Example: a designer in the marketing department suggests a change from plastic to paper packaging to improve the presentation of the company’s products and to reduce costs.

Maslow's Theory of Motivation:
Based on a hierarchy of needs.
As one need is satisfied then the need immediately above it on the pyramid becomes the dominant motivator/takes precedence.
Physical Needs: A manager can motivate his workers by ensuring they receive a fair wage, bonuses, profit-sharing schemes in order that the physical needs for food, clothes, shelter etc. can be met.  

Safety Needs: Managers can make employees feel safe and secure by: 

Social Needs: The social needs of employees can be met through offering flexi-time which allows employees to spend more time with their families. Teamwork and social events can help workers form new friendships and relationships.
Esteem Needs: Managers can facilitate a worker’s esteem needs through offering praise and rewards such as a new job title or an attractive office. 
Self-Actualisation Needs:
Management offering workers a career plan, training and development opportunities, empowerment and promotion to positions of responsibility can meet these needs.

McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y:
Theory X:

Which medium of communication should be used:
Appropriate Language/Clarity - If the language is too technical or too difficult for the customers to understand then the message may be misinterpreted. The business needs to choose language appropriate to its audience.
Confidentiality/Safety - If the message is sensitive for the stakeholder e.g. terminating the employment contract of an employee, then a meeting would be more appropriate than a letter or an e-mail.
Cost - The expense of the communication process is a very important factor. A CEO communicating with his managers worldwide may choose to hold a virtual meeting to cut down on travel and subsistence costs.
Urgency/Speed - If a crucial piece of information has to be communicated instantly to a supplier, then a phone call, a text or email may be appropriate.
Feedback/Record - The business may be looking for feedback in order to take further action. Records can provide formal evidence of the feedback process, eliminating misunderstandings. 

Methods of Communication:

Agenda:
Sent by secretary to all members, listing all topics to be discussed and the order of the meeting

Chairperson:

Secretary: 

Report writing:
Examining problems to find out information and to put forward recommendations

Benefits:

Report Structure:
Report from X to Y
Title
From
To 
Re
Date
Terms of reference
Contents
Body
Recommendation
Signed

Matrix organisational structure:
Benefits:
Greater co-operation and understanding: Team based structure with expertise drawn from different departments
Greater job satisfaction: social needs
Team members are answerable to the project leader who is responsible for
coordinating team effort and ensuring task completion.
Synergies/Productivity: Members have an input into decision making/problem solving.
Challenges:
Each employee can have two managers, the project manager and the functional manager which could lead to confusion and conflict.
Team development stages can affect work
Communication skills are necessary
Decision-making may be slowed down

Quality Control
Quality control means ensuring that the quality standards expected by customers are met.
Quality control can:

Recognising quality
ISO (International Standards Office) provides internationally recognised quality control
standards. To qualify, firms must have very stringent quality control standards and undergo surprise quality inspections.
The Q mark is a quality standard awarded by Excellence Ireland Quality Association. It is only recognised in Ireland but is often used by businesses as a stepping stone to a higher ISO standard.

Financial Control:
The ongoing monitoring of business' financial affairs to ensure that its cash flow position is adequate and in line with its financial budget so that it can pay its debts as they fall due
Steps: