Types: Explicit: The conscious recall of information, experiences, and concepts (DiTullio, 2021). Implicit: Unconscious memory or doing things without thinking about them (DiTullio, 2021).

Examples: Explicit: George Washington was the first president. Implicit: How to ride your bicycle

Importance to Education: Long term memory is very important to education. Information stored in long term memory can be recalled for later and transferred to other classes or life beyond school.

Examples: Phone number to order pizza, the price for a movie ticket

Importance to Education: Short term memory is responsible for learning and storing new information while it is being processed, marking it for long term memory and recalling previously learned information (Borel, n.d.).

Examples: The appearance of the car that just drove by, the sound of the ambulance going by, the smell of donuts from the donut shop you just walk past.

Importance to Education: Sensory memory is where learning begins because all information comes in through at least one of the senses.

Factors That Influence Retention: 1. Rehearsal: The brain assigns sense and meaning when it has had enough time to process the information (Sousa, 2020). Rehearsal is the repeated reprocessing of information and is an important step for moving the information from working memory to long-term memory (Sousa, 2020). There are two types of rehearsal: rote and elaborative (Sousa, 2020). 2. Primacy Recency Affect: The ability to remember best what comes first and to remember second best what comes last in a learning episode (Sousa, 2020). 3. Interactive Lecture and Direct Teaching: A teaching method where the teacher gives information and instruction but students have multiple opportunities to give feedback (Sousa, 2020). 4. Using visual information to the verbal information improves retention (Sousa, 2020). 5. Being able to immediately practice a new skill and teach it to others also helps retention (Sousa, 2020).

Relationship to Learning: Retention is important to learning. because it is the first step towards being able to transfer their knowledge to other areas of their life. Retention also build the foundation for future learning. The knowledge that is retained today will eventually become background knowledge for the new topic being taught.

Types: Positive: When the past learning helps with the understanding of new information (Sousa, 2020). Negative: When the past learning interferes with the understanding of new information (Sousa, 2020).

Factors that Affect Transfer: 1. The quality of the original learning (Sousa, 2020). 2. Similarity between old and new learning (Sousa, 2020). 3. Qualities that make an idea unique (Sousa, 2020).

Relationship to Learning: Transfer indicates that a student fully comprehends a topic because they are able to take what they have learned and apply it, not only to other subjects in school but also to other situations (Yale Poorvu Center for teaching and learning, n.d.). This ability to transfer their skills and knowledge from school to their lives outside/after school will help them be successful in life.

Description: Students walk around the room, looking at posters that have pictures or a topic on them. Using a sticky note they write down anything they may know about that topic or picture.

Some Ideas: Picture of the ocean, ships and icebergs - Studying the Titanic

Description: 1. Teacher poses a question. 2. Think: Students take a few minutes to formulate their own response and write it down. 3. Pair: Students talk with a partner and discuss their answers. 4. Share: Students share their answers with the whole class.

Ideas: New topic: Ask questions about the topic. Mindfulness: Have you ever meditated? Static Electricity: Have you ever touched someone, and got zapped? Reading a new book: Ask them if they have experienced a situation from the book: Have they ever been lost, got a new puppy, been to a farm, etc.

Description: This is visual way of capturing the big ideas about a topic. Instead of creating an outline or writing down the key information, a combination of words, pictures and symbols are used to capture the big ideas. These sketches can spark a memory when reviewed at a later time (Hutchison, 2022).

Ideas: Social Studies Notes, Math Notes, lecture notes, video notes