How it Works:

• Uses radio waves in the 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz frequency bands (and, more recently, 6 GHz with Wi-Fi 6E).

• Wi-Fi networks are created by a router or access point that connects devices in a local area to the internet or each other.

• Uses protocols like IEEE 802.11 standards for communication.

Range:

• Up to 150 feet indoors and 300 feet outdoors, depending on obstructions and frequency band.

Examples of Devices:

• Laptops, smartphones, smart TVs, tablets, IoT devices (smart home products)

How it Works:

• Operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM (industrial, scientific, and medical) band.

• Designed for short-range, device-to-device communication.

• Uses frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) to avoid interference.

Range:

• Standard Bluetooth (Class 2): Up to 30 feet (10 meters).

• Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE): Typically 100–300 feet for low-power, data-light applications.

Examples of Devices:

• Wireless headphones, keyboards, mice, fitness

How it Works:

• Uses infrared light (just below visible spectrum) for close-range data transmission.

• Often uses line-of-sight, meaning devices need to be aligned directly for communication.

Range:

• Generally very short, about 3-5 feet, depending on the device.

Examples of Devices:

• Remote controls, older mobile phones with IR ports, some medical devices (e.g., thermometers)