Republicanism-the word “republicanism” means a representative government where citizens can vote for people who share their opinions and views. Republicanism means the power rests with citizens who can and do vote. Then, elected representatives use their power to make laws. Article IV, Section 4 of the Constitution states "The United States shall guarantee... Republican Form of Government…"The word “republicanism” should not be confused with the Republican political party.

Federalism-the word “federalism” means that the state governments are under a central government. The government of the United States is called a federal government (a national government). The national government and the state governments share power. Prior to the ratification of the Constitution, every one of the thirteen original states had its own Constitution. The Tenth Amendment set the guidelines for federalism in the United States.Article IV establishes the relationship between the states and the federal government.

Separation of powers -in the U.S. Constitution, there are three branches of government that make, enforce, and interpret laws. Under the separation of powers, each branch of government has a unique function. The legislative branch makes the laws and has the power to pass, change, and repeal laws. Article I of the Constitution establishes the legislative branch (the House of Representatives and the Senate).

 Balance of Power-each of the three branches has the power to check or control the powers of the other branches.Under the separation of powers, each branch of government has a specific function. This way, no one branch of the government can be too powerful.

Limited government-the Declaration of Independence says that governments get "their just powers from the consent of the governed," meaning that the people elect their representatives and that everyone is bound by the "supreme law of the land." This means that no one, not even the president, is above the law.

Individual rights-the personal freedoms of the people are guaranteed by the Bill of Rights and cannot be taken away by the central government.

Guarantees the right to the freedoms of speech, press, and religion. Protects the right to petition the government.

2nd Amendment:

Guarantees the people's right to own and bear arms for their defense.

3rd Amendment:

Citizens cannot be forced to quarter soldiers during times of peace.

4th Amendment:

Citizens cannot be forced to subject themselves to seizure and search without a search warrant and probable cause.

5th Amendment:

Prohibits abuse of governmental authority in legal procedures. Establishes rules for indictment by eminent domain and grand jury. Guarantees the due process rights. Protects citizens from self-incrimination and double jeopardy.

6th Amendment:

Guarantees fair and speedy jury trial and the rights to know the accusation, the accuser, and to find counsel and witnesses.

7th Amendment:

Reserves individuals' rights to jury trial depending on the civil case, and cases already examined by not be re-opened by another court.

8th Amendment:

Forbids exorbitant bails and fines and punishment that is unusual or cruel.

9th Amendment:

Reserves the rights of citizens which are not specifically mentioned by the U.S. Constitution.

10th Amendment:

Reserves powers that are not given to the U.S. government under the Constitution, nor prohibited to a State of the U.S., to the people and the States.

11th Amendment:

State sovereign immunity. States are protected from suits by citizens living in another state or foreigners that do not reside within the state borders.

12th Amendment:

Modifies and clarifies the procedure for electing vice-presidents and presidents.

13th Amendment:

Except as punishment for criminal offense, forbids forced-slavery and involuntary servitude.

14th Amendment:

Details Equal Protection Clause, Due Process Clause, Citizenship Clause, and clauses dealing with the Confederacy and its officials.

15th Amendment:

Reserves citizens the suffrage rights regardless of their race, color, or previous slave status.

16th Amendment:

Reserves the U.S. government the right to tax income.

17th Amendment:

Establishes popular voting as the process under which senators are elected.

18th Amendment:

Denies the sale and consumption of alcohol.

19th Amendment:

Reserves women's suffrage rights.

20th Amendment:

Also known as the "lame duck amendment," establishes date of term starts for Congress (January 3) & the President (January 20).

21st Amendment:

Details the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment. State laws over alcohol are to remain.

22nd Amendment:

Limit the terms that an individual can be elected as president (at most two terms). Individuals who have served over two years of someone else's term may not be elected more than once.

23rd Amendment:

Reserves the right of citizens residing in the District of Columbia to vote for their own Electors for presidential elections.

24th Amendment:

Citizens cannot be denied the suffrage rights for not paying a poll tax or any other taxes.

25th Amendment:

Establishes the procedures for a successor of a President.

26th Amendment:

Reserves the right for citizens 18 and older to vote.

27th Amendment:

Denies any laws that vary the salaries of Congress members until the beginning of the next terms of office for Representatives.