Created by: Alexandra González Rivera.

References: Langevin, A. (2025, 15 agosto). Most famous British bands | Evan Evans Tours. Evan Evans Tours. https://evanevanstours.com/blog/most-famous-british-bands/#:~:text=The%20Beatles%2C%20Liverpool&text=Their%20creative%20songwriting%20and%20studio,rock%20in%20albums%20like%20Sgt.

References:

Britannica. (2025). Northern Ireland. In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved August 15, 2025, from https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Ireland

EBSCO. (2025). Northern Ireland – Geography and Cartography. EBSCO Research Starters. Retrieved August 15, 2025, from https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/geography-and-cartography/northern-ireland

Wikipedia. (2025). Lough Neagh; Mourne Mountains; Giant’s Causeway; Slieve Donard. In Wikipedia. Retrieved August 15, 2025, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland

World Atlas. (2025). Northern Ireland Map and Facts. World Atlas. Retrieved August 15, 2025, from https://www.worldatlas.com/maps/united-kingdom/northern-ireland

Symbols: The most emblematic symbols of Northern Ireland are the Ulster Banner, used as the official flag from 1953 to 1973 and still seen in sporting events; the Red Hand of Ulster, a legendary emblem representing the province and shared across communities; the shamrock, linked to St. Patrick and widely recognized as a national symbol; and the Celtic harp, which represents Ireland in royal insignia. These remain the strongest cultural and historical icons associated with the region (Wikipedia, 2025; CAIN, 2024).

References:

CAIN (Conflict Archive on the Internet). (2024). Cross-community symbols: Red Hand, Shamrock, Harp. Ulster University. Retrieved August 15, 2025, from https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/images/symbols/crosstrad.htm

Wikipedia. (2025). Ulster Banner. In Wikipedia. Retrieved August 15, 2025, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Banner

Wikipedia. (2025). Red Hand of Ulster. In Wikipedia. Retrieved August 15, 2025, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hand_of_Ulster

Image links of the symbols:

https://share.google/images/Yjvg1RENv2np5zZ7l

https://share.google/images/6qqGbHzFK8ajH9zD6

https://share.google/images/cnr31sawP38fE5raJ

Student: Erika Rosario Napoleón

Kellner, Peter, Thomas, & Harford, W. (2025, August 12). England | History, map, flag, population, cities, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/England/Performing-arts

Jolette Mendoza

In Cardiff, the capital, a large parade winds through the streets, filled with music, dance, and a sea of red, green, and white—the colors of our flag. Families gather for special meals, like cawl (a hearty soup), Welsh rarebit, and bara brith (a speckled fruit loaf). While not a public holiday, the spirit of Dydd Gŵyl Dewi Sant resonates across the nation, reminding us of our shared heritage, our resilience, and the enduring motto of St. David himself: "Gwnewch y pethau bychain" – "Do the little things."

References:

St David’s day. (s/f). Museum Wales. Recuperado el 18 de agosto de 2025, de https://museum.wales/articles/1183/St-Davids-Day/

St David’s day guide. (s/f). Bluestonewales.com. Recuperado el 18 de agosto de 2025, de https://www.bluestonewales.com/discover/history-and-culture/guide-to-st-davids-day

Williams, C. (2019, enero 16). How and where to celebrate St David’s Day in Wales. VisitWales. https://www.visitwales.com/info/history-heritage-and-traditions/have-happy-st-davids-day-celebration

England’s literary heritage stands out globally, thanks to authors whose works continue to shape literature and culture. William Shakespeare, from Stratford-upon-Avon, revolutionized the English language with his plays and sonnets, including Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, and Macbeth—works renowned for their psychological insight, language, and drama. In the novel form, Jane Austen crafted sharp and witty stories such as Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility, and Emma, which capture the nuances of early 19th-century English society with elegance and irony. Charles Dickens depicted Victorian England’s injustices and heart through unforgettable characters and stories in works like A Christmas Carol and Great Expectations, using realism and sympathy to drive both entertainment and social critique.

In more modern times, George Orwell used fiction and essays to critique totalitarianism and political manipulation in powerful works such as Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four, whose insights remain profoundly relevant in conversations about freedom and surveillance. Together, these writers—Shakespeare, Austen, Dickens, and Orwell—demonstrate the breadth and depth of English literature, from eloquent drama and observational wit to social realism and dystopian warning. Their contributions have enriched lives across centuries and remain celebrated today.

REFERENCES:

• Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2025). William Shakespeare. Britannica. Retrieved August 2025, from article on William Shakespeare.

• Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2025). Jane Austen. Britannica. Retrieved August 2025, from article on Jane Austen.

• Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2025). Charles Dickens. Britannica. Retrieved August 2025, from article on Charles Dickens.

• Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2025). George Orwell. Britannica. Retrieved August 2025, from article on George Orwell.

Félix Soto Batres

In addition, British Sign Language (BSL) was officially recognized in England through the British Sign Language Act 2022, which places a duty on public bodies and government departments to promote and facilitate the use of BSL in their communications with the public.

Office for National Statistics. (2022, November 29). Language, England and Wales: Census 2021 [Statistical bulletin]. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/language/bulletins/languageenglandandwales/census2021

UK Parliament. (2022). British Sign Language Act 2022 (c. 34). https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2022/34/enacted

Cardiff has his own National Museum, and it's the best art collections in Europe, including Impressionist works by Monet, Renoir, and Van Gogh.

For their simbols the red dragon, symbol of Wales, is proudly displayed at Cardiff Castle and on many buildings around the city.

Because of geography, Wales is divided into three main regions, the coastal plain (encompassing sandy beaches, rugged cliffs, and fertile lowlands), the uplands (consisting of plateaus and rolling hills.), and the mountains (the most prominent being Snowdonia in the northwest).

One of the most emblematic symbols in Wales is the leek. Its real origin was based on diverse stories and legends. One of those took place in the times of the pagans and druids – who retained the sacred knowledge of ancient time. To them it had a myriad of values such predicting the future, warding off evil spirits, and curing a cold.

Also, it is related to St Davis (St David’s Day). According to the poet Michael Drayton, St David told his soldiers to wear the leek on their helmets in a battle to recognized each other. Also, it is mentioned that the battle took place in a field full of leeks. So now every St David’s Day soldiers wear it in the cap badges.

However, in 1984 put in the British £1 coin the leek as a representation of the Welsh part of the United Kingdom.

References:

• Wales maps & facts. (2023, April 18). WorldAtlas. https://www.worldatlas.com/maps/united-kingdom/wales

• Smith, Beverley, J., Gruffudd, Pyrs, Carter, & Harold. (2025). Wales. In Encyclopedia Britannica.

• Facts and information about. (n.d.). Wales. Retrieved August 18, 2025, from https://www.wales.com/about/welcome-wales/facts-and-information-about-wales

• (N.d.). Historic-uk.com. Retrieved August 17, 2025, from https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofWales/The-Leek-National-emblem-of-the-Welsh/

• Imogen, I. (2024, October 14). National symbols of Wales & their history. West Wales Holiday Cottages. https://www.westwalesholidaycottages.co.uk/blog/three-symbols-of-wales

• National symbols of. (n.d.). Wales. Retrieved August 17, 2025, from https://www.wales.com/about/welcome-wales/national-symbols-wales

Created by: Estefanía Bueno Quino

Scotland is known worldwide for its passion for sports. Some of the most popular include:

1. Football (Soccer)

• The most popular sport in Scotland, followed by millions of fans.

• Famous clubs include Celtic and Rangers, whose rivalry, called the Old Firm derby, is one of the most intense in world football.

• The Scottish national team also has a strong fan base, often referred to as the Tartan Army.

2. Rugby Union

• Rugby is especially popular in the Borders and in Edinburgh.

• Scotland competes internationally in tournaments like the Six Nations Championship and the Rugby World Cup.

• Edinburgh Rugby and Glasgow Warriors are two professional teams.

3. Golf

• Often called the “Home of Golf,” Scotland is where the sport originated.

• St Andrews, known as the "Old Course," is one of the world’s most famous golf courses.

• Scotland hosts major tournaments, including The Open Championship.

4. Shinty

• A traditional Scottish sport, similar to field hockey, mainly played in the Highlands.

• It is fast-paced and considered a cultural heritage sport of Scotland.

5. Tennis

• Tennis has grown in popularity thanks to Scottish players like Andy Murray, a two-time Wimbledon champion.

• Glasgow and Edinburgh often host international tennis events.

6. Other Sports

• Athletics: Featured in Highland Games (caber toss, hammer throw).

• Swimming and Cycling: Increasingly popular due to Scottish athletes competing in the Olympics.

• Ice Hockey: Popular in some cities, with teams like the Glasgow Clan.

References:

Exclusively Scottish. (2023). The 5 most popular sports in Scotland and how to get involved. Exclusively Scottish. https://www.exclusivelyscottish.com/the-5-most-popular-sports-in-scotland-and-how-to-get-involved/

VisitScotland. (s. f.). Sport in Scotland. VisitScotland. https://www.scotland.org/about-scotland/culture/sport

Wikipedia contributors. (2025, 20 de agosto). Sport in Scotland. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Scotland

Rugby union is often called the national sport of Wales. The sport has been part of Welsh culture since the late 19th century and is strongly connected to national identity. The Welsh national rugby team plays at the Principality Stadium in Cardiff, which holds over 70,000 fans. Rugby is especially popular during the Six Nations Championship, where Wales competes against England, Scotland, Ireland, France, and Italy.

Many Welsh players, such as Gareth Edwards and Alun Wyn Jones, are considered some of the best in rugby history. Beyond professional matches, rugby is also played in schools and local clubs, making it a sport that unites communities across the country.

References

BBC. (2023). Wales rugby: The national sport. BBC Sport. https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union

Visit Wales. (2023). Sport in Wales. Welsh Government. https://www.visitwales.com/things-do/adventure-and-activities/sport

Welsh Government. (2022). Sport and leisure in Wales. https://gov.wales/sport-leisure-and-tourism

José Arturo Aldaco Hernández

References

Wales Millennium Centre. Welsh Government. https://www.visitwales.com/things-do/attractions/wales-millennium-centre

Wales Millennium Centre. (2023). About us. https://www.wmc.org.uk/en/about-us

BBC. (2021). Wales Millennium Centre celebrates cultural impact. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales

José Arturo Aldaco Hernández.

Weird and wonderful laverbread is probably Wales’ most acquired taste. The delicacy is made from boiled seaweed, which tends to be mixed with oats and then fried, giving it the texture of a thick paste. Known colloquially as ‘Welshman’s Caviar’, it has been eaten in Wales since the 17th century and is particularly good as part of a cooked breakfast alongside bacon and egg.

Welsh cakes

Perhaps the best-loved of all Welsh treats, these small, circular cakes are dusted in sugar and provide the perfect accompaniment to a hot cup of tea. Traditionally cooked on a bakestone, Welsh cakes can also contain sultanas and chocolate chips for a sweeter twist on the original recipe.

Resources:

Wales.com. (s. f.). Essential Welsh eats. Recuperado [fecha de consulta], de https://www.wales.com/visit/food-and-drink/essential-welsh-eats

• Wikipedia. (2025, agosto). Flag of Scotland. Recuperado de la enciclopedia en línea de Wikipedia.

• Wikipedia. (2025, julio). Thistle. Recuperado de la enciclopedia en línea de Wikipedia.

• National Trust for Scotland. (s. f.). The thistle – Scotland’s national flower. Recuperado de sitio web de National Trust for Scotland.

• Wikipedia. (2025, mayo). Unicorn. Recuperado de la enciclopedia en línea de Wikipedia.

• National Trust for Scotland. (s. f.). The unicorn – Scotland’s national animal. Recuperado de sitio web de National Trust for Scotland.

Then, there is a tradition about of celebrate the bithday of the monarch in this case the king Carlos II; the british troops march around of the buckingham palace just to celebrate the king´s birthday.

In addition to the Wimbledon tournament, the oldest and therefore most prestigious tennis tournament.

Created by: Mauricio Vieyra Santiago

References:

• Visit England. (n.d.). Food and drinks break. August 17, 2025, Food and drink breaks | VisitEngland

• Bucket list trave. (n.d.). 40 traditional English foods you must try in england. November 20, 2024, 40 Traditional English foods you must try in England

• English is the most widely spoken, used in education, government, and daily life.

• Scots, a Germanic language closely related to English, is spoken by around 1.5 million people, but has its own vocabulary and pronunciation, with regional varieties like Doric in the northeast. Phrases such as “aye” (yes), and “bairn” (child) are common examples of Scots words still widely used in everyday life.

• Scottish Gaelic, a Celtic language with deep historical roots, is spoken mainly in the Highlands and the Western Isles, with about 60,000 speakers today.

Scotland’s slang is strongly influenced by Scots. For example, “blether” means to chat, “greet” means to cry, and “outwith” is used instead of “outside of.” These expressions show how Scots continues to shape Scottish identity and speech, even among those who primarily use English.

References:

• VisitScotland. (n.d.). Language in Scotland. https://www.visitscotland.com/

• Scotland.org (n.d.). Language. https://www.scotland.org/about-scotland/culture/language

• Wikipedia contributors (2025, July 28). Languages of Scotland. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland

Created by José Ángel Valencia Castro

Reference:

Coulter, C., Bottigheimer, K.S., Jones, E., Aughey, A.H., Smyth, J. (2025, August 20). Northern Ireland. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Ireland

Because the Scottish literature has had an outsized global impact compared to the country’s size, ranging from medieval verse to contemporary fiction.

For example:

Robert Burns (1759–1796): Scotland’s national poet, celebrated each year on Burns Night. His poems and songs like Auld Lang Syne and Tam o’ Shanter are famous worldwide.

James Macpherson (1736–1796): Claimed to have translated ancient Gaelic epics by the bard Ossian. Though largely his own invention, works like Fingal inspired European Romanticism and revived interest in Celtic culture.

Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832): A pioneer of the historical novel with Waverley and Rob Roy. He shaped how the world saw Scotland in the 19th century.

Robert Louis Stevenson (1850–1894): Author of Treasure Island and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, still classics today.

References

Wikipedia contributors. (2025a, July 29). Robert Burns. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burns

Wikipedia contributors. (2025a, March 9). James MacPherson. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Macpherson

Yose, J., Kenna, R., MacCarron, P., Platini, T., & Tonra, J. (2016, October 1). A Networks-Science Investigation into the Epic Poems of Ossian. arXiv.org. https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.00142

Emmanuel Diaz Guadalupe

Created by:America Zahired Lozano Sánchez

Home. (s. f.). VisitEngland. https://www.visitengland.com/

Encyclopedia Britannica | Britannica. (s. f.). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/

quierogroup. (s. f.). Comida tradicional y platos típicos en Inglaterra. Quiero Ir A Inglaterra. https://www.quieroirainglaterra.com/informacion-inglaterra-ayuda-comida-inglesa/

References:

educationscom. (2025, 17 junio). Study in Wales: Language and Culture. https://www.educations.com. https://www.educations.com/study-guides/europe/study-in-uk/study-in-wales/language-and-culture-19084

The kilt, a national dress that scottish use proudly and respectfully.

Bagpipes, a national musical instrument, protagonist as in peace times as in war times.

Reference:

Escociatours. (2024, 6 agosto). Costumbres y tradiciones de la cultura escocesa. Escocia Tours. https://escociatours.com/costumbres-tradiciones-escocia/

Scotland’s cuisine reflects its history, climate, and local resources. Among its most iconic dishes is Haggis, a sausage made from lamb offal, oats, onion, suet, and spices.

Soups also play a central role in Scottish meals, especially due to the cold climate. Cullen Skink, a creamy smoked haddock soup with potatoes and onions, originates from the coastal village of Cullen and showcases Scotland’s rich seafood heritage. Another classic, Scotch Broth, combines meat, barley, and root vegetables, representing traditional subsistence cooking. Sweet treats like Shortbread, made from butter, sugar, and flour, have medieval origins and remain a popular souvenir and dessert

Burns, R. (2015, enero 16). Address to a haggis. Scottish Poetry Library. https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poem/address-haggis/

Wise, T. (2024, noviembre 6). 10 PlatosImprescindibles para degustar en Escocia. TravelWise - Agencia de Viajes. https://travelwisenet.com/10-platos-imprescindibles-para-degustar-en-escocia/

Madaboutravel.com. Recuperado el 20 de agosto de 2025, de https://madaboutravel.com/que-comer-escocia-comida-tipica/

Highland games. (2022, agosto 10). VisitBritain. https://www.visitbritain.com/en/things-to-do/highland-games

Scottish New Year. (s/f). Scotland. Recuperado el 19 de agosto de 2025, de https://www.scotland.org/events/hogmanay

Madaboutravel.com. Recuperado el 20 de agosto de 2025, de https://madaboutravel.com/tradiciones-escocesas-clanes-kilt-whisky-ceilidh/

Historic-uk.com. Recuperado el 19 de agosto de 2025, de https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofScotland/Scottish-Shortbread/

Masedimburgo.com. Recuperado el 20 de agosto de 2025, de https://masedimburgo.com/festivos-y-celebraciones-en-escocia/

People also like concerts, going to the cinema and film tourism. These activities are fun ways to spend time with friends and family.

References:

Queen’s University Belfast. (2024). Unmissable events in Northern Ireland. https://www.qub.ac.uk/Study/belfast/belfast-student-experience/blogs/UnmissableEventsinNorthernIreland.html

Expat Focus. (s. f.). Ireland – Leisure and Entertainment. En Expat Focus.

https://www.expatfocus.com/ireland/guide/ireland-leisure-and-entertainment

Most of the people from Northern Ireland speak English, but there are also two others languages that are spoken in the country.

English is the official language of Northern Ireland. However, Irish language, Gaelic (Gaeilge in Irish), a language with Celtics origins, became also as an official language in 2022. The third recognized language is Ullans (Ulster-Scots), which is a variant of Scots language, spoken approximately for the 2% of the population of Northern Ireland.

References

Council, B. (19 de August de 2025). Northern Ireland. Obtenido de Teaching English: https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/northern-ireland

education.com. (19 de August de 2025). Northern Ireland Language and Culture. Obtenido de education.com: https://www.educations.com/study-guides/europe/study-in-uk/study-in-northern-ireland/language-and-culture-19075

In Northern Ireland, the main language spoken is English, used in schools, government, and everyday life. However, two other important languages are also recognized: Irish (Gaeilge) and Ulster Scots. Irish is a Celtic language that has been spoken on the island of Ireland for centuries and is now taught in many schools and promoted through media and cultural events. Ulster Scots, spoken mostly in rural areas, reflects the historical Scottish influence in the region. Both Irish and Ulster Scots are part of the country’s unique cultural identity and heritage. In many areas, you’ll find bilingual signs and local efforts to preserve and revive these traditional languages.

References:
British Council. (n.d.). Languages in Northern Ireland. British Council. https://www.britishcouncil.org/
Project Britain. (n.d.). Languages spoken in the UK. Woodlands Junior School. https://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/britain/uk.htm
Wikipedia contributors. (n.d.). Languages of Northern Ireland. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Ireland

Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland. It is located on the east coast of the Midlands, along the Firth of Forth, near the North Sea. Nowadays, it has an estimated population of about 564,000 people, which makes it the second most populous city in Scotland and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The city is also known for its beautiful architecture, with the Old Town and New Town being UNESCO World Heritage Sites, and for hosting important festivals such as the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, the largest arts festival in the world.

Edinburgh Castle is one of the most famous monuments in Scotland because of its history and location. Built on a rocky hill, it has been a fortress and a royal residence for centuries. Inside, visitors can find the Crown Jewels of Scotland and the Stone of Destiny, both very important symbols of the monarchy. Today, it is the most visited place in the city and a true symbol of Scottish culture. Overall, Edinburgh stands out not only as Scotland’s capital but also as a city full of history, culture, and tradition, making it one of the most remarkable places in the United Kingdom.

References:

• Edimburgo. (n.d.). Ecured.cu. Retrieved August 21, 2025, from https://www.ecured.cu/Edimburgo

• Wikipedia contributors. (2025a, agosto 19). Edinburgh. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&oldid=1306785275

The English landscape varies by region. In the south and center, lowlands and gentle hills dominate, while in the north and west, there are mountainous areas such as the Pennines and the Lake District. England has important rivers, with the River Thames being the most famous for flowing through the city of London, and the River Severn being the longest in the United Kingdom. The climate is temperate oceanic, with mild winters, cool summers, and frequent rainfall throughout the year.

As for its national symbols, the flag of England is the Cross of Saint George, a red cross on a white background. This symbol has represented the country since the Middle Ages. The national coat of arms shows three golden lions on a red background, symbolizing strength and nobility.

The national flower is the red rose, known as the Rose of Lancaster, adopted after the historic War of the Roses. The patron saint of England is Saint George, whose day is celebrated on April 23rd with various cultural and patriotic events.

Referencia:

Wikipedia. (s. f.). Calvin Harris. En Wikipedia. Recuperado el [Recuperado el 28 de agosto de 2025], de https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Harris