We now have vaccines to prevent more than 20 life-threatening diseases, helping people of all ages live longer, healthier lives. Immunization currently prevents 2-3 million deaths every year from diseases like diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, influenza and measles.

Immunization is a key component of primary health care and an indisputable human right. It’s also one of the best health investments money can buy. Vaccines are also critical to the prevention and control of infectious-disease outbreaks. They underpin global health security and will be a vital tool in the battle against antimicrobial resistance.

Yet despite tremendous progress, far too many people around the world – including nearly 20 million infants each year – have insufficient access to vaccines. In some countries, progress has stalled or even reversed, and there is a real risk that complacency will undermine past achievements.

Global vaccination coverage – the proportion of the world’s children who receive recommended vaccines – has remained the same over the past few years.

such as clean water and improved sanitation, which can also reduce the spread of diseases but require costly and time-consuming infrastructural expenditure.

health professions, and medical science and technology to vaccine rejection.

packaging system itself, the indirect environmental impact of how the packaging system contributes to efficient transportation, and special handling to avoid food waste. 

Paraphrase : 
According to Wikstrom et al ( 2019 ), when designing a packaging system, several considerations must be considered, including the packaging system's direct environmental effect, the indirect environmental impact of how the packaging system leads to efficient transportation, and special handling to prevent food waste.

indicator of the degree of interest and involvement regarding 

the environment. 

better position sustainable products and contribute to bring 

forwards choices of consumption compatible with a 

sustainable development. 

Paraphrased:
Amina Aomari (2014) stated that the state of long-lasting production may be boosted and advance the options of consumption suitable with a sustained growth through the education and skills of advertising.

 
Paraphrased:

In studies on ocean pollution, single-used plastic straws are the most common item to be found due to its vast usage among societies (Mosquera, 2019).

Due to not being recycled, plastic straws end up in landfills where they usually escape through  waterways that end up in the oceans. The problem does not end there, animals cannot distinguish between food and plastic, so they end up ingesting it, becoming fatal to their bodies because they cannot digest plastic. Many animals and their habitats are suffering the consequences of plastic pollution through ingestion, entanglement, or
just by having contact with plastic waste. Due to the chemical properties, plastic straws keep breaking down into smaller particles, microplastics, while still releasing toxic chemicals into the environment. Plastic pollution is harming the environment, and even though plastic straws are not a significant source of plastic waste compared to other bigger and
voluminous items made of plastic, plastic straws are still a great start for a much-needed solution.

Summarised: 
Unrecycled single-used plastic straws are the main cause of plastic pollution that harm the environment.

recycling program and approaches to waste diversion differs in these countries based on several issues.

Summarize:
Recycling program and waste diversion are high enough in develop countries than developing

from production processes and the unit of outputs as the key element of value creation (inside-out 

perspective) to the use process and how products and services support the end-user to create value 

(outside-in perspective) [8]. This means that the focus moves from the product itself to the process that it is used for and, as such, provides a better understanding of the interaction between packaging and the consumer [8,9]. From this perspective, packaging can be portrayed as a service; that is, a package has a number of functions that support consumers during their specific use contexts [10]. Thereby, the value of the package is uniquely determined by the consumer, depending on the context of use and can, for example, include the preserving of fresh food, supporting the handling and protection of food during purchase, the storage and use process, or providing information regarding ingredients, recipes, and food safety. 

Summary :
Packaging should be viewed as a service which perform a variety of functions to assist customers in their particular usage contexts such as preserving fresh food , handling the storage and provide information on the food.

ranked solutions for food waste with an estimated food waste 

diversion potential of 584,000 tons/year and an economic 

value of $2.65 billion/year in the United States

paraphrased:
Consumer education on the value of food waste prevention and recycling falls into the category of awareness. Consumer education necessitates a steady shift in behavior and mindset toward food purchases, intake, and storage patterns in the home. Consumer education was one of the top-ranked options for reducing food waste, with a possible diversion rate of 584,000 tones per year at a cost of $2.65 billion a year in the United States.

Both the literature study and the expert workshop indicate that less food per packaging and better 

information about food safety and storage may help to reduce food waste.

They also wanted to see more research into how to increase the role of citizens in measuring and sharing information on their consumption, and how to encourage more innovative ideas on sustainable lifestyles and consumption. They wondered how it is possible to link the SCP agenda with health agendas, such as diet-related diseases and mental health.

Paraphrased:

The relation between health affairs in example diet-related diseases and mental health issues to the SCP agenda is still in question. Hence in a study made in 2018, the participants are concerned on a research to elevate the part of citizens in assessing and sharing details on their consumption, and to inspire more innovative ideas on sustainable lifestyles and consumption. (Stefanie, Nina, Åsa and Caspar,2018)

economists and psychologists, as well as sociologists, philosophers, innovation researchers, 

political scientists, historians and other researchers in the humanities, who all contribute

diverse perspectives.

 

Summary:
The expansion of SCP's areas of disciplines nowadays has resulted in a various set of views coming from the circle of humanity researchers who were attracted to the idea of its growth.

 

Paraphrased: The main factors that prevent shoppers from making online purchases is the unsafe payment method, late deliveries, product that is out of the trend, unnecessary text messages and emails. These difficulties make shoppers disappointed in making purchases online. Hence, it is important for sellers to take note of these main complications. (Katawetawaraks & Wang, 2011)

 

Summary: Online stores could improve buyers' satisfactions by providing more choices to the buyers such as money-back guarantee, the refund of shipping fees and collaborations with logistic entities to ensure hassle-free shipping. (Katawetawaraks & Wang, 2011)

Some studies also reported that active involvement in such activities results in some inconvenience to consumers, either in terms of increased cost or physical efforts (Shabecoff, 1993)

Paraphrase :

In the opinion of Shabecoff (1993), according to certain research, successful participation in such events causes users some discomfort, either in terms of additional costs or physical exertion.

Awareness entails educating consumers on the importance of food waste reduction and recycling. Consumer education requires a gradual behavioral change and attitude towards household food purchasing, consumption and storage pattern [27]. Consumer education was one of the highest ranked solutions for food waste with an estimated food waste diversion potential of 584,000 tons/year and an economic value of $2.65 billion/year in the United States [28]. A case study from Southern Italy reveals the impact of consumer behavior on household food waste. The result of the survey showed that age and education exposure were factors that influenced food waste. The younger age group and the less educated contributed significantly to food waste within the population [29]. Community engagement has been regarded as a potential avenue for communicating the reduction in food waste practices and its impact. There was a 50% reduction of avoidable food waste by participants through community engagement workshops by Yamakawa, Williams [30], which demonstrates the impact consumer education has in the reduction of food wastage. Food waste at household levels can also be reduced by extending food shelf life and reducing waste through chill out and safe store, learn your labels, getting creative with leftovers, and sharing surplus [9]. According to the World Food Program, if food waste can be curtailed, it would be enough to feed about two billion people each year and about 815 million people to lead a healthy, active life and 25% of people undernourished in developing countries [31]. A technology-based approach (Gamification) has been used such as smart bins [32, 33], bin cams [34], and fridge cams [35], in monitoring and providing feedback on food waste. Gamification is a game element, designed in non-game contexts for behavioral change delivered through technology such as apps by changing the way consumers make decisions in electronic stores [36]. Environmental campaigns to consumers on the effect of food waste on the environment will give them a better understanding of its outcome and why it should be reduced [37]. In developed countries, there are separate bins for different waste pick up. In the UK, only about two-thirds of UK households have access to a separate or mixed food waste collection, and these are under threat due to the recent pandemic outbreak (coronavirus) [38]. The bins separation indicates some basic awareness of food wastage due to the need for waste separation at the source. These source separation of waste and municipal waste pick up are not available in developing countries. 

paraphrasing
Consumer education is important to educate the consumer relating the importance to reduce food waste and recycling. When educated in a society it always talked about changing the behaviour and attitude of the person himself and in this case the awareness programme wanted to change the person’s perspective relating to food consuming. Consumer education is the best solution to reduce the food waste. Based on the survey conducted, age and education was the main factor that led to food waste and which the younger in age is the most contributor towards food waste. Based on the awareness that had been conducted, the household food waste had been reduced through many activities. When food waste has been reduced it may lead to a lot of positive things like healthy life and reduce the percentage of undernourished people. Gamification which is a technology-based approach to reduce food waste also has led the society to use many ways to reduce food waste. 

Marie Hebrok, C. B. (2017). Household food waste: Drivers and potential intervention points for design . Journal of Cleaner Production, 380-392.