https://padlet.com/tdowler/kuk91iuzrip4 Notes en-us 2017-01-31 14:06:59 UTC 2017-01-31 14:14:39 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.com/tdowler/kuk91iuzrip4/wish/150524640 Clinical psychology deals with mental, emotional, and behavioral problems. Clinical psychologists may work in hospitals, mental health clinics, or private practices.\\\ counseling psychologist might help students adjust to college life or married couples learn to communicate better.\\\Social psychology Discovering how people think, feel, and behave in social situations

1. Studying how teens are influenced by their peers

2. Researching why people behave differently in crowds than individually

Experimental psychology Using experimental methods

to investigate psychological issues

1. Learning how human behavior differs from other animal behavior

2. Investigating how people remember and learn

School psychology Helping students succeed in school

1. Identifying gifted and talented students

2. Counseling teachers on

more effective ways of teaching

Developmental psychologyDetermining what changes occur as people grow older

1. Finding out how children develop language skills

2. Understanding how intelligence changes as people age

 Forensic psychologists apply psychology to legal issues. They give expert advice on questions such as whether defendants are able to understand court proceedings

Sports psychologists use their knowledge of psychology to help athletes improve their performance. For example, a sports psychologist might help an athlete learn how to focus during competition 

Community Psychology |   | Deals with mental health and social welfare issues within the community setting

1. Substance abuse and prevention within a community 2. Address poverty issues |   | Work with a community group to help reduce poverty issues within the community

Industrial/ Organizational Psychology |   | How industries and organizations impact and interact with individuals

1. Increase employee job satisfaction2. Evaluate worker job performance |   | Screen job applicants to select the best person for a particular job

Human Factors Psychology |   | How mental processes affect the use of tools and machines |   | 

1. Design machines so they are easier to use2. Modify tools to take into account human limitations |   | Design a computer monitor that helps prevent eye strain

Health Psychology |   | 

How thoughts, feelings, and behaviors affect health and illness |   | 

1. Persuade patients to follow medical advice2. Help people adopt healthy behaviors |   | Create a successful stop-smoking campaign

In 1879, a German psychologist named Wilhelm Wundt founded a laboratory devoted solely to psychological research. This was the first psychology laboratory in the world.

Consciousness refers to thoughts and feelings that a person is aware of. This approach to psychology was later called structuralism.

Introspection involves looking inward and identifying conscious feelings and mental images Id 
All the instinctive drives to seek pleasure and avoid pain that are present from birth Completely unconscious

Super-ego

The conscience, which “tells” the ego not to break moral and social rules Both conscious and unconscious

Ego 

The “I”, or self, which tries to resolve conflicts between the id and super-ego Completely conscious
The current perspective of humanistic psychology focuses on the uniqueness of human beings. Humanistic psychology developed from the humanist approach that began in the mid-20th century. Humanistic psychologists assume that human beings:  

1. have unique needs, such as the need to be creative.



2. are influenced by unique factors, such as values.



3. try to find meaning in life.



The majority of humanistic psychologists are practicing psychologists that help people deal with problems. However, rather than focusing primarily on the problems, they focus mainly on the positive aspects of people’s lives. Their goal is to help people reach their full potential.



COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY



CT scans and other brain images have been used in cognitive psychology, as well. Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of cognition. Cognition refers to mental processes, such as reasoning and remembering. Early structuralists and functionalists, with their interest in mental processes, influenced the development of cognitive psychology. Today, some cognitive psychologists use computers as a model for how the human mind works. Cognitive psychology focuses on topics such as memory formation and information processing. Research in cognitive psychology uses a variety of methods. For example:



1. In a study of memory, people might be presented with a list of words and later asked to recall as many as possible. Changing the conditions under which the words are presented shows how different conditions affect memory.



2. In a study of information processing, people might be asked to perform a task like the one described in Figure 6. This particular task shows how people pay attention to different types of information.



BEHAVIORAL PSYCHOLOGY



Behavioral psychology is the scientific study of behavior. It was influenced by the experimental approach of the early functionalists. Basic concepts in behavioral psychology include stimulus and response. A stimulus (plural, stimuli) is anything that triggers a behavior. The behavior that results when a stimulus occurs is called a response. Researchers in behavioral psychology often address practical questions, such as:



1. What are the best ways to teach children that are differently abled?



2. What are the most appropriate methods for training people in the military?



3. What are the most effective ways to help people change problem behaviors?



BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY



Biological psychology is the study of the biology underlying mental processes and behaviors. The development of biological psychology was influenced by the early functionalists. Most biological psychologists are experimental psychologists. They usually work in laboratories and often study animals. Examples of research questions in biological psychology include:



1. What happens in the brain when people form memories?



2. Why does brain damage affect people’s emotions?



3. Is aggression learned or controlled by genes?



Beginning in the 1970s, the use of CT scans and other brain imaging methods allowed biological psychology to make a giant leap forward. For the first time, biological psychologists could see directly how the brain functions when a person is awake. This is illustrated by the brain scans shown in Figure 5.



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