✽ The Feminist Evolution of Understanding Violence Against Women ✽ by Kaylea Egnor https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4 Western Perceptions: 1960s-Present en-us 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC 2021-12-11 14:15:25 UTC hello@padlet.com kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679522 The evolution of feminism over the last 60 years has in turn increased the platform for women to share their stories. This has meant more honest representation of this type of violence and such is evident in the progression of assigning this phenomenon a name.]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679522 1960s- late 1970s kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679523 Battered Women/Wives

First research in the field of VAW uses this terminology. A watered down version of the truth which downplayed the frequency and severity of the issue to fit the rigidly patriarchal political system.]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679523 1970s- 1980s kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679524 domestic violence

overall feminist women’s liberation movements of this period were instrumental in the cultural change which allowed for this distinctive evolution of language.]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679524 1990s kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679525 intimate partner violence

A win for intersectionality, but in reality was a push from anti-feminist organizations to deflect public perceptions as men from looking as violent as they statistically are.

DeKeseredy,W., Schwartz,M."Male Peer Support and Violence Against Women: The History and Verification of a Theory" Northeastern University. 2003. pg 23-44.]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679525 mid 1990s-present kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679526 violence against women

As Western culture evolved even further with the connective abilities of technology, so did the platform for honesty about abuse. Also evolving was the data on this type of violence which proved, without a doubt, that the most common scenario is violence occurring against women, and perpetrated by men.]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679526 modern definition kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679527 Violence Against Women is now defined by its inability to fit a single definition. Modern feminist discussions include mentions of stalking and the victimization rate of women, digital sexual imagery, the extremely disproportionate violence against sex workers and Indigenous women, coercive control  modifications for anti-feminist laws, personal experiences of women, LGBTQ+ relationships, and constantly broadening topics related to the issue.]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679527 this era, spanning the 1980s through 2015 saw many more feminist ideas integrated, but still not many female perspectives behind the publications which was an issue. This is not to discredit the trailblazing work done by researchers during this period, but a phenomenon which so deeply depend on sociological factors unique to womanhood can only be truly represented when writings by those with knowledge of the affects of those undefined factors are included as well. kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679528 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679528 kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679529 "Since the 1970s, domestic violence literature has grown exponentially. Current data on domestic violence represents what family violence researchers refer to as ‘the tip of the iceberg’, as the vast majority of domestic violence goes unreported, even today." 

Cronin, Virginia Lee, "Silence Is Golden: Older Women's Voices and The Analysis Of Meaning Among Survivor's Of Domestic Violence" (2013). Dissertations - ALL. 19.

]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679529 Coercive Control kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679530 Coercive control, though topic of academic discussion since the 70s, still is not universally recognized for its role in instances of violence against women. This 2013 writing by Evan Stark quotes:

the combination of coercion and control is the most devastating form of abuse as well as the most common. (page 18).
]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679530 kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679531 This work by feminist scholar Kristin Anderson offers several propositions explaining the impact of the social patriarchy on coercive control (male peer support theory!) , but this direct quote perhaps communicates the message most strongly:

"gendered structural inequality increases women’s vulnerability"

]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679531 kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679533 The Power and Control Wheel was developed in 1984 and attempts to provide a broad explanation of the ways in which people can be violent towards eachother without physical or sexual assault.]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679533 The affect of domestic violence on the family rather than just the wife became prevalent with reports such as these which came from diversifying research in the VAWA era. kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679534 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679534 kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679535 The impact on this development in the field is evident with the 2005 reauthorization of the VAWA to include program assisting children who have been victimized or are at risk.

https://nationalwomenshistoryalliance.org/resources/womens-rights-movement/detailed-timeline/]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679535 Male Peer Support Theory kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679536 The Male Peer Support Theory, supported in modern lit as shown above articulates how men getaway with such staggering levels of violence, which is a feminist acknowledgment of a dark truth women have known for generations.

https://www.biscmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/bhart_Genderedsocialbond.pdf]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679536 kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679537 Seeing research focusing on violence within dating relationships is an important feature of modernity s opposed to past sentiments where within a relationship, it was a man's right to do as he pleased.]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679537 battered women kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679538 symbolizes a weakened and victimized woman, criticized and rarely used in modern discourse for to avoid reducing survivors to this stereotype as well as to include other types of abuse.]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679538 domestic violence kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679539 introduced to stress the point that most of the abuse towards women occurs within the home or close relationships, and not all violence is physical.

most commonly used in modern discourse and preferred by many people who have experienced this type of trauma1, but is often less applicable than VAW due to its specificity.
 
1Cronin, Virginia Lee, "Silence Is Golden: Older Women's Voices and The Analysis Of Meaning Among Survivor's Of Domestic Violence" (2013). Dissertations - ALL. 19.

]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679539 kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679540 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679540 intimate partner violence kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679541 preferred by some due to its inclusive nature, especially when discussing LGBTQ or dating relationship.

rejected by feminist scholars due to misrepresenting that this phenomenon doesn't disproportionately affect women and spreading the false narrative that women enact even close to the same rates of domestic violence as men]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679541 violence against women kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679542 preferred by feminist scholars due to its reflection of the gender discrepancies of domestic partner violence

argued against being included in legislation by federal lobbyists seeking to appease sexist organizations]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679542 The Incel Movement kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679544 https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/the-rage-of-the-incels

What makes incels dangerous is their capability to orchestrate organized instances of violence against women through online connectivity. The digital communities where these degenerates congregate serve as a breeding ground and sharing pool for dangerous ideas about women, their entitlement to female attention, and how women are to blame for all of the failures of their lives. These conversations and ideas have lead to several real instances of violence against women globally.]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679544 kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679545 Incels (which is short for involuntarily celebate) blame women as a whole for deliberately causing whatever is wrong in their lives- though in reality their entitlement to female attention and affection has usually just been denied through basic interactions with women which in turn shapes their whole perspective.]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679545 "I Don't Hate All Women, Just Those Stuck-Up Bitches" kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679546 This article discusses two of the main issues of Violence Against Women in modernity: incels and extreme pornography. Having an academic space which has become welcoming to feminist perspectives allows for research like this to combat violent threats to women in post-modern situations.]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679546 Violence against women during covid-19 pandemic restrictions kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679547 Through the last three years, the agency of women experiencing violence in their home has lessened even further by the global health crisis. The outside connections which help women survive social situations were, in some instances, entirely restricted by stay-at-home orders. This, on top of the fact that VAW can increase even further during humanitarian crisis1 lead to in some instances tripling rates of domestic violence between February 2019 and February 2020.2

1Roesch E, Amin A, Gupta J, García-Moreno C. Violence against women during covid-19 pandemic restrictions BMJ  2020;  369 :m1712 doi:10.1136/bmj.m1712

2Parkinson, Debra, and Claire Zara. “The Hidden Disaster: Domestic Violence in the Aftermath of Natural Disaster.” 2013. The Australian Journal of Emergency Management, vol. 28, no. 2, Australian Emergency Management Institute, 2013, pp. 28–35, https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.364519372739042.



]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679547 kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679548 The UN refers to VAW as a "Shadow Pandemic" which has intensified through COVID. The article then states that in Mexico, emergency calls related to VAW increased by 53% in the first four months of 2020. This has been seen globally as lockdowns have provided abusers with new outlets to asssert power and control ]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679548 Anti-Feminist Politics kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679549 The Obama administration's definition of domestic violence included elaborate acknowledgements of physical, sexual, emotional, economic and psychological abuse1. It spans the length of the page with statements of how it can happen to anyone regardless of social characteristics, and mention of the cycle of violence. for both victims and abusers. On April 14 2018, without announcement, the Trump administration reduced the entire statement to: 

The term “domestic violence” includes felony or misdemeanor crimes of violence committed by a current or former spouse or intimate partner of the victim, by a person with whom the victim shares a child in common, by a person who is cohabitating with or has cohabitated with the victim as a spouse or intimate partner, by a person similarly situated to a spouse of the victim under the domestic or family violence laws of the jurisdiction receiving grant monies, or by any other person against an adult or youth victim who is protected from that person’s acts under the domestic or family violence laws of the jurisdiction.2  


The page then gives a few links then a video twice the size of the definition of the DoJ "celebrating" Domestic Violence Awareness Month. To comment aside from political affiliation, this blatant irony reads like a dark comedy.

This is dangerous to Western perceptions of VAW as it is government endorsed erasure of all non-convicted instances of violence when the majority of them aren't reported, let alone fully prosecuted in favor of the victim.


Fact Checked: https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/doj-change-domestic-violence-definition/

      1https://web.archive.org/web/20180409111243/https:/www.justice.gov/ovw/domestic-violence

2https://www.justice.gov/ovw/domestic-violence
]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679549 Military VAW More Frequent but More Overlooked kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679550 "Incidents of spousal abuse in the military" were "more than twice that of the national population," according to 2019 data cited by the nonprofit Blue Star Families.1

O'Donnel, Nora, Steve, Kristin, et., al. “Military's Domestic Violence Crisis Compounded after 20 Years of War.” CBS News, CBS Interactive, www.cbsnews.com/news/militarys-domestic-violence-crisis-investigation-norah-odonnell-cbs-news/. 
]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679550 kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679552 Violence Against Women is especially dangerous when one or more parties involved are in the military, to the extent of alleged cover-ups in the instance of missing women who reported abuse.1


qOxner, Reese. “Army Report Finds Fort Hood Soldier Vanessa Guillén Reported Being Sexually Harassed Twice before She Was Killed.” The Texas Tribune, The Texas Tribune, 30 Apr. 2021, www.texastribune.org/2021/04/30/vanessa-guillen-sexual-harassment-fort-hood/.  

https://www.wavy.com/domestic-violence-awareness/domestic-violence-in-military-underreported-cases-not-handled-consistently-data-shows/]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679552 Pornography kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679553 Modern porn is constantly becoming more and more predatory through increasing displays of violence, fetishization of children, and reach to young and impressionable audiences.

DeKeseredy,Walter and Anna Deane Carlson. "Understanding The Harms of Pornography: The Contributions of Social Scientific Knowledge". Culture Reframed. 2020.

]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679553 kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679554 The increase of sexual imagery in advertisement has lead to humanity seeking something more exciting to sell as porn, which in modern instances is violent sexual imagery. This indoctrinates young males into believing this is what sex is and is increasing instances of violence against women in increasingly younger age ranges.]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679554 kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679555 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679555 Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women (MMIW) kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679556 More than 4 in 5 American Indian and Alaska Native women have experienced violence, and more than 1 in 2 have experienced sexual violence.]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679556 kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679558 Indigenous Women, Girls, and Two Spirits experience exponentially high rates of violence compared to other demographics. Why then is this not at the forefront of modern feminist discussions of Violence Against Women? For the same reason that, through the popular modern police brutality discourse it's rarely mentioned that Native people are the most likely minoritized group to be killed by police officers.1 In a social scape where Native people have to fight so hard to be seen, organizations such as the ones below are especially important in fighting VAW.

1Coalition to Stop Violence Against Native Women "#MMIWG2S – Missing and Murdered Indigenous Womxn, Girls, and Two Spirit" https://www.csvanw.org/mmiw


]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679558 kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679559 https://www.csvanw.org/mmiw

The U.S Department of Justice found that American Indian women [girls, and two spirit] face murder rates that are more than 10 times the national average
]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679559 kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679560 MMIW USA is an organization which fights boots on the ground against violence against Native women by holding meetings with self-defense lessons and a staff of survivors providing wisdom and strength to future generations.]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679560 kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679561 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679561 Nicola Henry. Ph.D kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679562 Being in middle school during the early 2010's, I was always annoyed by the assemblies we had warning us against sending nudes. I mean, I knew that many of my friends did but none of us understood the consequences of the early days of SnapChat. That was until the boys realized the power they held through coercion and group chats. That was way before any of us understood that what we were doing was the distribution of child pornography. Though, the few times I had friends experience "leaks", it felt criminal. Seeing this phenomenon represented in literature is so important in raising awareness and demonstrating the severity of this new breed of offense. ]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679562 Mary Koss, Ph.D kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679563 Modern feminist literature on VAW has an immeasurable advantage to research of the past: honest female perspective. This is evident in Koss' research which brings to light something women have been conditioned to survive in secret for hundreds of years, that most instances of sexual violence against women are perpetrated by people they already know. Seeing this acknowledgment of the assaults which traumatize women but rarely see administrative justice is an important building block in the societal shift towards believing women. ]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679563 Louise McOrmond-Plummer, Ph.D kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679564 For the first time in history, perspectives towards Violence Against Women are including discussions of early prevention through educating boys against it rather than solely placing responsibility on women due to the gradual shift towards a more feminist social scape.]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679564 Callie Rennison, Ph.D kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679565 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679565 Meagan Tyler, Ph.D kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679567 Sadly, violence is often seen as collateral damage when enacted against sex workers and people who peform sexual labors have experienced disproportionate rates of extreme violence for generations. It's still debated in modern society whether it is even possible to sexually assault a sex worker (which, yes duh). The direct relationship between sex work and homelessness makes these women especially vulnerable. Research like this is an important example of the respect towards otherwise underrepresented demographics which is possible with a more feminist understanding of VAW.]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679567 kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679569 Tyler's writing on instagram influencers as sexualized labor is an important piece of modern feminist research. This article addresses the issue of the blurring definition of porn and advertisement in today's digital culture.]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679569 kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679571
"Marriage-the notion that husband and wife were one and that one was the husband-made domestic violence permissible and acceptable"   
                                                     ELIZABETH M. SCHNEIDER  
     
ELIZABETH M. SCHNEIDER ET AL., DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND THE LAW: THEORY AND PRACTICE I- 2 (2d ed. 2008). 
]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679571 kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679572 In England, during the reign of Edward I and articulated in the Statutes of Westminster in 1275 and 1285, the crime of rape took a theoretical leap, from being solely a personal family problem to one related to the extension of the King’s jurisdiction as an issue of “public safety”.42 
Marital rape, however, was and in most places still is envisioned as a totally different phenomenon. There was no compensation to be paid, no family disfavor, and no feeling that a threat to public safety had occurred. 

Fox, Vivian C. (2002). Historical Perspectives on Violence Against Women. Journal of International Women's Studies, 4(1), 15-34. Available at: https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol4/iss1/2  
]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679572 From the Sept. 25, 1964, issue of TIME kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679573 "The periods of violent behavior by the husband," the doctors observed, "served to release him momentarily from his anxiety about his ineffectiveness as a man, while giving his wife apparent masochistic gratification and helping probably to deal with the guilt arising from the intense hostility expressed in her controlling, castrating behavior."

The article then describes VAW as "temporary therapy" for husbands. This dangerous assumption that violence is inherently male and they deserve an outlet for such still lingers in modern anti-feminist disource.


http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,876203,00.html
]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679573 BATTERED WOMEN - A PSYCHOSOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE (1977) kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679574 Battered Woman Syndrome was considered a physcological condition formed through domestic violence with certain signs and symptoms believed to serve as indication of abuse. However, in more recent years this notion has been dismissed due to better understanding the range of effects of VAW.]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679574 "the silent crisis" kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679575 Though research increased during the 70s, the issue wasn't accepted as being such a normalcy in the past. Violence against women was seen as an issue subject to be hidden within the household in much of Western society until this point.

https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/wife-beating-silent-crisis]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679575 kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679576 The term “domestic violence” emerged in the United States with the rise of the women’s movement in the 1970s. Before that, violence between partners was considered a private matter.

Alison M. Heru, MD
Psychiatric Times, Psychiatric Times Vol 25 No 9, Volume 25, Issue 9
]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679576 1970s kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679577 Grassroots feminist organizations gained national attention for the battered women's movement by holding large rallies across the states.]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679577 1978 kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679578 U.S. Commission on Civil Rights hearings legitimize the needs of battered women as a national concern

https://wiki.preventconnect.org/violence-against-women-prevention-timeline/ ]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679578 1984 kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679579 The Battered Woman Syndrome written by Lenore Walker ]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679579 1988 kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679580 Male Peer Support theory introduced, explaining VAW in terms of patriarchal social ties]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679580 1990 kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679582 then-Senator Joe Biden initiates the effort to enact the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA)

https://www.genderontheballot.org/the-history-of-the-violence-against-women-act-and-where-it-stands-today/]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679582 1993 kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679583 Male Peer Support Theoory expanded and published by Martin Shwartz and Walter DeKeseredy]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679583 1994 kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679584 the VAWA is passed after four years of heavy opposition from anti-feminist government officials, organizations and lobbyists. This saw the development of police sensitivity training, the national 24-hour hotline for Domestic Abuse and solidified the right of women to sue their abusers and constitutional. As the development of agriculture allowed ancient Mesopotamians to settle and diversify labor, the passing of the VAWA allowed activists in the field to specialize both research and relief for specific forms of violence against women.

https://nationalwomenshistoryalliance.org/resources/womens-rights-movement/detailed-timeline/]]> 2021-12-11 12:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941679584 2021 kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941701976 The VAWA was reauthorized with several important protection addendums fixing issues in the original. Some of these improvements include:

  • housing protections that allow survivors in federally-assisted housing to relocate to new, safe housing with victim relocation vouchers; maintain housing after a perpetrator leaves; or terminate a lease early;
  • closure of dangerous legal loopholes in existing federal domestic violence-related firearms laws that will help reduce domestic violence and dating violence homicides
  • restoration of tribal jurisdiction that allows tribes to hold non-native perpetrators of sexual assault, stalking, child abuse, elder abuse, assault against law enforcement officers, and trafficking accountable when they commit crimes on native lands
The last is especially important in the feminist movement towards believed those who are most harshly silenced- as you will later read- often by the police themselves.
]]> 2021-12-11 12:51:06 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941701976 the assumed inability of the government to penetrate the privacy of the home was a strong defense by abusers and their social systems against early VAW protections kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941703703 2021-12-11 12:53:24 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941703703 2005 kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941708470 The retaliatory threat against speaking up is deterred when  Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education rules that Title IX prohibits punishing someone for complaining about sex-based discrimination.

The VAWA reauthorized to include new protections for victims experiencing homelessness, having troubles accessing the legal services available and special protections focused on children in violent circumstances.



https://nationalwomenshistoryalliance.org/resources/womens-rights-movement/detailed-timeline/]]> 2021-12-11 13:00:17 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941708470 2013 kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941709574 the VAWA is reauthorized and expanded to include protections for Native women, lesbians and immigrants after 20 years.

https://nationalwomenshistoryalliance.org/resources/womens-rights-movement/detailed-timeline/]]> 2021-12-11 13:01:46 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941709574 Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape (1975) kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941716641 Susan Brownmiller introduced the prevalence of rape which had been common discourse among the feminist movement to the mainstream with this book, cited by Sascha Cohen for Time Magazine as

"one of the first books to define rape as a political problem rather than an individual crime of passion"(Cohen). ]]> 2021-12-11 13:11:45 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941716641 Cycle of Violence (1979) kje0009 https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941722360 9One of the first indications of feminist perspectives within the VAW movement was seen through discussion of the cycle of violence. This,still relevant explanation of what makes domestic abuse especially dangerous was one of the first explanations for the phenomenon that didn't rely on fault of the victim or inherent traits of the abuser, but rather acknowledged manipulation within violent relationships.  This theory is now widely accepted across general discussions of violence.

https://www.womenscenteryfs.org/index.php/get-info/prevention/education/14-cycle-of-violence

https://mpdc.dc.gov/page/cycle-violence]]> 2021-12-11 13:19:33 UTC https://padlet.com/kje0009/l29plbcza25yxmo4/wish/1941722360