Americas: Post-Classical States

+ Aztec: floating gardens, human sacrifice

+ Inca: terraced mountains, mita forced labor

Eurasia: 2nd Islamic Flowering

+ Safavid: only Shia empire

+ Ottoman Turks: dominated Silk Roads trade, ruled over diverse peoples

+ Mughals: ruled diverse population, united India

+ Europe: competing fragmented states, Renaissance

+ China: maritime voyages of Zheng He cancelled, Ming Dynasty

Austrialia: Paleolithic Persistance

Africa: still had stateless societies except for Songhay in West Africa

Silk Road

- Chinese, Muslim, Indian, Buddhism

Sand Road

- Sudan, Ghana, Mali, Songhay, Kanem

Sea Road

- Blended Chinese, Malays, Indians, Arabs, Swahili people (not literally)

CHINA

confucianism

-Ban Zhao, better education for women

Africa: Classical Era civilization

+Moroe- trade and fought with Egypt

+Axum: old Africa and obelisks

+Niger rivers and Bantu: rich agriculture expansion

Mesoamerica: classical era

+Maya: agriculture drained swamps, irrigation

+Teotihuacan: good military and grid like cities

Andes: Classical Efra

+Chavin: architecture, trade, highly religious

+Moche: replace Chavin, irrigation,

North America: ClassicalEra

+Pueblo : farming maize and pit houses

+Mound Builders: indepen

Paleolithic Era: Gender Roles of women

+Women more equal to men.

+Religion had a "strong female dimension (venus figures)

+Men: hunters

+Women: gatherers

First Wave Civilizations: Gender Roles of Women

+Patriarchies evolved

+Various written laws written to enforce patriarchal ways of life

-Code of Hammurabi: Wife caught sleeping with another man: drowned.

+Women: prisoners of war became slaves or concubines

+Marduk inspired Hammurabi's law

+Mesopotamia: respectable women wore veils, others were forbidden to wear veils

+Egypt: married women were not veiled

Rome:

- West declined, East (Byzantium) maintained

- 26 claimed to be emperor

- Epidemic disease; population decline 25%

- Germanic people invasions

- Emperors controlled & replaced

- Produced new/distinct cultures

- Decentralized

China:

- Xiongnu & nomad entry

- Government tension

- Foreigners became Chinese

- Resulted in single ruler/ bureaucratic state

- Frequent warfare & disorder

Rome:

+Expansion occurred due to Greek Traders searching for iron and impoverished Greek Farmers in search of land.

+Greek settlers that expanded in search for trade caused religion to expand and diffuse. 

Persia:

+Royal Road

-Large road that allowed news to get across the empire.

-Good trade opportunity for merchants because they could go across the empire in three months.

China

-Class system

-Created by the state

-Based upon examination system in order to find officials

-Made it possible for the poor to change their class

India

-Had a caste system

-Had a religious basis (the 4 castes came from Purusha's body)

-Based upon varna and jati

-Varna was the system across India, and involved 5 sections

-Jati was regional groups inside the varna system

Rome

-Had a large slave class (Romans conquered and enslaved many peoples)

-This led to slave rebellions (one was led by a gladiator named Spartacus)

-Ruled by the patricians, or the wealthy class

-Conflicted with poorer plebeians

-As it became an empire, the more democratic aspects deteriorated

Greece

- All free males had citizenship, and the right to vote

-Often ruled by strong rulers supported by the lower classes called tyrants

-Sparta had a large, slave-like, population

-Patriarchal

-Sparta was less patriarchal, as it saw women as useful for making soldiers

-Athens was more constricting, and Athenian women had almost no

Classical era:

Post-Classical era:

•  military potential for horse back riding
• 
  

Europe

- After conquering Russia the Mongols thought that it was too cold and still controlled it, but at a distance

Middle East

- The Muslims were astonished by the Mongol success rate

- The Mongols became Muslim and gave up their nomadic ways (became agricultural)

China

- They moved their capital to what is now Beijing (back then it was called Khanbalik)

All

- The Mongols spread disease (Thy Dark Plague)

- Heavy trade taxes, extreamly safe trade routes, and no Mongol exports

Chiefdoms

+Brought in element of inequality

+Chiefs could seldom use force

+Earliest chiefdom: Mesopotamia

+Largest chiefdom in North America: Cahokia (1100 C.E.)

Agricultural Village Societies

+Did NOT have kings or chiefs

+Catalhuyuk: Southern Turkey, several thousand people

+No indication of male or female dominance: still had specific roles

+African societies: lineage system

-

+CHAPTER 9+

During the golden age of China, China was a world trade center.

+Tribute system

-If outsiders wanted to participate in trade within the Chinese empire they would be required to give gifts to the emperor.

+Chinese were constantly attacked by barbarians and the tribute system in theory would help control Chinese relations with "barbarians"

+The trade affected other civilizations and caused the spread of Confucianism, Daoism, Buddihsm, and Chinese techniques.

Vietnam and China

China tried to establish Chinese culture into Vietnam and they rebelled.

Egypt

-Based around the Nile River

-Had geography that protected them from many attacks

Both of these things led to a positive religion and worldview

- Built pyramids for their afterlife

Mesopotamia

- Based around Tigris and Euphrates rivers

Unpredictability of rivers led to dark worldview

- Experienced trouble due the saltiness of their soils

Yellow River China

-

Indus River Valley

- In modern day Pakistan

-Peaceful

-Little social hierarchy

-Built cities

Norte Chico

- South American society based in modern day Peru

-Built mounds

-Fishing based

Difference: 

Buddhism: spread

Hinduism: did not spread

Christianity:

Judaism: created by the Hebrews

Islam:

Similarities:

- Both Buddhism and Hinduism originated in India

- Both Christianity and Buddhism believed in only one god/ ruler in the beggining.

-

-agricultural revolution depended on breeding plants and animals