I highlighted this because it states the general problem of the article and shows how adolescents often become bystanders when witnessing bullying.

            -"compassion was associated with less aggressive defending and empathic anger was associated with more aggressive defending"

I highlighted this because it shows how anger is related to aggression and how adolescents respond.

            -"Importantly, the findings support the distinctive role of compassion in constructive prosocial and lower aggressive defending."

I highlighted this because it shows that compassion influences the response of adolescents to bullying and lowers aggression.

            -"Prosocial defending includes comforting the victimized peer, involving an adult for help, or using assertive communication directed at the person bullying. Aggressive defending includes retaliation and a motivation to attack or threaten the person bullying, either indirectly"

I highlighted this because it gives a good definition of prosocial defending vs aggressive defending.

I highlighted this because I agree that compassion is something that needs to be modeled and taught.

-"upon returning to school after the pandemic lockdown, many young people experienced an increase in depression and social anxiety that can be counteracted by prosocial behavior"

I highlighted this because it shows how recent events have affected children and the importance of implementing ways to solve the issue.

-"Just seeing compassion and kindness in action releases chemicals in the brain that helps them calm down,” she said. “It slows the heart rate and releases serotonin that counters symptoms of depression."

I highlighted this because it gives evidence of how compassion and prosocial behavior can affect our minds and bodies.

-"Too often, Dr. Baxley said, parents place a higher value on getting good grades or winning at sports than on helping people who need it"

I highlighted this because I agree that there needs to be more focus on the importance of social and emotional intelligence, regulating the nervous system, and treating others with kindness.

-I found this important because it identified ways that educators can cultivate compassion in schools.

"The adaptation of a general program on compassion training can benefit from attending to how to show compassion in the context of concrete interactions in schools, and this can support educators in developing skillful means of care."

-I like how this says that there is benefits to creating a general program on compassion training.

"All too often, policies and practices, such as grading, discipline, and accountability can cause pain and harm"

-This stood out to me because many of the common school practices are harmful.

"Responding to suffering in schools requires attending to interpersonal and intrapersonal skills and to the systemic factors that perpetuate suffering."

-This is important because there needs to be appropriate response to students and educators suffering.

• This gives a good definition of compassion.

"Compassion involves "feeling for another" and is a precursor to empathy, the "feeling as another" capacity"

• This distinction between compassion and empathy is important.

"Compassion involves allowing oneself to be moved by suffering to help alleviate and prevent it."

• This is a good description of how compassion can be utilized for yourself and others.

"Other virtues that harmonize with compassion include patience, wisdom, kindness, perseverance, warmth, and resolve. It is often, though not inevitably, the key component in altruism."

• This gives a good background of other words that are synonymous in a way with compassion.

-I found this interesting because it is similar to the golden rule.

"reflect on why you decided to work in education in the first place"

-This is a good return point for educators to recognize how things have changed and what they could do better.

"practice mindfulness"

-this is very broad but important and can mean different things for different people.

"create strategies to manage stress and care for your physical body"

-This is so important in just being a human in general.

• This is an interesting distinction between the brain differences in experiencing empathy and compassion.

"You have to relate to educate, so I have ways to connect to students at the beginning of class each day"

• I think this is so important in helping students feel included and appreciated at school.

"Compassion is not only understanding how they feel but doing something to make the situation better, if it’s in our power to do so."

• There is a difference between understanding and acting on it.

"Socialization time is vital. Kids can feel left out"

• This is a part of why it is so important to encourage socialization in learning.

• I found this important because it shows the necessity of teaching social and emotional intelligence to kids.

"Several studies in elementary school students show promising program outcomes, including improvements in attention, executive functioning, working memory, and emotional regulation"

• This shows the outcomes of teaching and implementing this.

"educators and researchers can tap into this critical period of neurodevelopment to foster greater social and emotional skills in young individuals, potentially yielding lasting positive effects on their overall well-being and social interactions"

• elementary school really is a crucial period for neurodevelopment that can often be overlooked.

"Moreover, emerging research suggests that integrating mindfulness directly into the core curriculum, rather than treating it as a separate activity, may be more effective"

• This really stood out to me because some teachers may integrate a small mindfulness activity once a week, but that is not showing kids the necessary consistency of the practice.

• This is a positive outcome from programs such as this.

"see social-emotional learning as the foundation for everything at school. I don’t understand how we can expect young people to focus on academic subjects like math, English, history, and geography when they don’t feel safe"

• Safety and connection is so important in learning and this emphasizes that.

"The sooner students develop emotional intelligence, awareness, and a comfort level in discussions, the better their interpersonal relationships will be."

• I agree with this and think it is so important for kids to learn this early on.

"promote equity in education by providing social and emotional learning (SEL) to under-resourced youth who may not receive it in their schools"

• this is important because although we may try to implement programs like this in every school it is not always achievable, but should be accessible to everyone.