2- consult an older physician or research more about what could be the cause (do more tests)

1. Patient Confidentiality & Data Privacy (HIPAA Violation)

   • The physician shared protected health information (PHI) with an external AI system without consent, violating privacy laws like HIPAA (in the U.S.) or GDPR (in the EU).

2. Lack of Informed Consent

   • The patient was not informed that their data would be processed by AI, breaching the principle of autonomy.

3. Reliability & Accuracy of AI Diagnosis

   • The LLM’s diagnosis was not based on real-time, verified clinical data, raising the risk of misdiagnosis and potential harm to the patient.

Ethical Alternatives:

• Use AI Systems Approved for Healthcare

  • Instead of a general-purpose LLM, hospitals should use HIPAA-compliant, medically validated AI tools.

• Anonymize Patient Data

  • If AI is used, patient data should be stripped of identifying information.

• Seek Expert Medical Consultation

  • Physicians should prioritize peer discussions, second opinions, and evidence-based clinical tools instead of relying on unverified AI-generated diagnoses.

• Obtain Patient Consent

  • If AI assistance is necessary, obtain informed consent before using patient data.

tell an expert

must work on the case and read about it

and discuss with his team

He Consult senior doctors or refer to trusted medical sources before making clinical decisions

Hoor Alwahaibi

the physician shared sensitive data, this violates the patient’s confidentiality.

what physician should do:

use hospital approved AI tools

Ask for the patient consent

report about the incident

2- The doctor should seek patient consent and approval and respect whatever decision he makes, ask doctors and other specialists for help, but if there is difficulties in asking for help from specialists he could use AI apps that are validated for such cases.

Sumood

Patient confidentiality

Informed consent

Non-Maleficence: risk misdiagnosis

Ethical alternatives :

Obtain patient consent before using AL

Consult senior physicians

2. the patient did not consent to their data being processed by an AI system.

The junior physician should consult with senior colleagues or specialists to discuss the complex case. Also, before using any AI tools, the physician must obtain informed consent from the patient