Proposed by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress or supported by more than one-fifth of the National People’s Congress membership; passage requires more than a two-thirds majority vote of the Congress membership; amended several times, last in 2018

Ultimate authority rests with the Communist Party Central Committee’s 25-member Political Bureau (Politburo) and its seven-member Standing Committee; XI Jinping holds the three most powerful positions as party general secretary, state president, and chairman of the Central Military Commission

Industries: world leader in gross value of industrial output; mining and ore processing, iron, steel, aluminum, and other metals, coal; machine building; armaments; textiles and apparel; petroleum; cement; chemicals; fertilizer; consumer products (including footwear, toys, and electronics)

China responded to Vietnam's invasion and occupation of Cambodia in 1978, in less than a month china had declared victory. The last land war the PRC was in.

proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of both houses and approval by the Houses of Assembly of at least two thirds of the states; amendments to constitutional articles on the creation of a new state, fundamental constitutional rights, or constitution-amending procedures requires at least four-fifths majority vote by both houses of the National Assembly and approval by the Houses of Assembly in at least two thirds of the states; passage of amendments limited to the creation of a new state require at least two-thirds majority vote by the proposing National Assembly house and approval by the Houses of Assembly in two thirds of the states; amended several times, last in 2018

The president is also commander in chief.

House of Representatives (360 seats statutory, 258 current; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms)

industries: crude oil, coal, tin, columbite; rubber products, wood; hides and skins, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food products, footwear, chemicals, fertilizer, printing, ceramics, steel

Outages are a big issue as many Nigerians who live in rural areas still struggle with keeping stable electricity and wifi access as outages continue to spark the country.

Supreme leader appointed for life by Assembly of Experts; president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term and an additional nonconsecutive term); election last held on 28 June 2024 first round (runoff held on 5 July 2024)

Industries: petroleum, petrochemicals, gas, fertilizer

Following the murder of Mahsa Amini for not wearing a hijab Iran has faced severe backlash and sparked national and global protests surrounding women's rights.

Proposed by the Congress of the Union; passage requires approval by at least two-thirds of the members present and approval by a majority of the state legislatures; amended many times, last in 2020

North Vs South

Cartel

The executive executes the law passed by the legislative.

(2024: Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo elected president)

Senate or Cámara de Senadores (128 seats; 96 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 32 directly elected in a single, nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 6-year terms)

Chamber of Deputies or Cámara de Diputados (500 seats; 300 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 200 directly elected in a single, nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 3-year terms)

Industries: food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourism

(I'm not counting WW2)

In 1926, Mexicans once again went to war over religion. Because of the war, a new constitution was adopted in 1917. Which allowed for freedom of religion, separation of church and state, and secular education. (current constitution)

Cartels and Drug trafficking continue to be a huge issue plaguing the Mexican nation. Cartels have gained a new dominance of power and are behind bribes to get elected officials to allow cartel members to roam freely and escape prison time. Crime is also on the rise as cartels are beginning to have more influence over the government. Even some government officials have been exposed as cartel members or accepted bribes.

proposed by the president of the Russian Federation, by either house of the Federal Assembly, by the government of the Russian Federation, or by legislative (representative) bodies of the Federation's constituent entities; proposals to amend the government’s constitutional system, human and civil rights and freedoms, and procedures for amending or drafting a new constitution require formation of a Constitutional Assembly; passage of such amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of its total membership; passage in a referendum requires participation of an absolute majority of eligible voters and an absolute majority of valid votes; approval of proposed amendments to the government structure, authorities, and procedures requires approval by the legislative bodies of at least two thirds of the Russian Federation's constituent entities; amended several times, last in 2020 (major revisions)

Slavophilers Vs Westernizers

Chechnya

Federation Council or Sovet Federatsii (170 seats statutory, 169 as of April 2023; 2 members in each of the 83 federal administrative units (see note below) - oblasts, krays, republics, autonomous okrugs and oblasts, and federal cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg - appointed by the top executive and legislative officials; members serve 4-year terms)

State Duma or Gosudarstvennaya Duma (450 seats (see note below); as of February 2014, the electoral system reverted to a mixed electoral system for the 2016 election, in which one-half of the members are directly elected by simple majority vote and one-half elected by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)

Industries: OIL!!!! and mining.

The most recent and notable crisis is the war in Ukraine which has caused thousands of deaths of innocent Ukrainian and Russian civilians. The war has received massive criticism from western countries and has demanded that Russia stop and back off. Another issue is the rise in tension with the United States. I think its safe to say the two nations become colder with one another every day.

the first document to put into writing the principle that the king and his government were not above the law.

proposed as a bill for an Act of Parliament by the government, by the House of Commons, or by the House of Lords; passage requires agreement by both houses and by the monarch (Royal Assent); many previous, last in 2020 -  The European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020, European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020

House of Lords (membership not fixed; as of December 2023, 784 lords were eligible to participate in the work of the House of Lords - 667 life peers, 91 hereditary peers, and 26 clergy; members are appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister and non-party political members recommended by the House of Lords (doesn't have any enforcement powers)

House of Commons (650 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority popular vote to serve 5-year terms unless the House is dissolved earlier)

industries: machine tools, electric power equipment, automation equipment, railroad equipment, shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, electronics and communications equipment, metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper and paper products, food processing, textiles, clothing

Immigration reform is a hugely debated topic in the United Kingdom recently as a rise of hate crime towards minorities has risen due to the presence of the EDL's racist and islamophobic remarks causing divide in the nation

Chief of state, Head of government, Commander in chief.

Interpret the constitution but don't have actual enforcement power.

Industries: highly diversified, world leading, high-technology innovator, second-largest industrial output in the world; petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food processing, consumer goods, lumber, mining

War on terrorism following the 9/11 attacks... I don't think a win because we got nothing out of it and the country ended up falling back under the Taliban rule.