The supreme quality of leadership is unquestionably integrity.  Honesty and integrity are two important ingredients which make a good leader. How can you expect your followers to be honest when you lack these qualities yourself? Leaders succeed when they stick to their values and core beliefs and without ethics, this will not be possible.
Confidence

To be an

 effective leader, you should be confident enough to ensure that other follow your commands. If you are unsure about your own decisions and qualities, then your subordinates will never follow you. As a leader, you have to be oozing with confidence, show some swagger and assertiveness to gain the respect of your subordinates.

Probably the most difficult job for a leader is to persuade others to follow. It can only be possible if you inspire your followers by setting a good example. When the going gets tough, they look up to you and see how you react to the situation. If you handle it well, they will follow you. As a leader, should think positive and this positive approach should be visible through your actions. Stay calm under pressure and keep the

 motivation level up. As John Quincy Adams puts it, “If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader.” If you are successful in inspiring your subordinates, you can easily overcome any current and future challenge easily.

Until you clearly communicate your vision to your team and tell them the strategy to achieve the goal, it will be very difficult for you to get the results you want. Simply put, if you are unable to communicate your message effectively to your team, you can never be a good leader. A good communicator can be a good leader. Words have the power to motivate people and make them do the unthinkable. If you use them effectively, you can also achieve better results.

You cannot do everything, right. It is important for a leader to focus on key responsibilities while leaving the rest to others. By that, I mean empowering your followers and delegating tasks to them. If you continue to micromanage your subordinates, it will develop a lack of trust and more importantly, you will not be able to focus on important matters, as you should be. Delegate tasks to your subordinates and see how they perform. Provide them with all the resources and support they need to achieve the objective and give them a chance to bear the responsibility.

Ltd: Operates in the same way as a PLC but shares are not offered publicly – they belong to private individuals or groups who must offer their shares to other shareholders before selling publicly. Examples include John Lewis, Virgin Atlantic and Iceland.

Sole Trader: An exclusive owner of a business, access to all profits after tax but liable for all costs and losses. A sole trader may have employees but they do not have any stake in the company. Examples can include tradesmen, fitness instructors and small shop owners.

Usually, the employer and employee both need to agree to any contract changes. But an employee can insist on a change if they have a legal right to it.

Must get an employee’s agreement if you want to make changes to their contract.

Consult or negotiate with employees or their representatives (eg from a trade union or staff association)

Explain the reasons for changes

Listen to alternative ideas from employees

You may also want to talk with workers, asking them about their future plans. With older employees this can include talking about their thoughts on retirement and their options for staying in the job, e.g. changes to their role, hours or working pattern.

 Surveillance and Privacy – Employees privacy is increasingly limited as companies survey all aspects of company activities. Workers may feel compromised, however clear company policies on surveillance can reduce this.

 Child Labour – Very large companies whose management is far removed from its manufacturing can face issues surrounding the age of workers in its factories. Tech and clothing companies face this often. Taking a proactive rather than reactive approach can help.
Environment – Companies need to balance their profit making with operating sustainable. Environmentally friendly processes are often more costly than other methods. Considerations include: hazardous waste, pollution, global warming and deforestation. Investing in renewable energy sources can help reduce costs of sustainability.

§An obligation, beyond that required by the law, for a business to pursue long term goals that are good for society

About how a company manages its business to produce an overall positive impact on society

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is about understanding your business' impact on the wider world and considering how you can use this impact in a positive way. (Business Link)

The audit process allows employees to feel that their values and concerns are considered alongside other stakeholders.

These audits are the outcomes of ‘social accounting’

To be successful in these audits, there must be clear aims, goals, and a vision.

Shell, BT and the Co-op Bank have used this approach.

•Health and Safety -The main piece of legislation governing health and safety at work, including:

•Disposal of waste

•Carrying heavy loads

•Wearing protective clothing

•Working at height

Mergers and acquisitions are primarily done to save money, and often result in the loss of jobs and closing of stores.

Examples include:

Curry's and PC World

EE (T-Mobile and Orange)

Lloyds TSB was demerged as a consequence of the financial crisis

Co-Operative Travel & Thomas Cook

Restructuring can be used a type of workforce planning, for companies to easily determine if they have too few, too many, or just enough staff. 

Restructuring often involves merging departments within organisations and making redundancies at both the managerial and operational level.