• Camera- in the CCTV are the main input devices, they will capture the light and convert into electrical signals or an image

• Microphones – diaphragm in the microphone will detect sound waves and convert them for audio surveillance

• Motion Sensors – detects movements in the area of camera and sends signals to the CCTV system

Process

• Image preprocessing （ corrects color tone and balance lighting conditions）

• Signal Conversion (capture image form camera and convert to digital number)

• Signal Amplification (audio signals when first captured was very weak, it can boost signal and adjustment to a usable level)

Output

• -The live CCTV footage will be displayed on a computer or TV in the guard room.

• With video playback, people can view what was previously recorded by CCTV.

Storage

• Primary: NVR/DVR with HDD/SSD storing compressed video (H.264/H.265) by camera, date, and event.

• Edge storage: Micro-SD in IP cameras as backup if the network/NVR fails.

• Cloud/Off-site (optional): Encrypted uploads for remote backup and disaster recovery.

Network

• A Network acts as a medium of connection between CCTV cameras to storage devices and as a remote viewing platform through wired LAN or Wi-Fi to a central server

• A Network allow users to access to live CCTV footage remotely and data is transferable between central storages or cameras via the Internet so that security personnel can view it live through phone/monitor.

Procedure

• Survey the location before deciding where to install the CCTVs.

• Determine the exact location and height so that the CCTV is able to monitor the entire room and it is installed high enough to prevent other people from reaching it.

• Regularly conduct servicing to the CCTV systems and frequency clean the lenses

People Involved using the system

• Security personnel who monitor the live feed, respond to alerts, and review the footage.

• IT technicians who maintain the CCTV and update its software or troubleshoot whatever issues encountered.

Conclusion:

CCTVs are more than just cameras. They're connected tools that ensure our safety and operational efficiency. By integrating input, processing, output, storage, networking, and procedures, they create a seamless security ecosystem. Most importantly, they help guards and investigators, allowing them to act faster and smarter.

• Manual CCTV need someone monitor on the screen for long time.

• People may miss suspicious action, and their eyes will feel tired.

Solution

• Digital CCTV uses motion detection recording and instant alerts to notify guards. Video is automatically saved with a timestamp.

Example

• At 2:00 AM an intruder appears, the system sends an alert to the guard and records the video as evidence.

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Problem 3 and 4

• Vulnerable to tampering.

• Difficult to search for specific footage.

Solution

• By encrypting and using password-protected systems to enhance security.

• Timestamping the recordings, which makes searching easy.

Example

• Physical tapes can be stolen or erased; by using digital CCTV, you can create secure backups and limit access to the CCTV.

• Manually reviewing footage will take hours; by timestamping the footage, you can jump to specific dates or events instantly.

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Problem 5 and 6

• Poor video quality

• CCTV now days have with low field of view (FOV) Lense, therefore those CCTV can't cover large open areas

Solution

• Provides HD/4K recording with night vision.

• Equip ultra-wide (0.5x) camera lenses into CCTV in large open areas

Example

• In an old system, you can’t recognize a thief’s face at night. With digital CCTV, the video is clear enough for police use.

• Large open areas like parking lots and lobbies will easily fit in the camera capture area as equipped with large field of view (FOV) CCTV