https://padlet.com/mdhanusha03/kmwb17lqgiub Made with a lightning strike of genius en-us 2019-12-19 14:51:01 UTC 2026-01-05 00:35:49 UTC hello@padlet.com mdhanusha03 https://padlet.com/mdhanusha03/kmwb17lqgiub/wish/425908587 What we knew
Rabies virus comes from family Rhabdoviridae. It is a bullet shaped, enveloped virus. It is made up of negative-sense RNA genome.]]> 2019-12-19 14:52:24 UTC https://padlet.com/mdhanusha03/kmwb17lqgiub/wish/425908587 mdhanusha03 https://padlet.com/mdhanusha03/kmwb17lqgiub/wish/425909613 Want to know
1.The characteristics of the virus causing rabies. 
2. Immunopathogenesis of rabies and the type of immunity that is important in providing protection against rabies 
3. The samples and the diagnostic assays that can be used to confirm rabies in animals. 
4. The different types of rabies vaccine that are available commercially, which vaccine(s) is/are available in Malaysia and their advantages and disadvantages. ]]> 2019-12-19 14:54:13 UTC https://padlet.com/mdhanusha03/kmwb17lqgiub/wish/425909613 mdhanusha03 https://padlet.com/mdhanusha03/kmwb17lqgiub/wish/425911322 What we learnt 

1. Bite of a rabid animals delivers virus deep into musculature and connective tissue 
2. Virus is amplified by first replicating in muscle cells 
3. T cells are not truly functional in Rabies cases as cytotoxic T cell (CD8 T cells) will attack virus-infected cells (neurons) and cause paralysis.
4. Cytotoxic T cells also can't enter CNS due to limitation at BBB (Blood Brain Barrier). Resident cells (neurons, microglia etc) at BBB contains FasLigand receptor while cytotoxic T cells contain Fas on them. These interaction will cause apoptosis of T cells.
5. B cells are used in this case where B cell will interact with Th2 cells to differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies and also differentiate into memory B cells.

]]> 2019-12-19 14:57:13 UTC https://padlet.com/mdhanusha03/kmwb17lqgiub/wish/425911322 mdhanusha03 https://padlet.com/mdhanusha03/kmwb17lqgiub/wish/425911782 What we learnt 

• Virus isolation from CEE is the gold standard
• Diagnostic tests to identify Influenza A: AGID, ELISA, RT-PCR
• Diagnostic tests to identify subtype: RT-PCR, HA/NA inhibition test, sequence analysis of HA/NA genes
• Diagnostic tests to differentiate HPAI vs LPAI: virulence and genetic tests
• Diagnostic tests for surveillance: AGID, HI, DIVA, ELISA
• Vaccination is able to induce mucosal immunity. Young birds can be vaccinated for early protection.
• DIVA use same HA but different NA (as marker)
• Mutation of virus is high so production of vaccine always not homologous

]]> 2019-12-19 14:58:09 UTC https://padlet.com/mdhanusha03/kmwb17lqgiub/wish/425911782 mdhanusha03 https://padlet.com/mdhanusha03/kmwb17lqgiub/wish/425911949 What we knew

• Caused by Influenza Virus Type A from the Orthomyxoviridae 
• HA Subtype H5 for binding
• NA subtype N1 for release of progeny virus

]]> 2019-12-19 14:58:27 UTC https://padlet.com/mdhanusha03/kmwb17lqgiub/wish/425911949 mdhanusha03 https://padlet.com/mdhanusha03/kmwb17lqgiub/wish/425912079 Want to know
1.The characteristics of the virus causing HPAI-H5N1 
2.The samples and the diagnostic assays that can be used to confirm HPAI H5N1 in chickens.
3.The type of immunity that is important in providing protection against HPAI-H5N1 
4.The advantages and disadvantages of vaccination against HPAI-H5N1 in layers.

]]> 2019-12-19 14:58:39 UTC https://padlet.com/mdhanusha03/kmwb17lqgiub/wish/425912079 mdhanusha03 https://padlet.com/mdhanusha03/kmwb17lqgiub/wish/425913807 What we knew

• Leptospira is a bacteria that causes a disease called Leptospirosis.
• The illness usually begins with a fever.

]]> 2019-12-19 15:02:02 UTC https://padlet.com/mdhanusha03/kmwb17lqgiub/wish/425913807 mdhanusha03 https://padlet.com/mdhanusha03/kmwb17lqgiub/wish/425914191 Want to know
1. The common pathogenic Leptopsira affecting dogs 
2.The diagnostic assays commonly used to differentiate different serovar/genotypes of pathogenic Leptospira 
3.The conventional and recombinant vaccines that have been developed against Leptopsira in dogs 
4.The type of immunity that is important in providing protection against Leptospira 
5.The advantages and disadvantages of serology and molecular based diagnostic assays in the detection of Leptospira

]]> 2019-12-19 15:02:40 UTC https://padlet.com/mdhanusha03/kmwb17lqgiub/wish/425914191 mdhanusha03 https://padlet.com/mdhanusha03/kmwb17lqgiub/wish/425914355 What we learnt 

• The common pathogenic Leptospira affecting dogs is Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola and serovar icterohaemorrhagiae. It is a  gram negative bacteria. It is transmitted among animals by direct contact and indirect contact. 
• Humoral mediated immunity is more important in providing protection against Leptospira with IgG being produced to opsonize and agglutinate Leptospira for clearance. 
• MAT is the gold standard in detecting Leptospira.

]]> 2019-12-19 15:02:58 UTC https://padlet.com/mdhanusha03/kmwb17lqgiub/wish/425914355