MS2417121145

IDLAN AQIFF BIN ZURAIMI

MS2417120617

MS2417121247

ADAM ZAFIR BIN ROZMAM

MS2417120822

5% NH3

10% NaOH

2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine

0.3 M AgNO3

I2 in KI solution

Ethanal

Benzaldehyde

Propanone

Unknown Y

1. Approximately 1 mL of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine was placed into four separate test tubes.

2. Five drops of ethanal, benzaldehyde, propanone, and unknown Y were added into the respective test tubes.

3. The test tubes were shaken.

4. The formation of a precipitate was observed.

Note:

If no precipitate was formed, 2 mL of distilled water was added, and the test tubes were heated in a water bath at 60–70°C.

(B) Fehling’s Test

1. Approximately 1 mL of ethanal, benzaldehyde, propanone, and unknown Y was placed in four separate test tubes.

2. 2 mL of Fehling’s solution was added to each test tube.

3. The test tubes were shaken gently.

4. The mixtures were heated in a hot water bath for 15–20 minutes.

5. The observations were recorded.

(C) Tollens’ Test

1. Tollens’ reagent was prepared by adding one drop of 10% NaOH to 2 mL of 0.3 M AgNO₃ in a boiling tube.

2. 5% NH₃ was added dropwise until the precipitate dissolved.

3. Approximately 1 mL of ethanal, benzaldehyde, propanone, and unknown Y was placed in separate test tubes.

4. 1 mL of Tollens’ reagent was added to each test tube, and the mixtures were shaken gently.

5. The mixtures were allowed to stand for 3 minutes. If no change was observed, the mixtures were warmed in a water bath at 60–70°C for 5 minutes.

6. The observations were recorded.

(D) Iodoform Test

1. Ten drops of iodine in potassium iodide (I₂ in KI) solution were added to 3 mL of distilled water in a boiling tube.

2. Five drops of ethanal were added to the boiling tube, and the mixture was shaken gently.

3. 10% NaOH was added dropwise to the boiling tube until the colour of the iodine faded.

4. The mixture was allowed to stand for 2–3 minutes. If no precipitate formed, the boiling tube was warmed in a water bath at 60–70°C.

5. If the colour of iodine disappeared, more iodine in KI solution was added until the iodine colour was retained. Step 4 was repeated.

6. The observations were recorded.

7. The above steps were repeated with benzaldehyde, propanone, and unknown Y.

Examples

1. Formaldehyde in Disinfectants

• Role: Formaldehyde, an aldehyde, is used as a disinfectant and preservative due to its ability to denature proteins and kill bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

• Application: It is commonly used in household cleaning agents and laboratory preservation solutions.

2. Acetone in Nail Polish Remover

• Role: Acetone, a ketone, is an excellent solvent for dissolving nail polish. Its carbonyl group allows it to interact with and break down polymeric materials in nail polish.

• Application: Acetone evaporates quickly, leaving surfaces clean and dry.

3. Vanillin in Food Flavoring

• Role: Vanillin, an aldehyde, contributes to the sweet and pleasant aroma of vanilla flavoring. Its carbonyl group enhances its interaction with taste and aroma receptors.

• Application: It is used extensively in baked goods, beverages, and desserts.

2. Medicinal Applications

Examples

1. Formaldehyde in Vaccines

• Role: Formaldehyde is used to inactivate viruses or bacteria in vaccines, ensuring they cannot cause disease while still stimulating an immune response.

• Effectiveness: The carbonyl group reacts with amino acids in proteins, crosslinking them and stabilizing the inactive pathogens, making vaccines safe and effective.

2. Cortisone for Inflammation

• Role: Cortisone, a steroid containing a ketone group, is used to reduce inflammation and treat conditions like arthritis and allergic reactions.

• Effectiveness: The ketone group plays a role in cortisone’s ability to bind to specific receptors, altering inflammatory responses at the molecular level.

3. Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)

• Role: Paracetamol contains an amide group (derived from carbonyl chemistry) and is widely used as a pain reliever and fever reducer.

• Effectiveness: Its chemical structure allows it to inhibit enzymes involved in pain and fever regulation.

3. Environmental or Green Chemistry Angle

Examples

1. Bio-Based Production of Acetone

• Eco-Friendly Innovation: Traditional acetone production involves petrochemical processes that release greenhouse gases. A greener alternative is the acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation process, which uses renewable feedstocks like corn or sugarcane and microbes (e.g., Clostridium acetobutylicum).

• Impact: This reduces reliance on fossil fuels and minimizes waste and emissions.

2. Reducing Waste in Formaldehyde Production

• Eco-Friendly Innovation: Conventional formaldehyde production involves oxidizing methanol with significant byproduct formation. Green chemistry approaches focus on using catalysts like silver or iron oxide to enhance selectivity and reduce waste.

• Impact: This process decreases energy consumption and minimizes hazardous byproducts.

3. Use of Biodegradable Polymers

• Example: Esters and ketones derived from bio-based feedstocks are used in creating biodegradable plastics, reducing plastic waste.

• Impact: These materials break down naturally, reducing long-term environmental pollution and supporting sustainability goals.

These examples demonstrate the importance of carbonyl compounds in everyday life, their critical roles in medicine, and the ongoing efforts to apply green chemistry principles to improve sustainability and reduce environmental impact.

A) Triiodomethane and CHI3.

B) Carbonyl group

2.

Fehling's test. When Fehling's solution is added to propanal and heated, a brick-red precipitate of Cu2O forms. This shows thatpropanal has an aldehyde group. But propanone, which is a ketone, does not react with Fehling's solution, so there is no precipitate.

3.

Both propanol and propanone dissolve well in water because they

can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Propanol has an OH group, which makes strong hydrogen bonds. Propanone has a carbonyl group, which also interacts with water, but not as

strongly as propanol. Since both molecules are small, they mix

easily with water.