaka, the air pollution can very severely affect the lives of Osakans, as well as damaging the air. Construction can create carbon monoxide through contamination at sites, this is bad for those who live in Osaka, because with its densely populated areas, they may breathe in carbon monoxide. This is bad for them because when it is breathed, it displaces the oxygen in your blood, depriving the heart, brain and vital organs of oxygen, which is what many Osakan people are breathing in. This is a social factor because the society of Osaka are the ones that are suffering from the issue. It is the human beings that are facing repercussions of industrialism.

Because of Global Warming, Osaka's sea level is rising, due to the mass amount of ice melting. With the increased sea level from global warming, the chances of Osaka and many other Japanese cities being flooded raise drastically. Osaka has previously been vulnerable to situations where they are prone to natural disasters. In 2005, Osaka had been ranked in the "10 port cities that were most exposed to coastal flooding and wind damage from a typhoon (tropical cyclone)" that being said, with an increase in sea level, it is inevitable that this can happen. It is estimated that 3'3 more feet of water, which is 1 meter could be 4.1 million Japanese people at risk of a flood, overwhelming 2,339 square kilometres in major cities including Osaka. Scientists believe that this will happen if the global warming trends that are occuring today continue. If the projections that scientists are saying are true, it is possible that Osaka could suffer the loss or damage of U.S $1trillion dollars in assets owing to coastal flooding by the 2070s, which is 4 times more than what its risk already is, at US $216 billion dollars. This is an economic factor, because as with the gradual damage to the environment, it is predicted that the economic damage will cost them lots of money. Money correlates to the economy, which makes this an economic factor.

With Osaka's vulnerable state, it could be argued that social or economic factors are the least of their issues, as the region is gradually getting warmer and warmer. Yes, the economy could possibly collapse and cause outbreak and extreme adversities for the entire city, though the economic troubles are mainly caused through the environmental changes. Same applies to the social aspect of things, yes the people are suffering and there are lots of casualties as well as fatalities, though these are generally caused through the extreme environment and weather. With this, the environmental factor is the most significant, because the effects that had erupted in both social and economic factors were because of the environmental effects that Osaka had suffered. Though this is not the only reason environmental is the most significant factor, it is also the most important because it plays a big part in Osaka's future. If the environmental effects begin to become properly managed, then all three SHEEPT effects will gradually solve themselves, with no money spent on the damage caused from the environmental effects, as well as no human casualties or fatalities.

What the extremely hot weather and heatwaves does to society is peak use in air conditioning which can cause overloading electricity grids and then blackouts. Heatwaves can kill people especially in built up areas like Melbourne more so than natural disasters. Lower social - economic groups and our homeless people are found to be more vulnerable during heat waves causing use of air conditioning or having no air conditioning at all, which either way is bad for . Those suffering from mental health and children with asthma can also be affected by heat waves. This is a social factor because the heat increase is hurting individual human lives in society, linking to social, because humans correlate to the social factor.

Climate change will cost the local economy $12.6 billion by 2050.  There will also be an effect on agriculture, tourism, insurance and finance sectors which wii, be a growing expense to the population.  Heat Waves can affect people in their activities and spending affecting the local economy where they are more inclined to stay indoors away from the heat.  Bushfires costs can be estimated in the billions (Black Saturday bushfires had a total cost of $4.4 billion)  As bushfires may occur more often due to the heatwaves and increasing temperatures this is a major concern. This is an economic factor because the damage that is caused to Melbourne had costed them money, and as the economy is linked and flows through money, this is an economic effect. 

Melbourne suffers environmental  Because causes for Melbourne to suffer economic loss, as well as societal adversities. If the weather in Melbourne gradually got better, then both societal and economic adversities would mostly be solved. 

-Matcha-PR. "Heatstroke And Japanese Summer - More Than Just Heat." Matcha, 29 May. 2015. 
https://matcha-jp.com/en/853

Makiko Nakata, Itaru Sano and Sonoyo Mukai   ,"Air pollutants in Osaka (Japan)" ,¹Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Japan , ²Kyoto College of Graduate Studies for Informatics, Kyoto, Japan, 18 March. 2015. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2015.00018/full#:~:text=Increasing%20emission%20of%20anthropogenic%20particles%20is%20causing%20heavy%20air%20pollution.&text=Osaka%20is%20the%20second%20largest,emitted%20from%20vehicles%20and%20industry

"Melbourne vs Osaka", Versus.com https://versus.com/en/melbourne-vs-osaka