Diagnostic Group Information by Emily Simmerman https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329 Diagnostic Groups Covered in RTH 329 en-us 2018-09-16 18:36:38 UTC 2026-06-05 07:18:27 UTC hello@padlet.com Definitions simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/281998772 Autism Spectrum Disorder -Autism Spectrum Disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is diagnosed on behavioral and developmental characteristics rather than medical, anatomic, or specific genetic markers. There is no single behavior that is always seen in ASD, nor is there a single behavior that can disqualify an individual from being diagnosed with ASD. There is a wide spectrum of functionality in ASD ranging from requires support to requires very substantial support. 

Intellectual Disability- This is the most common type of disability. To be diagnosed with an intellectual disability a person must exhibit significant sub-average intellectual functioning, along with deficits in adaptive behavior during a developmental period (under 18 years of age).

Developmental Disability- A group of disables, that are chronic and long term. They occur during a child's developmental period (under the age of 18). They can be physical or mental delays, that are long term.]]> 2018-09-16 18:46:33 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/281998772 Causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/282005208 The etiology of ASD is unknown. The research to find the causes of ASD is still ongoing. The three broad areas of research to explain ASD are genetics, neurological structure and development, and environmental factors.

Genetics- It was found that identical twins are more likely to share autism than fraternal twins, this leads scientists to believe it is genetically based. The specific genes involved have not yet been discovered.

Neurological Structure and Development- There is a strong link that children with autism are more likely to develop epilepsy than typically developing children It was also found that EEGs of about half of children with autism are abnormal. This proves that there is a difference in development between children with ASD and typically developing children. Children with ASD also have less densely packed cells in their limbic system. 

Environmental Factors- There is little evidence for environmental factors being the cause of ASD. There are theories that pesticides and immunizations cause autism, but they have not been proven true. ]]> 2018-09-16 19:10:18 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/282005208 Systems Affected By ASD simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/282010900 ASD affects social interactions the ability of the person to accept change. There are five diagnostic criteria and three levels of severity.

Five Diagnostic Criteria

1) Persistent deficits in social communication and interaction in three areas: social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communication, and maintaining, understanding, and creating relationships.

2) Restricted often repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities in at least two of the following areas: repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech; must follow a routine, ritualized patterns of behavior, and hyper or hypersensitivity to sensory input.

3)Symptoms must be present during childhood or adolescence

4) The symptoms must cause significant functional impairment.

5) Must be able to rule out any other possible causes for symptoms.

Three Severity Levels

1) Requires support, deficits in social communication is noticeable and adherence to
routine.

2) Requires substantial support, apparent deficits in social communication and obvious repetitive behaviors.

3) Requires very substantial support, severe deficits in social communication and extremely repetitive behaviors.

. ]]> 2018-09-16 19:30:18 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/282010900 Common Secondary Conditions in ASD simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/282011108 Common secondary conditions in ASD include, epilepsy, sleep disorders, hyperactivity, anxiety, and depression. There is also the possibility for sensory processing dysfunctions, cognitive impairment, and self-injurious behavior. Some sensory processing dysfunctions would be: 
Sensory over-responsivity, these individuals often have "melt-downs" because they can't control how their brain responds to stimuli.
Sensory under-responsivity, individuals with ASD may react less intensely to stimuli than those without ASD. 
Sensory seeking individual is child who needs more intense  sensory input than a typically developing child. 

Some cognitive impairments that children with ASD may process information more slowly and have  a strength in visual processing. Some individuals with ASD exhibit self-injurious behaviors (SIB). These behaviors are self-inflicted and cause physical injury to the individual. ]]> 2018-09-16 19:30:58 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/282011108 Three Treatments for ASD simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/282011209 1) Behavioral package- This intervention is used to reduce problem behaviors and to teach functional alternative behaviors or skills. 

2) Modeling - An adult peer provides a demonstration of the target behavior either live or videotaped. This type of treatment is often used with other methods. 

3) Schedules- This intervention uses lists to complete tasks and activities. The tasks or sequence can be verbal or written. ]]> 2018-09-16 19:31:17 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/282011209 Causes of Intellectual Disability simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/282011344 There are five categories of causes: 

1) Genetic Condition- Abnormalities of genetic material from parents such as chromosomes, errors in genes, and damage to genetic material from X-ray during pregnancy. 

2) Problems During Pregnancy- The use of 🤬 or alcohol, malnutrition, and illness such as rubella, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, and 🤬 during pregnancy. 

3) Problems at Birth- Any problems during delivery that cause oxygen deprivation or birth injuries.

4) Problems After Birth- Lead or mercury poisoning, near drowning, head injuries, cerebrovascular accidents in children, shaken baby syndrome, meningitis and encephalitis.

5) Poverty and Cultural Deprivation- Growing up in impoverished and malnourished increases the risk of intellectual disabilities  ]]> 2018-09-16 19:31:46 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/282011344 Effective Recreational Therapy interventions for Intellectual Disability simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/282011484 Functional Skills- A recreational therapist uses interventions that teach the client about recreation, while teaching them functional skills. An example of this would be  playing a game of tag that involves communication allowing the client to involve themselves in leisure while working on communication in a social setting. 

Education, Training, and Counseling- Individuals with intellectual disabilities should be empowered to develop leisure skills that involve their interests, wishes, and aspirations. The recreational therapists will use guided discovery to help involve the client in activities they are interested in. This intervention may also include skills of daily living to increase the client's independence. 

3) Community Integration- The recreational therapist helps the client gain knowledge of recreational resources in their community. The recreational therapist helps the client through all the steps of becoming involved in the community.
4) Health Promotion - The recreational therapist helps the individual with an ID to become involved in community programming such as the Special Olympics. The recreational therapist also helps to motivate the client to participate in exercise, healthy eating, and mindfulness.  ]]> 2018-09-16 19:32:16 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/282011484 TR Takeaway simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/282011544 2018-09-16 19:32:27 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/282011544 Importance of Timing of Diagnosis of a Sensory Impairment (Congenital vs. Acquired) simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/285582513 It is important to diagnose a sensory impairment early on or shortly after it happens so a therapeutic intervention can begin. For people with congenital sensory impairments, they were born with that impairment. It is important to figure that out early on so that a child may begin to learn in a way that is adapted to them rather than being mistaken for having a learning disability. It is also important to recognize acquired sensory impairments as soon as they happen. It is important to immediately create support network for this person due to a rapid and traumatic life change. They had this sense previously and suddenly they no longer have it so they have to learn to communicate and go about daily life without it. Apposed to a person who was born with a sensory impairment who considers it part of their life and they have never really experienced that sense. ]]> 2018-09-25 15:15:00 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/285582513 Causes of Hearing Loss simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/285583288 Hearing loss can be caused by many things such as noise, aging, disease, and heredity. Also some illnesses and medications can cause hearing loss.
Hearing loss as a baby can be caused during pregnancy, due to an infection. It also can be caused by head trauma, during or after birth. 
Hearing loss is also associated with Usher's Syndrome which is a combination of retinitis pigmentosa and hearing loss. ]]> 2018-09-25 15:15:50 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/285583288 Types of Hearing Loss and Degrees of Hearing Loss simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/285583666 Four Types of Hearing Loss:

1) Conduction Hearing Loss - This is caused by something blocking sound from reaching the outer or middle ear, it can be treated medically.
2) Sensorineural Hearing Loss- There is a problem in the inner ear or hearing nerve that causes this impairment.
3) Mixed Hearing Loss- Hearing loss that includes both conductive and sensorineural impairments.
4) Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder - There is damage to the inner ear that causes sound to be disorganized, causing the brain to not understand it.

Four Degrees of Hearing Loss:  

1) Mild Hearing Loss- Can hear some some speech sounds, but soft sounds are hard to hear.
2) Moderate Hearing Loss - May hear almost no speech when a person is talking at a normal level.
3) Severe Hearing Loss- This person can hear almost no speech when a person is talking at a normal level and only some loud sounds.
4) Profound Hearing Loss- This person can not hear any speech and only very loud sounds.

]]> 2018-09-25 15:16:10 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/285583666 Explain visual acuity with examples simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/285584030 Normal visual acuity is how well someone can see normal details from about twenty feet away giving them 20/20 vision. It is also defined as the clearity and sharpness of vision. This 20/20 vision can change such as a person who has 20/30 vision. This person can see at 20 feet away what a person can normally see from 30 feet away. In the United States visual impairment is a visual acuity of 20/40 or less with some correction. Legal blindness is a visual acuity of 20/200, meaning this person at twenty feet away can see what most people see 200 feet away. ]]> 2018-09-25 15:16:38 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/285584030 Causes of Visual Impairments simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/285584355
Common Eye Diseases that Cause Visual Impairment:

1) Refractive Errors- The most frequent errors include near-nearsightedness ( myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia), and astigmatism.
2)Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)-  is an eye disease associated with aging, where the sharp and central vision are impacted. It can be considered wet or dry. Wet meaning there is blood and fluid leakage in the eye. Dry means the macula had thinned over time resulting in blurry vision.
3)Cataract- It is the clouding of the eye lens it can occur at any age.
4)Diabetic Retinopathy (DR)- It is the leading cause of blindness in the United States. It is caused by damage to the blood vessels of the retina and to the light sensitive tissue in the back of the eye.
5)Glaucoma- It is caused by normal pressure in the eye or a rise in fluid pressure, which results in damage to the optic nerve. There are two types open angle which is a slow onset, and closed angle which is rapid and painful.
6)Amablyopia- It is often referred to as "lazy eye" it occurs when the brain and eye don't work together. This lack of communication between the eye and brain causes visual impairments.
7)Strabismus- This is an imbalance in the positioning of the two eyes that causes a lack of coordination between the two eyes.
8)Diplopia (Double Vision)- There are twp types of diplopia, monocular and binocular. Monocular is caused by a optical aberration, so an image persists even when the eye is covered. Binocular is caused by the misalignment of the eyes resulting in an image not persisting when the eye is covered.
9) Visual Field Impairments- This includes visual neglect such as lack of awareness on one side of the environment or loss of vision in a portion of the field.
10)Quality of Visual  Impairments- These are impairments that affect the quality of vision such as night blindness, photophobia, color blindness, floaters, stray light, and seeing stars or flashes. ]]> 2018-09-25 15:16:57 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/285584355 TR Interventions for Hearing Loss and Visual Impairments simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/285584643 TR Interventions for Visual Impairments:

Functional Skills- A CTRS focuses on problem solving for a person living with a visual impairment. They focus on improving their orientation and mobility, how to move around effectively and safely. They will also focus on improving a clients self-care, communication, reading, and leisure skills. It is essentially a intervention that helps a client do the things they need to and want to do in a way that caters to them.
Community Integration- In this intervention a CTRS teaches a client how to function and move around in the community environment. This means teaching them how to use transportation, educating them about safety, and teaching them to use any equipment such as a cane if necessary.

TR Interventions for Hearing Loss:

Community Integration- As a CTRS it is important to educate the client about community resources that are available. An example would be in Florida, there is the National Deaf Academy, that provides education and resources to those with hearing loss. It is also important to educate and help clients work through barriers they may encounter such as going to the movie theater and not being to hear the dialog. This would be an opportunity to teach your client about subtitles.

Education, Training, and Counseling- A client with a hearing loss may need guidance in domestic and life skills. This may involve teaching a client how to effectively communicate with friends and family. This also may include an assessment of a client's support system, and helping to create one for them. It also also educating them on job skills, leisure skills, and daily living skills. It is teaching them things like cooking, and the importance of a proper nutrition.


]]> 2018-09-25 15:17:19 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/285584643 TR Takeaway simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/285585080 2018-09-25 15:17:50 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/285585080 What is Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy? simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/289964556 It is a group of diseases caused by a defect in a person's genes ( it often runs in families). It is the weakening of muscles over time to the point of where it is hard to perform daily tasks. There are many specific types that affect different muscle groups, but Dechenne/ Becker effects the upper arms and legs. It than can progress to the Brain, throat, heart, diaphragm/chest muscles, stomach, intestines, spine. It primarily effects males between the ages of 5-24. ]]> 2018-10-06 23:29:17 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/289964556 What is Cerebral Palsy (CP)? simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/289964586 It is commonly referred to as CP, it is a group of symptoms and neurological disorders that appear in early childhood and infancy. It is caused by non-progressive damage to the areas of the brain that control motor movement. This ultimately affects muscle tone, endurance, strength, and speech. Some people with Cerebral Palsy may also experience some cognitive impairments. ]]> 2018-10-06 23:29:51 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/289964586 Symptoms of Cerebral Palsy simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/289964605 The General Symptoms of CP:
-Ataxia (poor muscle coordination)
-Poor muscle control
-Spasticity or tight muscles 
-Atypical gait (scissoring particularly with spastic CP)
-Drooling
-Swallowing and/or eating difficulties
-Speech impairments in clarity and articulation
-Difficulty with fine motor tasks
-Toe walking 
-Atypical muscle tone (too high or too low)
-Involuntary movements or tremors

]]> 2018-10-06 23:30:10 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/289964605 Secondary Problems of Cerebral Palsy simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/289964622 - Intellectual Disability
- Epilepsy or Seizures 
- Both Intellectual Disability and Seizure Disorder
- Behavioral Problems 
- Learning Disabilities
- Sensory Impairments 
- Feeding Difficulties and/or Malnutrition 
- Lung Problems
- Chronic Pain 
- Autism 
- Inadequate or Low Levels of Physical Fitness
- Balance Issues
- Fatigue and Cardiovascular Disease 
- Musculoskeletal Problems - weakness, arthritis, scoliosis, etc. 
- Difficulty Processing Sensory Stimulation 
- Incontinence 
- Speech Difficulties 
- Drooling
- Breathing Difficulties
- Skin Breakdown 
- Decreased Spatial Awareness 
- Depression or Distress
 ]]> 2018-10-06 23:30:44 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/289964622 Recreational Therapy Interventions for CP simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/289964625 Functional Skills:
-Exercise/ Stretching/ Fitness
-Aquatic Therapy
-Hippotherapy: it is the use of a horse as a therapy animal.
-Therapeutic Horseback Riding
-Therapeutic Massage: this can help to reduce pain and anxiety in clients with CP.

Education, Training, and Counseling:
-Adaptive Sports
-Community Integration Skills: Accessibility, Advocacy, and Removal of Barriers
-Mobile Devices as Adaptive Equipment: use of iPad and other technologies as a mean of therapy.
-Leisure and Health Education: teaching the client the importance of leisure to prevent secondary disability.
-Relaxation and Coping Skills

Community Integration and Inclusion
-Social Skills and Inclusion: Work with clients to be able to work and play with others.
-Participation and Inclusion: promoting community integration and independence.
-Advocacy Skills

Health Promotion
-Adaptive sports 
-Animal Assisted Therapy
-Volunteerism: clients participate in meaningful work to promote their psychological well being.
-Therapeutic Recreation Camping Program

]]> 2018-10-06 23:30:56 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/289964625 Cerebral Palsy Key Terms simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/289964639
Dyplegia - only the legs of a person are impacted in a person who has CP.
Hemiplegia - only half of the body is impacted, usually one side of the body in both extremities. 
Quadriplegia - both upper and lower extremities are impacted; may also include facial and trunk muscles.
Ataxia - unsteady wide-based gait, poor coordination, and loss of control of bodily movements. 
Dysarthria - difficult or unclear articulation of speech.
Spasticity - A condition where muscles are continuously contracted causing stiffness and tightness of muscles.
Contractures - a condition of shortening and hardening of muscles, or other tissues. This often leads to deformity and rigidity of joints. 
Osteopenia - a condition where bones are weaker than normal, but have not broken down. ]]> 2018-10-06 23:31:19 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/289964639 What is a Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)? simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/289964648 A spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs when the spinal cord is injured due to trauma, disease, or disorder. When the spinal cord is damaged, the signals it carries can become interrupted causing temporary or permanent loss of movement and/or sensation. The spinal cord is part of the bodies central nervous system. Its responsibility to convey and receive sensory and motor information to the body. When this is disrupted a functional impairment occurs. Some of the causes for SCIs are trauma, tumor, Tranverse Myelitis, and Guillain-Barre syndrome. ]]> 2018-10-06 23:31:30 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/289964648 Classifications of SCI simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/289964672 Classifications of SCIs are classified by the level and type of injury:

Level of Injury
The spinal cord is made up of five segments cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. The spinal cord runs through these five different levels of vertebrae. To identify the level of injury several tests are performed (x-rays, CT scan, etc.) and the injury is identified by its corresponding vertebrae. So if the spinal cord is damaged near the cervical region, than it may be identified as a C4 injury. There is also a test that is given to clients called the Manual Muscle Exam that helps to identify the level of motor function in a person that has aSCI.

Type of Injury

In addition to determining the level of injury the extent of the injury is also evaluated. The injury can be determined to be
either complete or incomplete. A complete injury means that there is no motor or sensory functioning below the site of injury. An incomplete SCI is where a client would display some sensory and motor functioning below the site of injury. There is also another method of evaluating type of injury called the ASIA Impairment Scale. This scale includes five impairment grades that differ in sensory and motor function to better help evaluate the client's function. ]]> 2018-10-06 23:31:58 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/289964672 Types of SCI simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/289964676
Tetraplegia (C1-C8) Can be Complete or Incomplete
-C1-C8 injury causes limited neck flexion, extension, and rotation. May have to use a ventilator or phrenic pacer for breathing if SCI is at C3. May be dependent for activities of daily living but can verbalize and direct care.
-C4 SCI has increased control of the neck flexion, extension, and rotation; shoulder shrug (scapula elevation), inspiration. May need a ventilator or phrenic pacer for breathing, but often can begin to breathe on their own. Dependent for daily living but can directly direct their own care.
-C5 SCI can flex and bend arms at  elbows face up, increased shoulder control, including shoulder flexion, abduction, extension, and scapular abduction and adduction. Can breathe on their own and directly communicate care. Can also do some basic tasks of daily living.
-C6 SCI has increases strength and coordination of upper extremities, including scapular protraction and elevation, forearm supination, radial wrist extension; tendoesis resulting in thumb and index finger natural opposition with flexion. Have increased in dependency and can often do most tasks of daily living on their own.
-C7-C8: SCI have radial and ulnar wrist extension, elbow extension, partial finger extension and thumb abduction, partial finger flexors with C8 SCI. Often can be very independent with adaptive equipment that helps them complete daily tasks.

Paraplegia (T1-S5) Complete or Incomplete
-T1-T7 SCI have upper extremity muscle function intact; some truck control and stability. Independent to modified independent with ADLs. They also  have greater participation in recreational activities. 
-T8-L1 SCI have improved trunk flexion, extension, and rotation. They are independent to modified independent. 
-L2-S5 SCI have partial to full control of lower extremities as hip flexors, knee extenders, ankle dorsiflexors, and plantar flexors return with each level of SCI. Increased standing and ambulation with each level with each level of recovery. ]]> 2018-10-06 23:32:09 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/289964676 Secondary Problems of SCI simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/289964688 -Autonomic Dysreflexia or Hyperflexia (AD) : ID is a life threatening rise in blood pressure  that can occur in individuals with a LOI at or above T6 when there is a negative stimulus within or outside the body below the level of injury. Symptoms include high blood pressure, head ache, stuffy nose, blurred vision, and sweating. This condition only occurs in individuals with SCI.
-Pressure Ulcers (decubitus ulcers, skin sores) : Pressure ulcers are spots on the skin that have too much pressure on them. This causes blood flow to stop and the skin begins to die. An individual with an SCI may not feel sensations of too much pressure on the skin and this causes them to stay in the same position. By staying in the same position skin ulcers can occur. If this is not caught it can cause breakdown of the muscle and eventually the bone.
-Respiratory Complications : Injuries to the upper thoracic and cervical spinal cord impact the respiratory muscles causing to be harder for an individual with an SCI to cough or take a deep breath.
-Spasticity or Spastic Hypertonia : The interruption of messages to the reflex center of the brain may result in over compensation of the spinal cord reflex system, leading to spasticity or the stiffness of muscles.
-Temperature Regulation : Individuals with SCIs above T6 will be impacted, due to the interruption to the bodies sympathetic nervous system. This leads to the bodies inability to regulate temperature, such as creating sweat to cool down.
-Heterotopic Ossification: This is the growth of new bones in soft tissues. It is most likely to occur in the hips, knees, and shoulders. Symptoms include redness and warmth, joint and muscle pain, reduced range of motion, and a low fever.
-Deep Vein Thrombosis: These often form in the lower extremities. If it is not caught it can break free and travel to the heart and/or lungs causing a life threatening situation. It is important to monitor possible symptoms such as skin tenderness, discoloration, swelling, and skin temperature.
-Orthostatic (Postural) Hypotension: This is a change in systolic blood pressure by 20 mm HG or in diastolic blood pressure by 10 mm HG when changing from supine to upright. This causes lightheadedness, fainting, fatigue, headache, nausea, numbness, and blurred vision. This is caused by blood pooling in the lower extremities, or lower abdomen. ]]> 2018-10-06 23:32:30 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/289964688 SCI Important Terms simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/289964698 Tetraplegia: SCI in C1-C8 that causes paralysis of all four limbs.
 
Paraplegia: SCI in T1-S5 that causes paralysis of legs and the lower body.

Complete vs. Incomplete Injury: A complete SCI is where a client displays no motor or sensory function below the level of injury. An incomplete SCI is a bruise or increased pressure to the spinal cord that causes decreased sensory and motor function.

Autonomic Dysreflexia: This is a condition where the autonomic nervous system overreacts to external stimuli, and this cause a dangerous rise in blood pressure. 

Pressure Ulcer: This is what occurs when too much pressure builds up on the skin in a particular area causing flow of blood to this area to be disrupted. When blood flow is disrupted this causes the skin in this area to die. If not caught in the early stages it can also cause the bone and muscle in this area to also die. This can be prevented through movement such as exercise, or changing body positions. ]]> 2018-10-06 23:32:52 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/289964698 TR Takeaway simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/289964706 2018-10-06 23:33:01 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/289964706 Geriatric Syndromes Defined simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/295038638 Pressure Ulcer - Also known as bed sores are a common wound in nursing homes. They are caused by constant pressure applied to one part of the skin. They occur on bony prominences such as a person's elbows. They are categorized by the depth of damage to soft tissue (stages 1-4). These stages range from redness of the skin or a blister to exposed bone or muscle. This is a serious and common wound among the geriatric population in the U.S.
Incontinence - Or a cognitive deficit is a decline in a person's mental abilities. This is most commonly an acquired change in abilities among the geriatric population. This change in abilities can be caused by disease or injury.
Delirium - It has a very rapid onset and often occurs in coordination with other health problems. This is a deficit in attention and develops over a short period of time. Delirium can fluctuate in severity day to day.
Dementia - This term is often replaced with neurocognitive disorder, this term better encompasses what a client has. This is an umbrella term that overall describes a decline in memory and other thinking skills. It is characterized by memory loss, communication difficulty, decline in the ability to focus, and a decline in visual perception.]]> 2018-10-20 02:51:32 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/295038638 Alzheimer's Disease simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/295038862 Alzheimer's Disease is a type of dementia that causes changes in abilities such as in memory, thinking, and behavior. Alzheimer's is most common among those 85 years and older. The onset of Alzheimer's is around 65 years and older. There is also the possibility for an early onset is before the age of 65 but this is fairly uncommon.
Alzheimer's is caused by plaques forming in the brain. These plaques can occur due to lifestyle choices such as smoking, genetics, and other medical conditions. These plaques destroy brain cells, creating progressive deterioration in memory, problem solving, and thinking. This is a progressive disease that leads to the inability to complete tasks of daily living.
The systems affected by Alzheimer's are:
-Complex Attention: A client with this might take longer than they normally do to complete daily tasks. They find thinking easier when there are fewer tasks to think about. There is some memory impairments such as a client may forget a phone number.
-Executive Function: This is when there is increased effort to complete a multistage project. It may take extra effort to plan, organize, and make decisions. An example would be this person may not like large social gatherings due to following conversation from many people may require an increased effort.
-Learning and Memory: This is a change in the ability to recall events. This person may make more lists, and have trouble remembering recent events.
-Language: There is word difficulty and often general terms are used over specific ones. Recalling family and friend names can also become a challenge.
-Perceptual-Motor Abilities: This is the increased use of maps and directions to get places. There is often confusion about using tools and going to familiar places.
-Social Cognition: There may be mild changes in personality, behaviors, or attitudes. There may be an inability to recognize facial expressions. This can also be characterized with insensitivity to dress, religion, and sexual behaviors.
-Other ICF Consequences: Sleep functions may be impacted, sequencing of complicated movements, urination, and work skills can all be impacted. ]]> 2018-10-20 02:55:09 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/295038862 Lewy Body Neurocognitive Disorders (NCD) simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/295038905 Lewy Body Neurocognitive Disorders (NCD) is an umbrella term used to describe both Parkinson's Disease NCD and NCD with Lewy bodies. These two diseases have the same underlying biological changes in the brain.
-Parkinson's Disease NCD: Parkinson's has a insidious and onset and gradual progression. It is characterized by a major or minor NCD. It must also be associated with established Parkinson's Disease.
-Lewy Bodies: This also requires a major or mild NCD and an insidious onset and gradual progression. This is characterized by fluctuating cognition, recurring visual hallucinations, spontaneous features of parkinsonsim, after the onset of cognitive decline, sleep disorders, and neuroleptic sensitivity.

]]> 2018-10-20 02:55:45 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/295038905 Recreational Therapy Approaches for Neurocognitive Disorders (NCD) simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/295038942 Meaningful activities for people with NCDs promote well-being and prevent excessive disability. Most adults with NCDs will benefit from self-selected activities it promotes a sense of self expression. To increase involvement in this self expressed leisure the Farrington Leisure Interest Inventory is used to consider past and current leisure interests. This allows a CTRS to match current physical ability to an activity that interests the client. It is important to take a client's personality style into account when placing them in an activity. By doing this the client may become more active and social, enhancing their overall enjoyment.
When Designing a program for a client with a NCD, the Neurodevelopmental Sequencing Program (NDSP) is used. The NDSP describes the design, framework, and programs to be used when working with a client with a NCD. The purpose of the NDSP is to enhance the quality of life of individuals with NCDs through enhancement of physical and psychosocial abilities in relation to recreation participation. Goals are set based upon a client's physical and cognitive functioning. ]]> 2018-10-20 02:56:32 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/295038942 How Neurocognitive Disorders (NCD) Affect Families simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/295038956 Neurocognitive Disorders (NCD) can be difficult for families to handle. Depending on the severity of their loved one's NCD they may require full time care. This puts strain on the family in that someone now has to take on a caregiver role. This can be frustratin and emotionally draining that a family member has to care for someone who may have had no impairments previously. The loved one with an NCD may also forget who family members are causing alarm to the person with the NCD. They can experience hallucinations and depression. These things would be hard for a family to see a loved one go through and possibly would put strain on relationships. There is also strain on the family trying to cover the cost of medical treatment for their loved one. ]]> 2018-10-20 02:56:45 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/295038956 TR Takeaway simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/295038993 2018-10-20 02:57:26 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/295038993 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder(PTSD) and its Causes simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/297742771 PTSD is considered a trauma and stress-related disorder. The essential feature of this disorder is the development of characteristic symptoms following exposure to one or more traumatic events. These events may include rape, abuse, natural disaster, being in a war zone, or exposure to terrorist attack. There are many more causes that would fall under threatening or physically threatening. A person with PTSD may avoid anything that associated with their specific trauma. They also may feel emotionally numb, and can experience events again through dreams or flashbacks.

Causes:
Causes of PTSD may include the experience of rape, abuse, natural disaster, being in a war zone, or exposure to terrorist attack. Other events that can cause PTSD are any event where a person feels threatened or is physically assaulted. Resilience factors also influence a person's rick of PTSD. If a person experiences a threat and doesn't have a good social support system they are more likely to develop PTSD. ]]> 2018-10-28 12:29:49 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/297742771 Systems Affected by PTSD simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/297743806 PTSD affects a person's mood and ability to cope effectively with ongoing stressful events, even events that most people wouldn't consider stressful. The experience of negativity towards the future, and feeling separate from others. The experience of recurring dreams and thoughts. It can also affect a person's social functioning, in that they may detach from people and avoid certain places. Finally there are cognitive difficulties that are loss of focus and concentration, emotional learning, and emotional regulation.  ]]> 2018-10-28 12:45:08 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/297743806 Secondary Problems of PTSD simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/297744362 PTSD causes there to be a higher risk for agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, specific phobias, major depressive disorder, somatization disorder, and substance-related disorders. People with PTSD are 80% more likely to have symptoms that meet the criteria for at least one other mental disorder. There is also a higher risk for panic disorders, suicidal thoughts and feelings. ]]> 2018-10-28 12:52:22 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/297744362 Symptoms of Schizophrenia simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/297744940 Five Categories of Symptoms:

1) Delusions: They are the beliefs that client holds and will not change even if they are contradicted by evidence in a situation. Delusions are considered bizarre and implausible. There are different types of delusions:
-Persecution: belief that someone or an organization is out to harm the client.
-Referential: the belief that environmental cues or gestures around them have secret messages given to them by a character in a TV show.
-Grandiose: the client believes they have exceptional abilities.
-Erotomanic: incorrect belief that someone is in love with him/her.
-Nihilistic: belief of impeding destruction.
-Somatic: inaccurate beliefs about health.

2) Hallucinations: They are what seem to be vivid perceptions of something that occurred in the real world, even though nothing in the environment caused the perception. Auditory hallucinations are the most common type. When waking or falling asleep hallucinations are considered normal.

3) Disordered Thinking and Speech: Disordered thinking is usually determined by observations of disorder speech. For speech to be considered disordered it needs to be enough disordered to substantially impair communication. An example would be quickly switching topics so a listener can't follow. There are also memory deficits, delayed recall, difficulty assessing vocabulary, difficulty organizing information, and problems with multiple tasks.

4) Motor Behavior: Problems with motor behavior are diagnosed when the behavior interferes with goals or other goal directed behaviors. Catatonia is the resistance to directions, rigid postures, and lack of response.

5) Negative Symptoms: A negative symptom is when something is missing in a person who has SSD. There can be diminished emotional expression and avolition.  This can include less empathetic facial expressions, lack of intonation speech, less eye contact, and fewer physical movements while communicating. There can be alogia (poverty of speech), asociality (decreased desire to interact with others), and anhedonia  (inability to experience pleasure).]]> 2018-10-28 12:59:40 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/297744940 Cause of Schizophrenia simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/297748163 -Structure and chemical composition of the brain. Individuals with SSD are more likely to have enlarged ventricles, possibly related to tissue degeneration and less activity in the frontal cortex. There also can be chemical imbalances of dopamine in the brain.
-Environmental factors such as living in environmentally stressful settings. An example would be urban settings, particularly in impoverished neighborhoods. 
-Psychosocial factors, include that individuals may not develop a sense of self. Families can also have a genetic predisposition that can be triggered by stressful situations. ]]> 2018-10-28 13:30:45 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/297748163 Systems Affect by Schizophrenia simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/297749189 -Cognitive Functioning: The symptoms of delusions, and disordered thinking and speech are cognitive issues. Individuals with SSD experience difficulty with receiving, processing, and initiating conversation, planning, problem solving, initiating tasks, managing tasks, and organizing information. Structurally in the brain there is decreased activity of the frontal lobe. This affects speech fluency, language use, and executive function.
-Emotional Functioning: Symptoms include blunted or flattened affect, and anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure).
-Social Functioning: Asociality is a negative symptom that affects the individual's ability to empathize with others. This affects the individual's communication and motivation. ]]> 2018-10-28 13:39:38 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/297749189 Schizophrenia Key Terms simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/297750291 -Hallucination: It is a vivid perception of something that is occurring in the real world, even though nothing in the environment is causing the perception.
-Delusion: Beliefs that the individual will not change even though they are contradicted by evidence on the current situation. 
-Psychosis: Thoughts and emotions are impaired to the point where the individual loses contact with external reality.
-Anhedonia: The inability to experience pleasure. ]]> 2018-10-28 13:49:36 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/297750291 Major Depression Disorder (MDD) and Symptoms simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/297750447 Major depressive disorder is different from mild sadness or brief response to external stressors. MDD lasts at least two weeks while manifesting at least five of the following symptoms that significantly impair functioning: 
- Depressed mood most of the day, nearly everyday
-Diminished interest or pleasure in most or all activities, nearly every day
-Significant unintentional increase or decrease in weight or appetite
-Lack of sleep or sleeping excessively, nearly everyday 
- Psychomotor changes noticed by others (agitation or sluggishness), nearly every day 
-Fatigue and/or loss of energy, nearly everyday
-Feelings of guilt and/or worthlessness, nearly everyday
-Diminished cognitive abilities, nearly everyday
-Recurrent thoughts of death ]]> 2018-10-28 13:51:21 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/297750447 Systems Affected by MDD simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/297754320 MDD has a pervasive and holistic impact on a person often it significantly diminishes quality of life, loss of work productivity, cognitive and emotional impairments, and is the leading cause of years lived with disability. MDD can negatively impact long and short term relationships. There is a decrease in energy that affects daily activities. Basic self-care can be neglected. Weight gain can also be a result of MDD. ]]> 2018-10-28 14:28:08 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/297754320 Secondary Problems of MDD simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/297754976 MDD often occurs with many physical and mental health conditions. MDD is seen at higher rates among persons with chronic pain, illness, and disability, and cardiovascular disorders are more common among persons with chronic MDD. MDD often occurs with anxiety, substance abuse, eating disorders, dementia, and personality disorders. ]]> 2018-10-28 14:34:21 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/297754976 Generalized Anxiety Disorder simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/297757204 GAD is characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry about everyday things more days than not for at least six months. The intense duration and frequency of the worry disproportionate to the issue, and interfere with the performance of daily tasks. Anxiety can manifest in physical symptoms including muscle tension, sweating, nausea, gastrointestinal problems, jumpiness, fidgeting, trembling, inability, to relax, being easily startled, trouble sleeping, and feeling on edge. There are three types of anxiety:
-Mild anxiety: Sharpens the senses and expands the perceptual field, preparing us for action. Learning and problem-solving skills are enhanced.
-Moderate anxiety: Decreases the perceptual field. Sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell are limited and the ability to think is impaired. Problem solving and the ability to mobilize resources can be hindered. 
-Severe anxiety: Constricts the perceptual field so that an individual's focus is limited to one specific detail. Completing a task or processing new information is compromised, and behavior and attention are directed toward the anxiety.  ]]> 2018-10-28 14:44:06 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/297757204 Systems Affected by GAD simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/297757228 GAD affects the mental functions of the client including mood, cognition (trouble concentrating, difficulty learning new information and behaviors, misperception of the events and situations, poor short term memory, difficulty with abstract thinking), and social functioning. When anxiety is resolved or minimized, systems typically recover. Anxiety affects the client's motor functioning by shakiness, restless, and headaches; the gastrointestinal system with diarrhea, constipation, pain, nausea, feeling of "butterflies in the stomach", heart palpitations, shortness of breath, and excessive sweating. ]]> 2018-10-28 14:44:19 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/297757228 TR Takeaway simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/297757298 2018-10-28 14:44:57 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/297757298 Gambling Disorder simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/300114649 For many adults gambling can be a social and non-problematic activity. For those with a Gambling Disorder they continue to gambling despite negative consequences or desire to stop, it can become a compulsion. Gambling Disorder is an addictive disorder in that even after losing people still feel the need to pursue gambling. It is addictive in that it affects the reward system of the brain in similar ways as substance abuse. Gambling Disorder is also treating with a 12-step program similar to recovery programs, like Alcoholic Anonymous or Narcotics Anonymous. ]]> 2018-11-03 21:57:37 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/300114649 Causes of Gambling Disorder simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/300116113 -Behaviorally Conditioned Problem Gamblers: Gamblers are unable to remember their big win and get caught in a cycle of "chasing loses" trying to win their money back. This cycle continues and often the gambler believes that they are in control of the outcome. Gamblers in this group often experience anxiety, depression, and substance use and abuse. This group is most likely to comply with treatment.

-Emotionally Vulnerable Problem Gamblers: This group is behaviorally conditioned by environmental and psychological factors. This group has preexisting anxiety, depression, poor coping, problem solving, and negative family and life events. Gambling allows them to cope with these types of emotional states. They are less likely to respond to treatment.

-Antisocial, Impulsive Gamblers: This group is more likely to have predisposed psychological and biological factors contributing to problematic gambling. They also have features of impassivity, attention deficit disorder and antisocial personality. Clients in this group are more likely to have parents with antisocial and substance abuse problems. Clients in this group are unlikely to seek out treatment and follow it. ]]> 2018-11-03 22:18:55 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/300116113 Systems Affected By Gambling Disorder and Secondary Problems simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/300116175 Systems Affected:
Gambling Disorder interferes with occupational and social functioning. Gamblers often participate in "chasing", betting larger sums of money or taking greater risks trying to make up for previous losses. People with GD often feel as if they are in control of gambling outcomes. People with GD also may become preoccupied with thoughts of gambling. This impacts many domains such as self, family, and work. The biggest impact is on relationships, due to distrust forming between individuals. Finally a person with GD may experience emotional difficulties such as depression and substance misuse.  

Secondary Problems:
Secondary problems associated with GD are relationship difficulties, including separation and divorce, occupational difficulties, criminal behavior, antisocial behavior, financial troubles, substance-related disorders, and suicide.
]]> 2018-11-03 22:19:21 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/300116175 Eating Disorders Key Terms simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/300116194 -Anorexia Nervosa: It is the refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for height, body type, age, and activity level. There is an intense fear of weight gain or being fat. There is an extreme concern with body weight and shape, and often loss of menstrual periods. Warning signs are extreme dieting, food rituals, hair loss, dry skin, and brittle nails.
-Bulimia Nervosa: Primary symptoms are recurrent episodes of eating large quantities of food in a short period of time, often secretly, past the point of fullness. Following these binges there is a purge or compensatory behavior to make up for excessive calories. These can involve vomiting, laxative abuse, fasting, and compulsive exercise. Waring signs include disappearance of large amounts of food, frequent bathroom trips after meals, calluses on knuckles from induced vomiting and swollen face.
-Binge-Eating Disorder: This is similar to Bulimia Nervosa in that there is large intake of food in a short period of time without the regard of fullness. The difference is that there is no purge following the binge. Warning signs are sudden weight gain and disappearance to large amounts of food.
-Pica: The persistent eating of nonfood or non-nutritive substances that is developmentally inappropriate and is not supported by any particular cultural or social practice.  ]]> 2018-11-03 22:19:42 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/300116194 Causes of Eating Disorders simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/300121205 -Genetics: Eating Disorders tend to run in families; therefore genetics play a role.
-Biological Issues: Serotonin may have an impact on eating disorders. The behaviors of restricting food intake, binging, and purging have been shown to alter brain structure, metabolism, and neurochemistery in ways that make it difficult for individuals to discontinue the behavior.
-Psychological or Interpersonal Issues: Eating disorders can be the result of searching for control, coping with stress or trauma, personality factors, family issues, low self-esteem, feelings of inadequacy or lack of control in life, depression, anxiety, anger, stress, loneliness, troubled personal relationships, difficulty expressing emotions and feelings, history of being teased about weight, and history of physical or sexual abuse. People who have an eating disorder also may have preexisting low self-esteem, perfectionism, impulsive behavior, and troubled relationships. Eating disorders are used as a way to cope and often suppress feelings. 
-Social/Societal Issues: Today's culture often promotes and reinforces a desire to be thin. Peer pressure and media fuel the desire to be thin mainly among young girls. There is an unrealistic expectation of the "perfect" body. These media images can lead to girls having a negative body image about themselves. This negative body image can lead to unhealthy behaviors.
-Cultural Issues: Cultures that glorify "thinness" or muscularity place a high value on obtaining the "perfect body". Cultures that value people more on their physical appearances rather than their inner qualities and strengths.
-Obesity Prevention Programs: Children who participated in a school-based childhood obesity prevention programs are more likely to develop an eating disorder.]]> 2018-11-03 23:24:27 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/300121205 Systems Affected by Eating Disorders simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/300121645 Eating disorders affect an individual socially, emotionally, cognitively, and physically. Individuals with eating disorders may become withdrawn and socially isolated due to eating disorders being practiced in private. Individuals may also have nutritional issues, due to reducing intake and avoiding certain foods. Cognitive issues that may arise are denial of illness, distorted body image, perfectionism, and avoidance. Emotionally individuals may experience anxiety, depression, decreased self-esteem and self-worth, and inability to cope. Physically individuals may experience dehydration, low blood pressure, osteoporosis, digestive complications, arrhythmias, and tearing of the esophagus.]]> 2018-11-03 23:31:25 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/300121645 Secondary Problems of Eating Disorders simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/300121669 Eating Disorders can cause severe medical issues including cardiac arrhythmia, cardiac arrest, brain damage, osteoporosis, infertility, and death. Women who have an eating disorder during pregnancy can cause premature labor, low birth weight, cardiac irregularities, still birth, gestational diabetes, miscarriage, respiratory difficulties, abnormal fetal growth, postpartum depression etc. Medical conditions that can occur with eating disorders are bone loss, difficulty regulating body temperature, loss of menstrual periods, electrolytes imbalance, esophageal ulcers, tooth decay, substance use, low heart rate, low blood pressure, anxiety, depression, social isolation, and perfectionism. ]]> 2018-11-03 23:31:57 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/300121669 Causes of Substance Related Disorders simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/300121702 There are five areas that have been identified as causes of Substance Abuse:

1) Familial, Social, or Cultural Factors: Problems with substance use is more likely when a person's  primary family, social, and/or cultural tolerances, approves, and/or models substance abuse and related behaviors.

2) Personality Factors: Substance use is more likely in those experiencing depression, high levels of stress, challenges in self-regulating behavior, and those who have poor coping skills.

3) Cognitive Factors: Substance use produces a positive effect that reinforces the continued or increased use of substances. Particularly if the individual has positive expectancies related to the effects of the substance.

4) Genetic Factors: A person who has a parent with a substance use problem is at a greater risk for developing a substance use problem even when social factors are controlled. Individuals may inherit a greater sensitivity to psychopharmacological effects of substances.

5) Biological Factors: Neurotransmitters including dopamine and serotonin affecting the reward pathways of the brain are influenced by substances. This makes it harder for the reward system of the brain to be normally stimulated without the use of substances. ]]> 2018-11-03 23:32:22 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/300121702 Systems Affected by Substance Related Disorders simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/300121718 Substance abuse exists on a continuum and the hazards and consequences of use are not universal. Harmful involvement with one substance does not necessarily lead to harmful involvement with another. The type, quantity, frequency, and routine of administration of a substance has an affect on those using it. Substances can have an impact on a person's relationships, employment, and personal health practices. Physical health is impacted in that individuals may experience illness, injuries, hyperactivity of the autonomic nervous system, and damage to the body. Substances impact mental health in that they can cause anxiety, depression, loss of motivation, anger agitation, and irritability. Social health concerns are strained or unhappy relationships with the possibility of breakdowns. Cognitive health concerns are short term confusion, learning problems, and memory loss. Substances can also cause also cause lifestyle issues including financial instability, unemployment, homelessness, traffic accidents. conflict with the law, food insecurity, poor nutritional intake, and poor dental hygiene. ]]> 2018-11-03 23:32:45 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/300121718 Secondary Problems of Substance Related Disorders simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/300121744 -Others Affected: A person's substance abuse may impact those around them such as family, friends, co-workers, and classmates. They may experience isolation, social life restrictions, dissatisfying relationships, public embarrassment, disruption to family events, feelings of shame, anger and resentment, depression, guilt or responsibility, financial instability, and violence.

-Concurrent Disorder or Dual Diagnosis: It is common for people with substance abuse to also experience metal illness.

-Other Disorders Associated with Substance use: People with anxiety are at a higher risk for substance use problems, same for people with ADHD. Mood disorders and substance use have a strong correlation: as does psychosis. Substance use in people with psychosis can actually worsen psychosis symptoms. ]]> 2018-11-03 23:33:13 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/300121744 TR Takeaway simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/300121768 2018-11-03 23:33:39 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/300121768 Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke) simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/302813839 A cerebrovascular accident or stroke occurs when a blood vessel carrying oxygen and nutrients to the brain is blocked or ruptures. When this happens parts of the brain are not receiving the amount of blood needed. Due to the lack of oxygen, parts of the brain begin to die and cause neurological impairments. The neurological impairments depends on what part of the brain is affected. Treatment should be sought right away, a delay in treatment can cause major problems.]]> 2018-11-10 02:06:20 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/302813839 F.A.S.T. simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/302814377 The American Stroke Association has created an acronym F.A.S.T. to remember the sudden signs and symptoms of CVA.

-Face Dropping: If one side of a person's face is numb or droops, the person may be having a stroke. The only way to determine if a person's face is drooping is to have them smile and make observations about asymmetries.
-Arm Weakness: If one arm is weak or numb an individual may be having a stroke. If the person cannot raise both arms without having one of them drift down than the person may be having a stroke.
-Speech Difficulty: If the person is having slurred speech or is unable to speech, they may be having a stroke. Ask the person to repeat a simple sentence like "the grass is green."
-Time to Call 911: If the person is exhibiting any of these signs, call 911 and get the person to the hospital right away.]]> 2018-11-10 02:13:51 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/302814377 Classification of CVA simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/302815255 CVAs can be classified by the side of the brain affected, the major cerebral vessel involved, and the reason for the interruption of blood flow. The following are arteries affected by CVA:

Right CVA: left hemiplegia, visual deficits, quick and impulsive behavior style.
Left CVA: right hemiplegia, language deficits, slow and cautious behavior style.]]> 2018-11-10 02:29:40 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/302815255 Causes of Stroke simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/302815792 A stroke can be caused by a blood clot that develops in the brain and blocks blood flow. This is called a thrombosis and is the main cause of ischemic strokes. Strokes can also be caused by a clot formed somewhere else in the body other than the brain and travels in the vascular system to the brain, where it becomes logged and prevents blood flow. This is called an embolism. The final cause is a ruptured or broken blood vessel and increased blood pressure. Hemorrhages are the causes of intracerebral hemorrhagic strokes and subarachnoid hemorrhage strokes.

Some factors that increase the risk of stroke are hypertension, high cholesterol, heart disease, sleep apnea, smoking, alcohol use, heart rhythm disorders, drug use and Body Mass Index (BMI). ]]> 2018-11-10 02:38:22 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/302815792 Systems Affected by Stroke simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/302816514 A stroke affects many cerebral functions. However a stroke primarily affects an individual's motor, sensory, cognitive, language, and visual functions.

-Motor Impairments: hemiplegia, motor planning, muscle power, muscle tone, reflexes, balance, gait, apraxia, and coordination. These are some of the most common impairments seen after a stroke. They are often seen in the face, arm, or leg.
-Sensory Impairments: decreased sensory awareness, numbness, tingling, astereognosis, agraphia, and processing problems.
-Cognitive Impairments: decreases in consciousness functions, calculation abilities, attention, concentration, problem solving, organizing, perception, orientation, time management, planning, judgement, and safety.
-Language Impairments: dysphasia in comprehension, reading, and writing, and a decrease in expression and reception of language.
-Visual Impairments: double vision depth perception problems, and field cuts.
-Other Impairments: emotions, personality, sexual function, as well bowel and bladder function. The severity of dysfunction depends on the severity and location of brain damage. 

The effects of a stroke also depend on the person's age and gender, the type and location of the stroke, and how fast they are provided medical care.   

]]> 2018-11-10 02:52:44 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/302816514 Secondary Conditions Associated with Stroke simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/302817450 Some common secondary conditions associated with stroke are limitations including inactivity, lack of independence and participation, post-stroke depression, and emotional lability. Inactivity may be the result from a lack of mobility, poor coping mechanisms, loss of function, and barriers to recreation and leisure choices. Inactivity can affect an individual's work performance, academic performance, community involvement, and social relationships. After strokes individuals may experience a decrease in independence, participation, and ability to complete tasks of daily living (basic self-care). There is also an increase for the number and severity of falls. There is also a burden put on caregivers that are caring for individuals who have had a stroke. These caregivers must perform many activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living for the individual who has had a stroke. After a person has a stroke they often are depressed, irritable, have trouble sleeping, have low self-esteem, fatigue, and are withdrawn. ]]> 2018-11-10 03:08:27 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/302817450 Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/302818564 TBI is a form of acquired brain injury that results from a direct trauma to the brain. It can be caused by a blow or jolt to the head or a penetrating injury, such as a gun shot wound that causes damage to the brain.]]> 2018-11-10 03:29:47 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/302818564 Classifications of TBIs simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/302818634 TBIs can be classified as mild, moderate, or severe depending on the extent of damage to the brain.
-Mild TBI (concussion or minor brain injury): This type of TBI occurs when there is a forceful motion of the head that causes a brief alteration of mental status, loss of memory of events before or after the TBI, and brief loss of consciousness. These individuals have a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 13-15 and have the following symptoms: headache, fatigue, sleep disturbance, irritability, sensitivity to noise or light, balance problems, decreased concentration or attention, decreased speed of thinking, memory problems, nausea, blurry vision, dizziness, depression, anxiety, emotional mood swings and/or seizures.

-Moderate TBI: Individuals with a moderate TBI experience loss of consciousness, along with persistent confusion and functional impairments in one or more of the cognitive, physical, emotional, or behavioral domains, along with a GCS score of 8-12.

-Severe TBI: Individuals with severe TBIs have prolonged unconscious state or coma with a GCS score less than 8. ]]> 2018-11-10 03:31:26 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/302818634 Systems Affected by TBI simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/302818660 The primary system affected is the structure of the brain. Any part of the brain can be affected including brain controls of voluntary and involuntary functions. These dysfunctions are on a wide spectrum.
-Physical Changes: These may include weakness, muscle tone and coordination problems, full or partial paralysis, balance difficulties, and/or fatigue.
-Cognitive Changes: These may include impairment to attention and arousal, initiation, and memory.  Problem solving and the whole set of higher level functions such as judgement, organization and planning, time management, abstract reasoning, and insight may be impacted. Other cognitive changes in reading, writing, language and communication, new learning and/or confabulation may be impacted. 

-Emotional and Behavioral Changes:  These may include difficulty with social skills, such as the inability to empathize with others or poor pragmatics, inappropriate or self-centered behavior, disinhibited behavior, and other emotional-behavioral issues such as irritability, agitation, frustration, flat affect, depression, and/or anxiety. ]]> 2018-11-10 03:31:45 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/302818660 Secondary Problems Associated with TBI simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/302818672 Secondary problems of a traumatic brain injury include several that cause further damage to the structure of the brain.

-Anoxic Injury: An injury that results from an absence of oxygen in the brain.
-Hypoxic Injury: An injury that results from a decrease of oxygen in the brain.
-Cranial Nerve Dysfunction: There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves that emerge from the brain. Injury to one or more of the cranial nerves can result in impairments in taste, smell, vision, auditory and vestibular functions.
-Edema: Sweelling and excess fluid in the brain.
-Hematomas: A collecting or pooling of blood that can increase intracranial pressure (ICP). There are three types of hematomas:
1) Subdural hematoma where blood vessels rupture between the brain and the dura (membrane that covers the brain).
2) Epidural or extradural hematoma where blood vessels rupture between the dura and the skull.
3) Intracerebral or intraparenchymal hematoma, which is bleeding within the brain itself.
-Hydrocephalus: This occurs when the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) accumulates in the brain causing dilation of cerebral ventricles and an increase in intracranial pressure. Symptoms include: incontinence, gait disorder, and dementia.
-Heterotopic Ossification: This is a formation of bone in soft tissues where bone normally isn't present. It predominately occurs in the joints of the upper and lower extremities. Symptoms include: pain, warmth, swelling, and contracture formation.
-Seizures: Post-traumatic seizures, recurrent seizures and epilepsy are known complications of TBI. Seizures usually develop within one day to one week after the injury. The greatest risk for new seizures is within two years after the TBI. ]]> 2018-11-10 03:31:57 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/302818672 TR Takeaway simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/302818693 2018-11-10 03:32:30 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/302818693 Diabetes (Type 1 and 2) simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/307557436 -Diabetes mellitus (DM): is a complex disease that occurs when insulin production is too low (or lacking entirely) or when the body is unable to effectively use the insulin it produces due to deficits in the insulin receptors. The results can be problematic in that the body cannot metabolize carbohydrates, proteins, or fat correctly, left untreated this can lead to death.

-Type 1 Diabetes (T1D): Insulin dependent and juvenile-onset diabetes are now called T1D. T1D develops when the body's immune system destroys the pancreatic beta cells that make insulin. It primarily occurs in children and young adults. 

-Type 2 Diabetes (T2D): Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and adult-onset diabetes are now T2D. It is the most common type of diabetes and occurs when the body can not produce enough insulin or when the cells cannot use the insulin properly. This causes a build up of glucose in the bloodstream. If glucose levels are not reduced damage can occur to many systems in the body including: eyes, kidneys, nerves, and the heart. T2D is associated with older age, obesity, family history, impaired glucose tolerance, physical inactivity, and race. T2D can be controlled with lifestyle changes, diet, and medication. ]]> 2018-11-25 20:09:19 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/307557436 Causes of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/307559589 Causes of Type 1 Diabetes:
It is caused by an autoimmune disease, predominant hereditary, that attacks and destroys beta cells in the pancreas. Environmental factors such as viruses, infections, and foods are thought to trigger the autoimmune reaction.

Causes of Type 2 Diabetes:
T2D is caused by a combination of factors that include, genetics, personal and environmental factors. Heredity plays a role. African Americans, Alaska Natives, American Indians, Pacific Islanders of American decent, and  Hispanic/Latinos have a higher risk. Having a parent or sibling with T2D increases an individual's risk. Personal factors also increase a person's risk include: obesity, being middle-ages, physical inactivity, high blood pressure, bad cholesterol levels, polycystic ovary syndrome, prediabetes, acanthosis (a dark rash around the neck or armpits), and a history of cardiovascular disease. Women who give birth to a baby over nine pounds also have an increased risk of T2D. ]]> 2018-11-25 20:24:41 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/307559589 Secondary Problems of Diabetes simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/307561479 1. Hypertension: Approximately two-thirds of adults with diabetes have high blood pressure.

2. Kidney Disease: Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney failure, accounting for about 45% of all new kidney failure cases.

3. Hyperglycemia: This is when blood glucose levels become too high. This can be caused by too little insulin or when the body is not using insulin effectively. The signs and symptoms are: high levels of sugar in urine, frequent urination, and increased thirst. This condition can often be controlled with exercise to help lower blood sugar. 

4. Ketoacidosis: This is a serious condition where excess ketones and acidosis develop because of faulty carbohydrate metabolism. When carbohydrates can't be used as fuel, the body metabolizes proteins instead. The waste product includes so many ketones that the body can't get rid of all of them in the urine. The condition develops slowly, but can develop in a few hours when vomiting occurs. The first symptoms include: thirst or very dry mouth, frequent urination, high glucose levels, high levels of ketones in the urine. The next symptoms to occur are constantly feeling tired, dry or flushed skin, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, difficulty breathing, a fruity odor on the breath, a hard time paying attention or confusion. This condition can be life threatening and should be treated right away. 

5. Nervous System Disease: Approximately 60-70% of adults with diabetes have mild to severe nervous system damage. This includes an impaired sensation or pain in hands or feet, slowed digestion, carpel tunnel syndrome, and erectile dysfunction. Adults with impaired sensation in feet, is a contributing factor to lower extremity amputations. ]]> 2018-11-25 20:38:08 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/307561479 Multiple Sclerosis simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/307564337 Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the central nervous system. The bodies own defense system attacks that myelin that surrounds and protects the nerve fibers of the brain, optic nerve, and spinal cord. As the damage occurs, the myelin covering of the nerves becomes inflamed, swollen, and detached from the fibers. Eventually the myelin is destroyed. Scar tissue, also called a lesion or sclerosis, forms over the nerve fibers in place of the myelin. Nerve impulses do not travel as fast or as accurately across the scarred areas, so impulses are blocked or delayed from traveling to or from the brain. When some impulses are sent incorrectly it can lead to an array of uncomfortable sensations in addition to sensory loss and loss of motor control. Ultimately the disease leads to the degeneration of the nerves themselves which causes permanent disability. ]]> 2018-11-25 20:58:48 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/307564337 Possible Disease Courses of Multiple Sclerosis simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/307564595 -Relapsing-remitting (RRMS): This is the most common type of MS. Symptoms flare up and then subside. Flare ups usually last several days to several weeks. The person may have total or only partial recovery between flare ups. Most people with MS initially begin on this course. 

-Secondary-Progressive (SPMS): When exacerbations (flare ups) become steadily progressive and only partial recoveries are achieved with each exacerbation, the course of the disease is described as SPMS. Before disease-modifying 🤬 became available, more than 50% of those who started with RRMS developed SPMS within 10 years, and 90% within 25 years. It still may happen, but percentages are lower now. 

-Primary-progressive (PPMS): PPMS is a steady progression of symptoms without signs of remitting, and occurs in about 10% of individuals with MS.

-Progressive-relapsing (PRMS): A steady progression of symptoms with obvious acute attacks. Only about fiver percent of people with MS have PRMS. ]]> 2018-11-25 21:00:30 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/307564595 Systems Affected by Multiple Sclerosis simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/307564739 MS is a disease of the central nervous system; therefore any system that is directly related to the CNS is possibly affected. Symptoms and the severity of symptoms can vary from person to person. The primary symptoms are directly related to demyelination: weakness, numbness, tingling, tremor, visual problems, pain, paralysis, poor balance, bowel and bladder dysfunction, slurred speech, decline in cognitive functioning, including reasoning, memory, and processing, and dysphagia. 
MS can also be aggravated by external variables such as heat, fatigue, and stress. 
-Heat: Any warm environment such as a sunbathing or a hot tub can worsen MS symptoms. Heat and humidity causes the myelin sheath to move signals less efficiently. The most common symptom is blurry vision which subsides when the heat stimulus is taken away. 
-Fatigue: This is one of the major complaints of MS making it both a symptom and something that worsens other symptoms. This is an extreme type of fatigue that affects motivation and the ability to perform daily activities. This type of fatigue is unique to MS and worsens as the day goes on. 
-Stress: Stressful events and poorly controlled stress levels can lead to exacerbations in MS symptoms.  

]]> 2018-11-25 21:01:26 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/307564739 Heart Disease Terms simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/307573699 -Heart Disease: This is an umbrella term that includes a range of medical conditions that involve the heart in one way or another.
-Blood Vessel Diseases: narrowed , blocked, or stiffened blood vessels that impair circulation. Symptoms include agnia (chest pain), shortness of breath, pain, numbness, weakness, and/or feelings of cold extremities. 
-Heart Arrhythmias: An abnormal heartbeats, which can be quick, slow, or irregular. Symptoms include fluttering in chest, tachycardia (racing heart beat) bradycardia (slow heart beat), angina, shortness of breath, vertigo, feeling lightheaded, and syncope (fainting).
-Congenital Heart Defect: Structural problems of the heart or major blood vessels there are 18 types of defects. These defects are usually seen in babies. Symptoms may vary depending upon the defect or abnormality. Common symptoms are pale gray or blue color skin, swelling in hands, feet, ankles, abdomen, or other areas around eyes, shortness of breath, tiring easily, and excessive fluid in the heart or lungs. 
-Cardiomyopathy: Thickening and stiffening of the heart muscle. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, swelling in legs, ankle, or feet, bloating of abdomen, fatigue, irregular heartbeats that feel rapid or pounding, vertigo, feeling of lightheadedness and syncope.
-Heart Infections: There are three types of heart infections:
Pericarditis: infection of the tissue surrounding the heart.
Myocarditis: infection of the muscular middle layer of the heart walls.
Edocarditis: infection of the inner membrane that separates the heart chambers and heart valves.
Symptoms include fever, shortness of breath, fatigue, weakness, swelling, heart rhythm changes, a dry persistent cough or rash.
-Valvular Heart Disease: Functions of one or more heart valves are damaged leading to stenosis (narrowing), regurgitating (leaking), or prolapse (improper closing). Symptoms are fatigue, shortness of breath, irregular heartbeat or heart murmur, swollen feet of ankles, angina, and syncope.  

]]> 2018-11-25 22:15:24 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/307573699 Secondary Problems of Heart Disease simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/307577114 Most secondary problems depend on the type of heart disease a person has. 
-About 20-30% of individuals with a heart defect have other physical, developmental, or cognitive disorders. 
-Five to 10% of people with cardiac problems also have anxiety disorders, panic attacks and phobias.
-10-15% have mood disorders, depressive episodes, minor depression or dysthymia. 
-People with heart disease and diabetes are at a higher risk of developing depression. 
-Sexual activity can be impacted due to the increased stress on the cardiovascular system. 
-A secondary condition related to lifestyle is back problems due to inactivity or weight.  ]]> 2018-11-25 22:40:52 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/307577114 Cancer and How it's Named simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/307578184 Cancer is the generic term given to a group of more than 100 diseases where abnormal cells divide and grow out of control. As cancer advances, cancer cells can invade other parts of the body spreading to nearby tissue or moving through the blood or lymphatic system. Symptoms include unexplained weight loss, fever, fatigue, pain, skin changes. Specific types of cancer have other symptoms.

How Cancer is Named: Cancer is named based off the location where cancer originates in the body. Even if it spreads to other parts of the body it is still named after where it originated. ]]> 2018-11-25 22:49:35 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/307578184 Secondary Problems Related to Cancer Treatment simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/307578903 Side effect from cancer treatment vary widely due to a multitude of factors including the treatment chosen, the client's age and health, and the individual's response to a specific treatment. The three most invasive treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Surgery complications include pain, a partially collapsed lung, blood clots, fatigue, muscle atrophy, anesthesia effects, confusion or delirium, and infection. Chemotherapy effects include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, hair loss, mouth sores, and low blood cell counts that increase risk for infection, bleeding, bruising, and anemia. Radiation effects include skin irritation and fatigue. Individuals with advanced cancer often experience a greater number of physical, emotional, and spiritual symptoms. These include pain, dyspnea, constipation, fatigue, poor sleep, anxiety, depression, and grief.  ]]> 2018-11-25 22:55:41 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/307578903 Five Stages of Cancer simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/307580361 Cancer staging is used as a way to determine the appropriate treatment for a client. Most types of cancer have specific stages based upon the number of cancer cells and the local in the body. In the U.S. the National Cancer Institute manages the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) to help identify the most promising treatment protocols. Data is collected using a staging scale that uses five levels 
-In situ: early cancer only located in the layer of cells in which it began. 
-Localized: Cancer is limited to the organ in which it began, without evidence of spreading.
-Regional: Cancer that has spread beyond original site to nearby organs, lymph nodes, or tissue. 
-Distant: Cancer that has spread from primary site to distant organs or lymph nodes.
-Unknown: cases where there is not enough information to indicate a stage. 
Cancer Stages:
-Cancer Stage 0: Carcinoma in situ
-Cancer stages 1-3: Higher numbers indicate more extensive disease, as seen by larger tumor size and spread of cancer beyond the organ in which it first developed to nearby lymph nodes and/or tissues or organs adjacent to the location of the primary tumor. 
-Cancer Stage 4: The cancer has spread to distant tissues or organs. ]]> 2018-11-25 23:06:52 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/307580361 TR Takeaway simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/307580417 2018-11-25 23:07:18 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/307580417 COPD simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/310008418 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)- This is a condition that makes it hard to breathe. There are two types of COPD that interfere with the normal functioning of the breathing system.

1. Chronic Bronchitis: It is caused by the chronic inflammation of bronchial tubes due to increased mucus. The mucus obstructs the bronchioles, making it hard to breathe in and out. The person coughs to try and clear the mucus and becomes short of breath with exertion. Chronic Bronchitis is associated with prolonged exposure to bronchial irritants such as smoking.

2. Emphysema: In this condition the walls of the alveoli begin to break down and the lung loses its elasticity. So instead of having many small alveoli only a few large air sacs remain. Less alveoli and bigger air sacs cause a problem. There is less surface area for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. When combined with the loss of lung elasticity this can lead to air being trapped in the lungs. Air trapped in the lungs causes poor exchange and shortness of breath. ]]> 2018-11-30 23:11:03 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/310008418 Causes of COPD simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/310008443 The primary cause of COPD is smoking it accounts for 85-90% of COPD cases. This includes all smoked tobacco products: cigarettes, pipes, and cigar. There is only a small number people that develop COPD from other sources such as fumes, chemical, and secondhand smoke. In rare cases COPD can be caused by aplpha 1 antitrypin deficiency, which is a gene disorder. ]]> 2018-11-30 23:11:14 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/310008443 Secondary Problems of COPD simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/310008458 COPD may limit an individual's work ability, physical ability, household chores, social activities, sleeping, and family activities. Individuals with COPD are also more susceptible to respiratory infections, pulmonary hypertension, heart problems, lung cancer, and depression. People with COPD may also have poor nutrition, poor muscle strength and endurance, skeletal disease (decreased bone density), anxiety, learned helplessness, loss of internal locus control, and sensory problems. Many of these are due to frequent hospital visits, decreased activity level, deconditioning, medications, lack of oxygen, and poor adjustment and coping skills.]]> 2018-11-30 23:11:36 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/310008458 Rheumatoid Arthritis simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/310011498 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): is a chronic disease that involves the inflammation of the lining of joints, causing joint damage, chronic pain, loss of function, and possibly permanent disability. RA is considered an autoimmune disorder, which occurs when the immune system attacks the bodies own tissues. RA can also cause fevers and fatigue.

Three Stages of RA:

1. The first stage is swelling of the joint lining, causing pain, warmth, stiffness, redness, and swelling around the joint.
2. The second stage is rapid division and growth of cells, which causes the joint lining to thicken.
3. In the third stage the inflamed cells release enzymes that may digest bone and cartilage, often causing the involved joint to lose its shape and alignment leading to increased pain and loss of movement.  ]]> 2018-11-30 23:46:07 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/310011498 Causes of Rheumatoid Arthritis simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/310012269 It is not known what the exact cause for the immune system to turn against itself in RA, but the following factors have been identified:
Genetic Factors: Specific genes may play a role in whether a person develops RA and how severe the disease will become. However some people with these genes never develop RA, whiles others without these genes develop RA. Therefore ones genetics only play part of the role.
Environmental Factors: It is believed that environmental factors such as a virus, bacterium, or mycobacterium may trigger the disease process. 
Hormones: Deficiencies or changes in certain hormones may promote the development of RA in genetically susceptible clients who have been exposed to an environmental trigger agent. ]]> 2018-11-30 23:56:52 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/310012269 Systems Affected by Rheumatoid Arthritis simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/310012766 RA predominantly Affects the musculoskeletal system, though sensory changes, involvement of other organs, lower energy levels and psychological issues may also be present. RA primarily affects wrist joints and finger joints closer to the hand; however it can affect the neck, shoulders, elbows, hips, knees, ankles, and feet. It presents in a symmetrical pattern, meaning that it affects the same joints on the right and left sides. Clients typically complain of feeling pain and stiffness that lasts for more than 30 minutes upon awakening. Joints can become red, swollen, and painful during and after excessive use. Some additional symptoms and problems a client with RA may experience are: 
-Anemia: A decrease in the normal number of red blood cells. This is due to proteins released from the inflamed tissue interferes with the bodies ability to make red blood cells. 
-Depression
-Fatigue: Can be caused by the increased time it takes to complete tasks. 
-Functional Limitations: Clients with RA may find some tasks of daily living very hard or they cannot do them. 
-Impaired Range of Motion
-Inflammation: The joint lining thickening causes swelling near the joint.
-Joint Deformity
-Neck Pain
-Rheumatoid Nodules: Bumps under the skin that form close to the joint. 
-Fever
-Dry eyes and mouth]]> 2018-12-01 00:05:12 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/310012766 Secondary Problems of Rheumatoid Arthritis simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/310012801 -Bone Loss: Women with RA are at an increased risk of developing bone loss, fracture and/or osteoporosis in RA affected joints.  This can be caused by medications used to fight RA, and lack of physical activity. Women are two to three times more likely to have RA than men. 
-Cardiopulmonary Endurance: Decreased involvement in cardiopulmonary conditioning due to pain, stiffness, limited range of motion, fatigue and depression often compromise endurance.
-Muscle Atrophy: Loss of muscle strength due to decreased physical activity.
-Life Tasks: Joints become tender and painful during and after excessive use impacting the client's ability to complete perform life tasks.
-Psychological Changes: Depression, anxiety, and feelings of helplessness are common in clients who live with chronic disease.
-Sexual Dysfunction: Pain, limited range of motion, resultant inflammation from activity, limited endurance, and psychological changes can affect the client's desire to participate in sexual activity.  ]]> 2018-12-01 00:05:40 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/310012801 Epilepsy and Seizures simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/310014757 Epilepsy is a medical condition that affects the brain neurons and causes abnormal signals. These abnormal signals may be caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters or defects in the connections between neurons in the brain. When the abnormal signals causes a brief strong surge of electrical activity that affects a portion of the brain, it is called a seizure. Seizures can last from a few seconds to a few minutes. Having a seizure does't necessarily mean the person has epilepsy. Only when a person has two or more unprovoked seizures are they diagnosed with epilepsy.  ]]> 2018-12-01 00:40:00 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/310014757 Focal seizures and Generalized seizures simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/310015157 Focal Seizures: Also called partial seizures, these begin in a localized area of the brain. They are frequently labeled by the area of the brain in which they originate.
-Simple Focal Seizures: Individuals remain conscious but experience unusual feelings or sensations. They can experience sudden and unexplainable emotions. They may also have unrealistic heightening of their senses. 
-Complex Focal Seizures: Individuals experience an altered state of consciousness, in which they may experience a dreamlike experience that lasts a few seconds. They may display repetitive behaviors such as blinks, twitches, mouth movements, experience auras. 

Generalized Seizures: are a result of abnormal neurological activity that occurs in more than one area of the brain. These seizures may cause loss of consciousness, falls, or muscle spasms. 
-Absence Seizures: A momentary loss of consciousness of just a few seconds usually with no other  symptoms. Muscles seem to jerk or twitch, and at times the individual seem to stare into space. Individuals may no know they have a seizure. 
-Tonic Seizures: These seizures cause stiffening of the back, leg, and arm muscles. 
-Clonic Seizures: Seizures of these type cause repetitive, rhythmic jerks that involve both sides of the body at the same time. 
-Myoclonic Seizures: Jerks or twitches of the upper body, arms, or legs are typical of these seizures. 
-Atonic Seizures: These seizures cause a loss of normal muscle tone, which results in a fall.
-Tonic-Clonic Seizures: A typical symptom of these seizures includes stiffening of the body and repeated jerks of the arms and/or legs as well as loss of consciousness. These are referred to as grand mal seizures. ]]> 2018-12-01 00:47:52 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/310015157 Status Epilepticus simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/310015174 Status epilepticus is a potentially life-threatening condition in which a person either has an abnormaly prolonged seizure or does not fully regain consciousness between seizures. A prolonged seizure is one lasting longer than five minutes. ]]> 2018-12-01 00:48:13 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/310015174 TR Takeaway simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/310015177 2018-12-01 00:48:18 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/310015177 Lived Experience Video simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/310018107 My Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v1wiqn-GwUM
Additional Resources:
https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/seizure-first-aid-and-safety/staying-safe

https://www.epilepsysociety.org.uk/toms-story#.XAHz52hKjIU]]> 2018-12-01 01:41:26 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/310018107 What is Down Syndrome? simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/312567326 Down Syndrome is a genetic disorder that is caused by abnormal cell division that results in an extra copy of chromosome 21. This change causes developmental and physical changes in the developing fetus. The severity ranges from person to person but overall results in lifelong intellectual and developmental delays. Intellectual and developmental problems can range from mild to severe. ]]> 2018-12-08 23:03:28 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/312567326 Causes of Down Syndrome simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/312567632 Down Syndrome is the result of extra genetic material when chromosome 21 divides. This creates an extra full or partial chromosome 21. This extra chromosome is responsible for the symptoms of Down Syndrome. There are three genetic variations that cause Down Syndrome:

1. Trisomy 21: an individual with three copies of chromosome 21.

2. Mosaic Down Syndrome: This is a rare form of Down Syndrome and is caused by abnormal cells.

3. Translocation Down Syndrome: This occurs when a portion of chromosome 21 becomes attached to another chromosome. 

Although Down Syndrome is genetic it isn't inherited from the parent. ]]> 2018-12-08 23:09:36 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/312567632 Signs and Symptoms of Down Syndrome simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/312567638 Each individual experience with Down Syndrome is unique. Such as some individuals are healthy while others have significant health conditions such as heart problems. Children and adults with Down Syndrome have distinct facial features. Some common features include:
-Flatten Face
-Small Head
-Short Neck
-Protruding Tongue
-Upward Slanted Eyes
-Small Ears
-Poor Muscle Tone
-Broad Short Hands 
-Short Fingers 
-Small Hands and Feet
-Excessive Flexibility 
-Short Height
-Hyperflexibility 
-Scoliosis
Most children and some adults with Down Syndrome have mild to moderate cognitive impairment. There can be language delay and both long and short term memory can be impacted. ]]> 2018-12-08 23:09:46 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/312567638 Management Techniques for Down Syndrome simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/312567669 Down Syndrome is not something that is cured individual's have it for a lifetime. Early detection is important to help with an individual's management with Down Syndrome. Some of the management techniques that are used are speech therapy, occupational therapy and exercise to help improve motor skills. Usually a team of providers work together to provide the best care for the individual. This care team consists of:
-Primary physician who is in charge of general health and vaccinations.
-Other health providers depending if an individual has any secondary conditions.
-Speech therapist to work on communication skills
-Physical therapist to work on motor skills and build strength 
-Occupational therapist to work on fine motor skills and tasks of daily living.
-Behavioral therapy for the emotional challenges of Down Syndrome.]]> 2018-12-08 23:10:20 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/312567669 Secondary Conditions simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/312567684 Secondary conditions associated with Down Syndrome become more prevalent the older the individual is. Some common secondary conditions are:
-Heart Defects
-Gastrointestinal Defects 
-Immune Disorders
-Sleep Apnea
-Obesity
-Spinal Problems
-Leukemia 
-Dementia
-Endocrine Problems
-Dental Problems 
-Seizures 
-Ear Infections
-Hearing Problems
-Vision Problems 
-Autism ]]> 2018-12-08 23:10:45 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/312567684 Facts About Down Syndrome simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/312567705 -Down Syndrome is the most common chromosomal condition every one in 700 babies in the United States is born with it.
-The life expectancy for individuals with Down Syndrome has risen drastically from 25 in 1983 to 60 today. 
-Down Syndrome occurs in people of all races and economic status. ]]> 2018-12-08 23:11:10 UTC https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/312567705 Resources: simmerma_emily https://padlet.com/simmerma_emily/RTH329/wish/312567709 Cleveland Clinic. Down Syndrome Management and Treatment. Retrieved December 11, 2018, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17818-down-syndrome/management-and-treatment

Mayo Clinic. Down Syndrome. Retrieved December 11, 2018, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/down-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20355977

National Down Syndrome Society. Down Syndrome Facts. Retrieved December 11, 2018, from https://www.ndss.org/about-down-syndrome/down-syndrome-facts/

Porter H. R. (2015) Recreational Therapy for Specific Diagnoses and Conditions. Enumclaw, WA: Idyll Arbor Inc.

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