[상황] My second story is about love and loss. I was lucky — I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents’ garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees.

[위기] We had just released our finest creation — the Macintosh — a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating. I really didn't know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down — that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me — I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.

[극복]I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life. During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the world’s first computer animated feature film(장편 영화), Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together. I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it.

[교훈]Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You've got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it. And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking until you find it. Don't settle.

사랑과 상실

[상황]
내 두 번째 이야기는 사랑과 상실에 대한 것입니다. 나는 운이 좋았습니다. 인생에서 내가 사랑하는 일을 일찍 찾았으니까요. 워즈(Woz)와 나는 내가 20살이었을 때 부모님의 차고에서 애플을 시작했습니다. 우리는 열심히 일했고, 10년 만에 애플은 차고에서 시작한 두 명의 작은 팀에서 직원 4000명 규모의 20억 달러 기업으로 성장했습니다.

[위기]
우리는 막 최고의 창작물인 매킨토시를 출시했고, 나는 막 30살이 되었습니다. 그리고 그때 나는 해고당했습니다. 어떻게 자신이 창립한 회사에서 해고될 수 있을까요? 애플이 성장하면서 나는 함께 회사를 운영할 매우 유능한 사람을 고용했다고 생각했습니다. 처음 1년 정도는 모든 것이 순조롭게 진행되었습니다. 하지만 시간이 지나면서 우리의 미래에 대한 비전이 달라졌고, 결국 의견 충돌이 일어났습니다. 그리고 이 과정에서 이사회(Board of Directors)는 그 사람의 편을 들었습니다. 그래서 나는 30살에 회사에서 쫓겨났습니다. 그것도 아주 공개적으로 말이죠.

내 성인의 모든 시간을 바쳐온 것이 하루아침에 사라졌고, 그것은 정말 참담한 일이었습니다. 몇 개월 동안 나는 무엇을 해야 할지 전혀 몰랐습니다. 나는 이전 세대의 기업가들에게 큰 실망을 안겨준 것 같았고, 그들에게 넘겨받은 바통을 떨어뜨린 기분이었습니다. 나는 데이비드 패커드(David Packard)와 밥 노이스(Bob Noyce)를 만나 큰 실수를 저질렀다고 사과하기도 했습니다. 나는 모두가 보는 앞에서 실패했고, 심지어 실리콘밸리를 떠날 생각까지 했습니다. 하지만 시간이 흐르면서 서서히 깨닫게 된 것이 있었습니다. 나는 여전히 내가 하는 일을 사랑하고 있었습니다. 애플에서의 사건은 그것을 조금도 바꾸지 않았습니다. 나는 거절당했지만, 여전히 내가 하는 일에 사랑에 빠져 있었습니다. 그래서 나는 다시 시작하기로 결심했습니다.

[극복]
그때는 몰랐지만, 애플에서 해고당한 것은 내 인생에서 일어난 가장 좋은 일이었습니다. 성공해야 한다는 무거운 부담감이 사라지고, 다시 시작하는 초심자의 가벼움이 찾아왔습니다. 모든 것이 확실하지 않은 상태가 오히려 나를 자유롭게 했고, 내 인생에서 가장 창의적인 시기를 맞이할 수 있도록 해주었습니다.

그 후 5년 동안, 나는 NeXT라는 회사를 설립했고, 또 다른 회사인 Pixar를 만들었으며, 나의 아내가 된 놀라운 여성과 사랑에 빠졌습니다. Pixar는 세계 최초의 컴퓨터 애니메이션 장편 영화인 토이 스토리를 제작했고, 현재 가장 성공한 애니메이션 스튜디오가 되었습니다. 놀랍게도 애플이 NeXT를 인수하면서 나는 다시 애플로 돌아왔고, NeXT에서 개발한 기술이 애플의 부활 중심에 놓이게 되었습니다. 그리고 로렌과 나는 아름다운 가정을 이루었습니다.

만약 내가 애플에서 해고되지 않았다면 이 모든 일이 일어나지 않았을 것입니다. 그것은 정말 끔찍한 약이었지만, 환자에게 꼭 필요한 약이었던 셈입니다.

[교훈]
때때로 인생은 당신의 머리를 벽돌로 내리칩니다. 하지만 믿음을 잃지 마세요. 나를 버티게 한 유일한 것은 내가 하는 일을 사랑했다는 사실입니다. 당신은 반드시 당신이 사랑하는 것을 찾아야 합니다. 그것은 일에서도, 사랑에서도 마찬가지입니다.

당신의 일이 인생에서 큰 부분을 차지할 것입니다. 그리고 진정으로 만족하는 유일한 방법은 당신이 위대한 일이라고 믿는 일을 하는 것입니다. 그리고 위대한 일을 할 수 있는 유일한 방법은 당신이 하는 일을 사랑하는 것입니다.

아직 그것을 찾지 못했다면, 계속 찾아보세요. 멈추지 마세요. 사랑과 관련된 모든 일처럼, 당신이 찾았을 때 직감적으로 알게 될 것입니다. 그리고 훌륭한 관계처럼, 그것은 시간이 흐를수록 더욱 좋아질 것입니다. 그러니 계속해서 찾으세요. 멈추지 마세요.

1. 나의 의견

-성적보다 __ 이 중요하다

2. 그 이유

-

3. 관련 사례/예시

-

4. 한 문장 정리

-

You will be answering questions in the interview.

#Constraints(제약)

- Your responses should be concise and limited to 1 or 2 sentences

- Use CEFR B1 level words. However, some technical terms are allowed.

- Do not leave out any key ideas from the Q&A.

#Input(명령 내용)

Suppose you have profession suggested in Q1 and answer based on the Q&A Below.

Do not answer before I ask each question.

When I say end of the interview, print the conversation we’ve had.

#Q&A

1. What is your profession?

2. What motivated you to pursue this career?

3. What challenges did you overcome?

4. What was your proudest moment?

5. What strengths contributed to your success?

6. What are your core values?

7. What are your future plans?

8. Message from My Future Self

#Output

2. https://www.naturalreaders.com/online/

3. https://app.play.ht/voices/voice-library

1. 'Voice Library' 들어가서 대본 복사 후 붙여넣기 하기

2. 상단 바에서 속도 0.8x정도로 설정하기

3. 재생버튼 눌러 들어보기

2. https://www.naturalreaders.com/online/

3. https://app.play.ht/voices/voice-library

1. 'Voice Library' 들어가서 대본 복사 후 붙여넣기 하기

2. 상단 바에서 속도 0.8x정도로 설정하기

3. 재생버튼 눌러 들어보기

While these are examples of modern digital video media, there is also a more familiar medium that has been used for a long time: the written word.

Which is more useful to us—newly emerging forms of media or those that have stood the test of time?

Let’s take a closer look at the differences between written content and video, and explore which one may serve us better in specific situations.

Media preferences often vary by age group. For example, when visiting a museum, it’s far more effective to introduce a 7-year-old child to exhibits through videos rather than dense blocks of text. In fact, children often prefer this format.

On the other hand, older generations tend to favor printed media. For them, fast-paced video content filled with rapid information can feel overwhelming and chaotic. As a result, they generally prefer the more static and calm nature of written content.

Media is also widely used for commercial purposes, such as advertising. According to a survey conducted by the Advertisers Association, YouTube ranks as the most preferred advertising platform, followed by Instagram.

This preference highlights the effectiveness of video media in delivering information to a large audience quickly and efficiently. In the context of commercial use, it’s clear that video is more useful than written content.

Videos deliver a large amount of information all at once, allowing viewers to understand content easily with relatively little concentration.

In contrast, written content provides space for the reader's imagination. This process helps enhance creativity and critical thinking skills.

Both writing and video have their own strengths and weaknesses. In today’s world, it’s important to use both media appropriately.

Relying solely on written content may cause you to fall behind the times, making your work less efficient. On the other hand, depending only on video can lead to a lack of reflective thinking, leaving you asking yourself, “What am I really trying to say?”

I hope you make the most of both forms of media and use them wisely in your own way.

Banks make money from the loan-to-deposit margin. I will explain the loan-to-deposit margin.

Deposits have higher interest rates than loans. The Bank of Korea, the central bank of Korea, currently has an interest rate of 2.75 percent. However, the average loan interest rate is 3.5%. That is why the bank pays the deposit rate using the loan interest rate, and the money remains, which is the bank's profit.

For example, let's say A borrows 1 million won and B borrows 1 million won, and out of A's loan interest of 35,000 won, 7,500 won minus B's deposit interest of 27,500 won will be the bank's profit.

Banks lend part of their deposits through the loan system and receive interest. Through the payment preparation system, banks allow certain deposits to be paid immediately. So, if many people take out the money they have deposited at once, the bank will fail. Legally, the payment preparation rate is 7%. For example, if you deposit 1 million won, 70,000 won becomes the payment preparation cost, and the remaining 930,000 won is used for the loan amount to receive the loan interest rate.

Banks compete with each other for interest rates to attract customers. Households prefer places with higher deposit interest and lower loan interest. Banks cannot equalize all interest rates, so the base rate is set. All base rates are set by the central bank, and in Korea, 2.75% of banks in Korea are central banks.

Interest rates fluctuate from time to time. If you get this clear, you'll make more money!

First, listen attentively to the other person. You need to understand what they are saying and truly pay attention in order to be ready to empathize. One study even found that people tend to feel more trust toward those who genuinely listen to them.

Second, try to think from the other person's perspective. Imagine how you would feel if you were in their situation. Then, you can either offer a solution or express empathy for how they feel.

Lastly, recognize the other person’s preferences. Do they want advice? Do they simply want someone to understand how they feel? Or do they want both? Understanding what kind of empathy the other person needs is key.

There is no single “correct” way to show empathy. But when we recognize what kind of response the other person wants, we can connect with them on a deeper level.

In life, we need basic arithmetic operations, but do we really need to use calculus, geometry, etc. in real life?

In conclusion, there are some things we can use math for in real life.

First, math is one of the most important subjects for going to college.

As people often say, math, which is responsible for numbers in Korean, English, and math, is essential for science majors to go to college.

It is so bad that there is a saying that even if you are good at other subjects, if you are not good at math, you cannot go to college.

In addition, in college, students with high math scores are considered smart and tend to be viewed favorably.

Second, mathematics improves logical thinking and problem-solving skills.

We can develop abstract thinking skills and logical pattern recognition skills in the process of understanding and applying mathematical concepts to solve problems.

We can also improve problem-solving skills by solving problems.

In conclusion, it seems that advanced mathematics such as calculus and geometry are not essential to our lives.

However, learning these things will help us live a better life.

As science and technology continue to advance, they are not only making our lives more convenient but also bringing major changes to the job market.

First, many traditional jobs are disappearing.

With the development of technology, simple and repetitive tasks can now be done by machines.

For example, jobs like factory line workers are at risk of disappearing because machines can do those tasks faster and more efficiently.

Transportation-related jobs may also vanish.

Recently in the United States, a company called Amazon launched a drone delivery service without human workers.

As autonomous driving and drone technologies continue to improve, jobs like taxi drivers and delivery workers could also disappear in the near future.

Now, let’s talk about new jobs that are emerging.

One example is the smart farm operator.

Unlike traditional farmers who work on the land, these workers manage farms remotely using mobile devices and information technology.

Another growing field is cybersecurity.

As AI becomes more advanced, protecting systems from malicious use of AI is becoming more important, and experts in cybersecurity are in high demand.

To survive and succeed in this changing world, we need more than just expertise in one field.

We should be open to exploring different areas and combining knowledge from multiple disciplines

My name is [Your Name], and I’m passionate about all things history. I’m currently pursuing a career in a history-related field, driven by a lifelong love of uncovering the stories of the past.

From a young age, history fascinated me—so much so that I still remember proudly scoring 91 points on my middle school history exam. That moment affirmed my belief that I could turn my passion into a profession.

I’m naturally optimistic, which helps me stay positive and resilient in any situation. Though I haven’t faced any major obstacles yet, I know my upbeat outlook will carry me through any future challenge.

My core values center on my personality—staying true to myself, being curious, and maintaining a positive attitude. Looking ahead, my goal is to get a job in a history-related field, do what I love, and live a happy, fulfilling life.

A Message from My Future Self:
“I hope you're not dozing off again at that time!”

Today, I'm going to talk about how much this electricity affects society.

First, electric energy has a great impact on society in the industry. All machines in the factory are operated by electricity. Electric energy can strengthen the competitiveness of companies by increasing the efficiency of mechanical equipment and speeding up the work speed.

If there is a disruption to the electricity supply, there can be a big disruption in the production process, which can lead to economic losses for the company.

The second has a big impact on the medical field. In the medical field, electricity plays a big role in saving lives. If the electricity supply is interrupted in the emergency room, it can pose a great threat to the patient's life.

In addition, the hospital can use electricity to operate life support equipment, diagnostic equipment, surgical equipment, etc. Due to the development of medical technology, various treatment methods such as robotic surgery using electricity and electrical stimulation therapy are emerging, which are improving the quality of medical services.

Finally, the development of communication technology also has a great impact on society. Cell phones, Internet, TVs, all communication devices are operated using electricity. In particular, high-speed communication networks such as 5G require a stable supply of electricity. It plays an important role in shaping information and society.

Electricity has a big impact in our society, so I hope we can use it efficiently while saving electricity.

These fires and the annual overflow of tire waste pollute the environment

I'll tell you what the tires do to the environment, what are the countermeasures

Tires are made of rubber, chemicals, and heavy metals

When burned, they release toxic substances like dioxins, and fine dust

These pollutants can cause respiratory diseases, cancer, and neurological damage

Burning tires also emit black carbon and CO₂, which contribute to global warming

The thick smoke spreads over large areas and affects air quality

Incomplete combustion produces soot, worsening environmental and health risks

Ash and residues from burning contain zinc, lead, and other heavy metals

These can pollute soil and water, harming plants and aquatic life

Pollutants may accumulate in animals and enter the food chain

Long-lasting tire fires are difficult to control and threaten nearby communities

To reduce these impacts, proper tire recycling is essential

Used tires can be shredded into rubber chips for roads or playgrounds

Pyrolysis is another method that turns tires into fuel under high heat without oxygen

Retreading extends tire life and reduces waste

Eco-friendly materials and designs should be encouraged in tire manufacturing

Governments must strictly ban illegal tire burning

They should also build strong collection and recycling systems

Public awareness campaigns can further promote responsible tire disposal

In particular, Korea is also a country with a high youth suicide rate. So I will explain why Korea has a high youth suicide rate.

The high suicide rate among Korean teenagers is due to extreme academic stress. Korea's competition-oriented education system puts a lot of pressure on college entrance exams, which causes many students to suffer from long hours of study and excessive private education.

Since grade-oriented evaluation has a strong culture in which student values are judged only by grades, fear of failure and inferiority often occur.

In addition, problems with peer relationships, bullying in schools, conflicts between friends, and comparisons on social media, which account for a large proportion of the reasons for suicide, also increase the emotional burden.

There is also a culture in Korea that feels ashamed to admit mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety or to receive counseling. Therefore, they commit suicide because they cannot relax and endure it.

To solve these youth suicide problems, regular mental health examinations and counseling systems should be strengthened in schools, programs to promote communication with families, improve awareness of society as a whole, eliminate prejudice and encourage early intervention in mental health problems, personalized media education for youth, and provide proper access and interpretation education on suicide-related content to reduce youth suicide rates.

I'm going to present the impact of SNS on teenagers

First, if you do a lot of social media often, it affects your school activities. For example, you may not perform important performance evaluations or assignments well according to your competence, or you may fall asleep because you are tired in class when you need to study. The second is a health problem, but if you do a lot of social media, you can say that the health of teenagers deteriorates very much. For example, dry eyes may occur if you look at the screen of your cell phone or pad too often or look at it for a long time, and if you continue to social media at night when you need to sleep, your body's resistance may weaken and you may be exposed to various diseases. To summarize the presentations so far, let's use social media appropriately within the scope of no problems.

The U.S. military can be divided into three branches: the Army, Navy, and Air Force.

First, the Army was established in 1775 during the American Revolutionary War. The active-duty force consists of about 500,000 soldiers. In comparison, the South Korean Army has about 350,000 troops. The U.S. defense budget is approximately $8,860 per capita, while South Korea’s is about $476, which is an 18-fold difference. The U.S. Army also has the latest weapons and equipment.

Next, the U.S. Navy has roughly 330,000 personnel. Its main role is to secure territorial waters. The U.S. Navy operates around 469 ships, whereas South Korea has about 160 ships. A key feature of the U.S. Navy is that it is divided into seven fleets stationed worldwide to maintain global peace. For example, the Second Fleet protects the North Atlantic, and the Third Fleet is responsible for the North Pacific.

Finally, the U.S. Air Force was founded in 1947. Its primary missions include defending U.S. airspace and conducting space operations. The U.S. Air Force has about 5,200 aircraft, while South Korea has approximately 1,500, which is more than three times less. An interesting fact is that the U.S. Space Force recently separated from the Air Force to carry out space-specific missions.

Even when looking at the Army, Navy, and Air Force separately, the U.S. military is far superior compared to any other country in the world. I believe that we should learn from the U.S. military’s strategies and systems.

In particular, Korea is also a country with a high youth suicide rate. So I will explain why Korea has a high youth suicide rate.

The high suicide rate among Korean teenagers is due to extreme academic stress. Korea's competition-oriented education system puts a lot of pressure on college entrance exams, which causes many students to suffer from long hours of study and excessive private education.

Since grade-oriented evaluation has a strong culture in which student values are judged only by grades, fear of failure and inferiority often occur.

In addition, problems with peer relationships, bullying in schools, conflicts between friends, and comparisons on social media, which account for a large proportion of the reasons for suicide, also increase the emotional burden.

There is also a culture in Korea that feels ashamed to admit mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety or to receive counseling. Therefore, they commit suicide because they cannot relax and endure it.

To solve these youth suicide problems, regular mental health examinations and counseling systems should be strengthened in schools, programs to promote communication with families, improve awareness of society as a whole, eliminate prejudice and encourage early intervention in mental health problems, personalized media education for youth, and provide proper access and interpretation education on suicide-related content to reduce youth suicide rates.

I'm going to present the impact of SNS on teenagers

First, if you do a lot of social media often, it affects your school activities. For example, you may not perform important performance evaluations or assignments well according to your competence, or you may fall asleep because you are tired in class when you need to study. The second is a health problem, but if you do a lot of social media, you can say that the health of teenagers deteriorates very much. For example, dry eyes may occur if you look at the screen of your cell phone or pad too often or look at it for a long time, and if you continue to social media at night when you need to sleep, your body's resistance may weaken and you may be exposed to various diseases. To summarize the presentations so far, let's use social media appropriately within the scope of no problems.

A.

topic: A healthy, strong body is the most powerful tool you can own

Introduction: Have you ever felt intimidated or scared when you saw someone with a strong body?

topic sentence: The world tends to look down on those who appear weaker at first glance. On the other hand, when someone looks stronger, healthier, or more physically fit, people naturally feel intimidated. That’s why I believe having a strong and healthy physique, with muscles that prevent others from treating you carelessly, is important.

B.

1.

main point: The body is pride itself; a strong body creates strong confidence.

sub point: No matter where you go, the thing people see the most and first is your body. First impressions are made within just 10 seconds. When others see you differently, your confidence automatically increases.

example:

2.

main point: If you want the world to take you seriously, make yourself intimidating first.

sub point: Think about it — if someone much stronger than you speaks, can you easily contradict their words and presence?

example:

3.

main point: Improving your body is the starting point for improving your entire life.

sub point: Not only does it look good physically, but it also improves health, increases self-discipline and confidence mentally, enhances athletic ability, and has a positive impact on many areas of daily life.

example:

C.

conclussion: In conclusion, if you work out and build a healthy body, you will gain advantages in every aspect of life. As mentioned above, when your body improves, the way others see you will change. Use that confidence as a stepping stone to rise even higher — so start building your body now.

The impact of SNS on us is very negative.

Let's find out why.

I think the biggest reason is because of the stimulating content that can be easily accessed on SNS.

According to the policy briefing, teenagers committed the most cyberbullying through online games (48.3%), while adults committed the most cyberbullying through text messages and instant messages (64.2%). In particular, both teenagers and adults showed an increase in their experience of cyberbullying in the metaverse compared to the previous year (Teenagers:

1.6%→1.9%, Adults: 0.8%→3.5%).

To solve this problem, I think there needs to be laws in place to prevent young people from being exposed to provocative content.

I think this is a good way.

That is, create an app that only adults can enjoy. If that happens, teenagers will be free from stimulating content.

Thank you for listening to my presentation.

Have a nice time.

You may have swarms of pain in certain areas of your body. It's a good idea to swim when you have pain in your knees. Swimming is a full-body exercise that puts less pressure on the joints, so it's good for people with arthritis or knee pain. It's a good idea to walk when you have back pain. Walking is a good exercise for people with back pain because it is a full-body exercise while supporting the back.

You may also have experiences of stiffening your body. In this case, it is recommended to do full-body stretching, which is the most basic exercise that you can do at any time. Yoga or Pilates is recommended for those who have become stiff after working while sitting for a long time. Yoga and Pilates are effective in correcting posture, developing muscle balance, and relieving pain.

There are many other exercises besides the ones mentioned earlier. Let's practice various exercises to make a comfortable and light body.

Today I'm going to talk about the good things about sns

1.The sns can communicate with various people

-With the creation of the Internet, you can communicate with people all over the world by creating an account.

2.to be able to gain a lot of knowledge

-With the proliferation of smartphones, you can get a lot of information by simply searching the Internet.

3.fast proliferation and strong influence

-SNS is fast spreading, for example, when the Tunisian democracy crisis happened, people all over the world criticized it on the Internet.

I hope you know that SNS has not only bad things but also good things.

Have you ever taken an elevator or crossed a bridge on your way to school?

We see these structures every day, but have you thought about the physics hidden inside them?

Today, I’d like to introduce the smart science behind elevators and bridges.

First, let’s look at elevators.

An elevator moves people and cargo up and down in buildings.

But inside, it uses the principle of pulleys.

A pulley is a round wheel with a rope that changes the direction of force, making it easier to lift heavy things.

In an elevator, a fixed pulley is placed at the top of the shaft.

One side of the rope is connected to the car we ride in, and the other side is connected to a counterweight.

This counterweight is about the same weight as the car or a little heavier.

This helps the motor use less force, because it only needs to lift the difference between the car and the counterweight.

That’s why elevators move smoothly and save energy.

Also, elevator ropes are very strong and rarely break.

But if they do, a speed governor and brake system stop the car safely.

Different elevators can carry different loads.

A cargo elevator uses thicker ropes, a heavier counterweight, and a stronger motor than a passenger elevator.

This is because the tension, counterweight, and motor power must match the load.

Next, let’s talk about bridges.

Bridges hold the weight of people and cars and safely send that force down to the ground.

Different bridge types use different methods.

I would like to explain about arch bridges and modern bridges.

Arch bridges use compression. The arch shape spreads the weight, and the top stone, called a keystone, balances the forces.

Modern bridges use steel and concrete.

Steel is strong in both tension and compression, and concrete is strong in compression.

Suspension bridges use cables to hold the bridge.

The main cables are shaped like a curve and spread the weight to both ends.

In conclusion, elevators and bridges may look ordinary, but clever physics like pulleys, tension, compression, and weight balance help them work safely and efficiently.

Thank you for listening!

Today, I want to talk about the bad effects of social media on teenagers.

First, social media is bad for our mental health. This is because likes, comments, and notifications make our brain feel rewarded by releasing a chemical called dopamine. Because of this, people stay on social media for a long time, and some even become addicted.

Second, social media can make our grades worse. Notifications and new posts distract students, so it’s hard to focus on studying. As a result, their school performance may go down.

Lastly, social media can cause school bullying. On social media, people can use fake names or stay anonymous. This makes it easy to avoid being caught. Because of that, people may say mean things, spread rumors, or bully others. For example, there was a news story from KBS about a student named Park who was bullied on KakaoTalk and made a very sad decision.

So, we should be careful when using social media and try to use it in a smart and healthy way.

Let’s look at three things today:
First, why bubbles happen.
Second, what the government can do.
And third, what we can do as people.

First, why does a bubble happen?
When interest rates are very low, people borrow more money.
They invest in houses and stocks.
Prices go up too fast.
People try to get rich quickly.
If there are no strong rules, the bubble keeps growing—
Until one day, it bursts.
And prices crash.

Second, what can the government do?
The government can make strong rules.
It can stop risky, easy loans.
It can raise interest rates when the economy is overheating.
It can use taxes to slow down speculation.
And it can teach people how to manage money wisely.

Third, what can we do?
Don’t put all your money in one place.
Use different tools: real estate, stocks, savings.
Don’t borrow more than you can handle.
Save for emergencies.
Watch the news and think before investing.
Most of all—invest for the long term, not just for quick profit.

In the end, bubbles are scary.
But if we understand the signs and prepare in advance,
we can protect ourselves.
Let’s be smart.
Let’s get ready—before the bubble pops.

Thank you.

When we visit an art museum, we often find ourselves walking past artworks with just a vague impression, without truly understanding what they mean.

So today, I’d like to talk about how we can appreciate artworks more deeply.

My presentation will follow four steps: first impression, element analysis, personal interpretation, and external context.

The very first thing we should do when looking at a piece of art is to observe it slowly and carefully.

Try to take in the overall mood and feeling of the work without immediately analyzing it.

Notice any parts that stand out to you and try to understand what kind of scene or subject is being portrayed.

This will help you build an emotional connection with the artwork.

Second, look at the colors,composition,form,texture and think about feeling

they give.By paying attention to these details, we can understand the artist’s choices and the visual language of the piece.

Third,try to interpret the artwork in your own personal way.

You can connect the piece with your own memories, experiences, or emotions.

Think about what the objects, people, or colors in the painting might symbolize, and what kind of story they might be telling.

In the end, form your own impression and evaluation of the work based on what it means to you.

Lastly, It is also helpful to learn about the artist’s life and the historical background of the artwork.

Knowing when and why the piece was created can give you a better understanding of the artist’s message or intention.

For example, if the artist lived through a war or a major social change, those experiences may be reflected in the artwork.

By considering these four steps,you can have a much deeper and more meaningful experience when viewing art.

Thank you for listening.

People who speak well are flexible and naturally continue their conversations.

So the person who leads the conversation well is attractive and popular with the people around him.

So how can I be a good conversation leader?

I'll tell you three ways to take the lead in the conversation.

The first way to take the lead in the conversation is to have a confident 'talk and attitude'.

Confident voice tone, eye contact, and speech-like posture convey a stronger message than words.

According to a study by psychologist Any Cuddy at Harvard University, confident postures and speech actually influence the other person.

The second way to take the lead in the conversation is to ask a lot of questions.

Leading the conversation to the center of the question naturally allows you to control the flow of your opponent's thinking.

Psychology also says that inducing the other person's attention and attention through questions is effective in taking the initiative in conversation.

However, we need to ask appropriate questions that take into account the flow of the conversation, not just keep asking questions.

Finally, the third thing to take the lead in the conversation is to have proper humor and emotional control.

Proper humour makes things flexible and relieves tension.

In fact, Alice M. Eisen & Robert Levin conducted the experiment.

Humorous and non-humorous conversations were conducted, and as a result, participants who watched the humorous conversations rated the other person more attractive and friendly. It was also analyzed that humor is effective in lowering social barriers and increasing favorability.

In addition, the person who is not emotionally swayed and is at the center of the emotion takes the initiative in the conversation.

In fact, experiments conducted by several psychological agents since the 1980s have shown that people with less emotional energy and calmness gain trust and continue to enjoy popularity in human relationships.

So far, we've looked at three different ways to take the initiative in a conversation. Good conversation requires a confident tone and attitude, lots of questions, proper humor and emotional control.

Use the above methods in your daily life.

The person who leads the horse becomes the center of the person. Now, it's your turn to stand in that position.

Thank you for listening to the presentation.

We put our emotions into music to connect with the people who listen.

But why do we want to connect with the audience?

Because art is not something that stands alone.

Art is made by the artist, but it becomes complete when someone listens, watches, or feels it.

Art lives in a relationship between the creator and the audience.

We can see this in things like orchestras, musicals, and operas, where many people work together to make something beautiful.

Now, imagine playing a song you made without any emotion just like a robot.

It would sound boring and flat. People might even feel sleepy while listening.

That’s why emotions are so important in music.

When we share our feelings through music, we can connect with others.

It helps us feel less alone.

Music is a special way to show feelings even faster and deeper than words.

Composers use music to reach people’s hearts.

Classical music is a great example of how powerful this connection can be.

So to summarize or review it

Music needs emotion to truly connect with people.

Art is complete only when it’s shared with an audience.

Without feeling, music can’t move hearts.

It’s a powerful way to express emotions faster and deeper than words

thank you for listening!

This has been speeding up since the Industrial Revolution.

First, melting glaciers raise sea levels.

Glaciers hold about 60% of the Earth's fresh water.

If they melt, the sea level could rise by several meters.

This could flood cities and cause countries to lose land.

For example, in Tuvalu, two islands are already under water, and more are sinking.

The country may disappear in the near future.

Second, melting glaciers speed up climate change.

Glaciers reflect sunlight through the albedo effect.

But when glaciers melt, dark oceans are exposed.

The ocean absorbs more heat, causing temperatures to rise even more.

This creates a dangerous cycle.

NASA and NOAA reported that the albedo effect has dropped by 15%.

In the last 46 years, an ocean area 135 times the size of Korea has been exposed.

Third, melting glaciers change ocean circulation.

Freshwater from glaciers lowers the salt level and density of the sea.

This can affect ocean currents and weather patterns.

It may cause severe cold waves or droughts.

Scientists say about 400 billion tons of glacier water flow into the sea every year.

In the North Atlantic, the salt level has dropped by 0.2–0.3 PSU.

Glacier melting is deeply connected to global warming.

If this continues, the Earth's climate and ecosystems may collapse like dominoes.

The tears of glaciers are a warning from the Earth.

One day, they may become our own.

Have you ever felt intimidated or scared when you saw someone with a strong body?

The world tends to look down on those who appear weaker at first glance. On the other hand, when someone looks stronger, healthier, or more physically fit, people naturally feel intimidated. That’s why I believe having a strong and healthy physique, with muscles that prevent others from treating you carelessly, is important.

first main point is The body is pride itself; a strong body creates strong confidence.

The reason is No matter where you go, the thing people see the most and first is your body. First impressions are made within just 10 seconds. When others see you differently, your confidence automatically increases.

second main point is If you want the world to take you seriously, make yourself intimidating first.

The reason is Think about it — if someone much stronger than you speaks, can you easily contradict their words and presence?

third main point is  Improving your body is the starting point for improving your entire life.

The reason is Not only does it look good physically, but it also improves health, increases self-discipline and confidence mentally, enhances athletic ability, and has a positive impact on many areas of daily life.

To sum up In conclusion, if you work out and build a healthy body, you will gain advantages in every aspect of life. As mentioned above, when your body improves, the way others see you will change. Use that confidence as a stepping stone to rise even higher — so start building your body now.

People who speak well are flexible and naturally continue their conversations.

So the person who leads the conversation well is attractive and popular with the people around him.

So how can I be a good conversation leader?

I'll tell you three ways to take the lead in the conversation.

1. The first way to take the initiative in conversation is to have a confident tone and attitude.

Confident voice tone, eye contact, and speech-like posture convey a stronger message than words.

According to a study by psychologist Any Cuddy at Harvard University, confident postures and speech actually influence the other person.

2.The second way to take the lead in the conversation is to ask a lot of questions.

Leading the conversation to the center of the question naturally allows you to control the flow of your opponent's thinking.

Psychology also says that inducing the other person's attention and attention through questions is effective in taking the initiative in conversation.

However, we need to ask appropriate questions that take into account the flow of the conversation, not just keep asking questions.

3.Finally, the third thing to take the lead in the conversation is to have proper humor and emotional control.

Proper humour makes things flexible and relieves tension.

In fact, Alice M. Eisen & Robert Levin conducted the experiment.

Humorous and non-humorous conversations were conducted, and as a result, participants who watched the humorous conversations rated the other person more attractive and friendly. It was also analyzed that humor is effective in lowering social barriers and increasing favorability.

In addition, the person who is not emotionally swayed and is at the center of the emotion takes the initiative in the conversation.

In fact, experiments conducted by several psychological agents since the 1980s have shown that people with less emotional energy and calmness gain trust and continue to enjoy popularity in human relationships.

So far, we've looked at three different ways to take the initiative in a conversation. Good conversation requires a confident tone and attitude, lots of questions, proper humor and emotional control.

Use the above methods in your daily life.

The person who leads the word becomes the center of the person. Now, it's your turn to stand in that position.

Thank you for listening to the presentation.

Have you ever taken an elevator or crossed a bridge on your way to school?

We see these structures every day, but have you thought about the physics hidden inside them?

Today, I’d like to introduce the smart science behind elevators and bridges.

First, let’s look at elevators.

An elevator moves people and cargo up and down in buildings.

But inside, it uses the principle of pulleys.

A pulley is a round wheel with a rope that changes the direction of force, making it easier to lift heavy things.

In an elevator, a fixed pulley is placed at the top of the shaft.

One side of the rope is connected to the car we ride in, and the other side is connected to a counterweight.

This counterweight is about the same weight as the car or a little heavier.

This helps the motor use less force, because it only needs to lift the difference between the car and the counterweight.

That’s why elevators move smoothly and save energy.

Also, elevator ropes are very strong and rarely break.

But if they do, a speed governor and brake system stop the car safely.

Different elevators can carry different loads.

A cargo elevator uses thicker ropes, a heavier counterweight, and a stronger motor than a passenger elevator.

This is because the tension, counterweight, and motor power must match the load.

Next, let’s talk about bridges.

Bridges hold the weight of people and cars and safely send that force down to the ground.

Different bridge types use different methods.

I would like to explain about arch bridges and modern bridges.

Arch bridges use compression. The arch shape spreads the weight, and the top stone, called a keystone, balances the forces.

Modern bridges use steel and concrete.

Steel is strong in both tension and compression, and concrete is strong in compression.

Suspension bridges use cables to hold the bridge.

The main cables are shaped like a curve and spread the weight to both ends.

In conclusion, elevators and bridges may look ordinary, but clever physics like pulleys, tension, compression, and weight balance help them work safely and efficiently.

Thank you for listening!

People who speak well are flexible and naturally continue their conversations.

So the person who leads the conversation well is attractive and popular with the people around him.

So how can I be a good conversation leader?

I'll tell you three ways to take the lead in the conversation.

1. The first way to take the initiative in conversation is to have a confident tone and attitude.

Confident voice tone, eye contact, and speech-like posture convey a stronger message than words.

According to a study by psychologist Any Cuddy at Harvard University, confident postures and speech actually influence the other person.

2.The second way to take the lead in the conversation is to ask a lot of questions.

Leading the conversation to the center of the question naturally allows you to control the flow of your opponent's thinking.

Psychology also says that inducing the other person's attention and attention through questions is effective in taking the initiative in conversation.

However, we need to ask appropriate questions that take into account the flow of the conversation, not just keep asking questions.

3.Finally, the third way to take the lead in the conversation is to have proper humor and emotional control.

Proper humour makes things flexible and relieves tension.

In fact, Alice M. Eisen & Robert Levin conducted the experiment.

Humorous and non-humorous conversations were conducted, and as a result, participants who watched the humorous conversations rated the other person more attractive and friendly. It was also analyzed that humor is effective in lowering social barriers and increasing favorability.

In addition, the person who is not emotionally swayed and is at the center of the emotion takes the initiative in the conversation.

In fact, experiments conducted by several psychological agents since the 1980s have shown that people with less emotional energy and calmness gain trust and continue to enjoy popularity in human relationships.

So far, we've looked at three different ways to take the initiative in a conversation. Good conversation requires a confident tone and attitude, lots of questions, proper humor and emotional control.

Use the above methods in your daily life.

The person who leads the word becomes the center of the person. Now, it's your turn to stand in that position.

Thank you for listening to the presentation.

1)School Life (학교생활)-그래프, 설문 차트

* How students manage stress during exams

* The most popular extracurricular activities at our school

* Smartphone use among teenagers

* How school uniforms affect students’ identity

* Changes in study habits after COVID-19

2)Career (진로)-그래프, 인포그래픽

* My dream job and why it inspires me

* Jobs that will disappear in the future

* The rise of digital nomads

* How AI will change future careers

* Why soft skills are important for success

3)World Cultures (세계 각국의 문화)-비교표, 지도

* Cultural differences in greetings

* Traditional festivals around the world

* Table manners in different countries

* The impact of K-pop on global culture

* How people celebrate New Year’s Day worldwide

4)Economy (경제)-막대그래프, 선 그래프

* The importance of saving and investing

* Why prices are rising: Understanding inflation

* Part-time jobs among teenagers

* The sharing economy: Uber, Airbnb, and more

* How online shopping changes the economy

5)Trade (무역)-지도, 비교표

* Why countries trade with each other

* Korea’s main export products

* The story of fair trade coffee

* The effects of global supply chains

* How free trade agreements work

6)Literature (문학)-구조도, 감정선 그래프, 인포그래픽

* What I learned from a novel or poem

* Comparing classic and modern literature

* The power of storytelling in movies and books

* How literature reflects society

* My favorite character and what they taught me

7)Science & Technology / AI (과학 기술·AI) -프로세스 도식화, 사진자료, 영상

* How AI is used in education

* The pros and cons of self-driving cars

* How smartphones have changed communication

* The impact of robots on daily life

* Future technologies that will change the world

#구조

Opening:

Thesis statement:

Body

Topic sentence 1:

시각자료 1:

Topic sentence 2:

시각자료 2:

Topic sentence 3:

시각자료 3:

Conclusion:

#구조

Opening

Thesis statement:

Body

Topic sentence 1:

시각자료 1:

Topic sentence 2:

시각자료 2:

Topic sentence 3:

시각자료 3:

Conclusion:

• Speaktor(무료, 발표용 자연 억양, 속도 조절 가능)

https://speaktor.com/app/dashboard/

• Notevibes (무료, 다운로드 가능)

https://notevibes.com/

• ElevenLabs (자연스러운 음성)

https://elevenlabs.io/app/home

ex) 2901 송형석

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1wMhC7WJCeDjVvdUsRA5O3poBlVXHqwzWrUR-88Z6hqY/edit?usp=sharing

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1xpHHp4ihCHXxSYI53i33ZZBaNoaQOBhpk8VtMXzCh4U/edit?usp=sharing

When economies face downturns, two major tools come into play to stabilise things: fiscal policy and monetary policy. These strategies, rooted in the ideas of John Maynard Keynes and modern central banking, can make a real difference when the economy hits rough waters.

In times of economic recession, governments often turn to fiscal policy (sometimes called Keynesian policy) and monetary policy to help stimulate growth, curb instability, and steer the economy back on track.

Topic Sentence 1: What is fiscal policy? Its concept and characteristics.

Fiscal policy refers to how a government uses its budget—spending and taxation—to influence the economy. For example, in a recession the government might increase its spending or cut taxes to boost demand. It has the characteristic of being direct and visible: the government decides to borrow or spend, affecting jobs, infrastructure, public services, etc. It can target specific sectors (construction, public health) and has fairly immediate effects. However, it also carries risks: if the debt rises too much or spending is inefficient, the benefits may be lost.

Here you see examples of the most recent fiscal policy under Lee Jae‑myung in South Korea. Policymakers have emphasised expansionary spending to revive domestic demand even when global headwinds persist.

Topic Sentence 2: What is monetary policy? Its concept and characteristics.

Monetary policy is managed by a country’s central bank (for example, the Federal Reserve in the U.S. or the Bank of Korea in South Korea). It involves controlling the money supply and interest rates to influence borrowing, spending, inflation and employment. Typical tools include lowering or raising interest rates, conducting open market operations, adjusting reserve requirements. When an economy is weak, the central bank might lower interest rates to encourage borrowing and investment; conversely, in overheating situations, it might raise rates to cool down inflation. The key characteristic is that it works indirectly—through banks and financial markets—rather than direct spending by the government.

These infographics help visualise how monetary policy functions: central bank sets policy rate → banks respond → consumers and businesses react → the economy adjusts.

Topic Sentence 3: The effects of fiscal and monetary policy during the COVID‑19 pandemic in South Korea and the U.S.

During COVID-19, both the U.S. and South Korea implemented large-scale fiscal stimulus packages and also shifted monetary policy aggressively. For example, in the U.S., the Federal Reserve lowered its policy rate to near zero and engaged in massive asset purchases, while the federal government passed large relief bills. These measures helped prevent a complete collapse of demand, maintained employment levels, and kept corporations solvent. However, the side-effects included rapid increases in government debt and, when the economy recovered, upward pressure on inflation. Interest rates in the U.S. began rising to control inflation and stabilise markets.

The chart shows how U.S. interest rates remained very low during the pandemic but then began a sharp rise as recovery kicked in and inflation became a concern.

Conclusion

In conclusion, both fiscal policy and monetary policy offer important advantages during economic downturns: fiscal policy can directly boost demand and provide relief to households and businesses, while monetary policy can influence borrowing costs, liquidity and broader financial conditions. By understanding how these tools work—and recognising when they are being used—you can read economic news with more insight and broaden your perspective. When you pick up a newspaper or check a financial website and see terms like “stimulus package”, “rate cut”, “quantitative easing”, you’ll know they reflect active policies at work. I hope today’s speech helps you feel more confident in observing and interpreting economic policy moves in the news.

Thank you very much for your attention.

These days, many of them are made by AI — sometimes so real that it’s hard to tell if they’re fake or not.

Today, I’d like to talk about both the positive and negative effects of creating videos with AI.

First, AI allows people to see their loved ones again through videos.

For example, in the Korean TV show “My Golden Kids,” a child met his late father through an AI-generated video.

It was very emotional and showed how technology can comfort people.

Second, AI helps save time and money in video production.

Companies like Kalshi and Coca-Cola have used AI to make advertisements quickly and cheaply.

This helps small creators make professional videos without big budgets.

However, AI can also be dangerous.

It is used to make deepfake videos of celebrities or students, often for sexual crimes or online harassment.

This invasion of privacy shows how easily AI can be abused.

AI can also disrespect the dead.

Some short-form videos use famous people like Stephen Hawking or former president Roh Moo-hyun without permission, just to get more views.

This can hurt families and dishonor their memory.

In conclusion, AI video creation has two faces — one of possibility and one of danger.

It can bring comfort and creativity, but it can also cause harm when used irresponsibly.

Let’s understand both sides and use this powerful technology with care and respect.

Thank you.

In Hamlet, for example, Hamlet suffers from doubt, fear, and the meaning of existence itself. He is not only a prince seeking revenge but also a human being questioning life.
In Macbeth, the main character is destroyed by his own ambition. This shows how human desires and guilt can lead to ruin.
Through these inner conflicts, Shakespeare makes us reflect on our own emotions and choices.
Second, Shakespeare’s tragedies are not only philosophical but also contain artistic and aesthetic beauty.

Shakespeare used poetic language, symbolism, and rhythm to express emotion beautifully. For instance, in Romeo and Juliet, even the language of death sounds poetic:
“Thus with a kiss I die.”
This mixture of beauty and sorrow touches the audience more deeply than simple sadness ever could.
The structure, metaphors, and stage effects together make his works not just stories, but art.
Finally, Shakespeare’s tragedies remain meaningful because they reveal timeless truths about human life.

Even though they were written over 400 years ago, people today still relate to Hamlet’s hesitation, Macbeth’s ambition, or Othello’s jealousy.
These stories remind us that human nature has not changed.
That is why Shakespeare’s tragedies continue to move audiences across generations and cultures.
In conclusion, Shakespeare’s tragedies are not tragic just because they end sadly.
They are tragic because they show the deepest parts of human emotion, combine philosophy with beauty, and express truths that never fade.
So next time you hear the word “tragedy,” remember: it’s not only about death or sorrow — it’s about understanding what it means to be human.

Thank you.

A iphone is made by an American company,

but its parts are from Korea and Japan, and it is assembled in Vietnam.

This shows that our daily life is connected to the world.

At the center of this connection is trade.

Thesis statement: Today, I will talk about what trade is, why it is important, and some problems and solutions of trade.

Trade means buying and selling goods or services between countries.

For example, Korea exports cars, chips, and cosmetics,

and imports things like oil, coffee, and bananas that are hard to make here. As an export item to Korea

This table is an export item for South Korea.

The top 10 export items are semiconductors > automobiles > petroleum products. 

This table is an imported item from South Korea.

The top 10 imported items are crude oil > semiconductors > natural gas.

Body

시각자료1:통계청

시각자료2:통계청

Topic sentence 1: Why Trade is Important

Trade helps the economy grow.

When companies sell products to other countries, they earn money and create jobs.

Thanks to trade, Korea became famous for cars and semiconductors.

Topic sentence 2: Trade lets countries share what they have.

Each country has different resources.

For example, the Middle East has oil, and Korea has technology.

By trading, both sides can benefit.

Topic sentence 3: Trade builds good relationships.

When countries trade, they learn to trust and help each other,

which makes the world more peaceful.

Topic sentence 4: Problems and Solutions

Price changes

Sometimes prices in the global market change quickly.

If oil prices rise, many other prices also go up, and the economy can become unstable.

시각자료3: 통계청

Topic sentence 5: Trade conflicts

Countries sometimes fight over tariffs or trade limits.

When this happens, exports and imports can stop.

Topic sentence 6: Solutions

To solve these problems, countries make Free Trade Agreements (FTAs).

These agreements reduce taxes and make trade easier.

Also, the WTO (World Trade Organization) helps countries solve trade problems peacefully.

Conclusion: Today, I talked about what trade is,

why it is important,

and how countries solve trade problems.

Trade is not just about buying and selling —

it connects the world and helps us grow together.

Trade is a bridge that connects countries.

Let’s build that bridge stronger and make the world a better place together. 

Opening

Good morning everyone.
Have you ever wondered how something that means “nothing” could change everything?
Today, I want to talk about one of the most powerful ideas in human history — the number zero.
It may look like just a simple circle, but without it, our modern world of mathematics, science, and technology would not exist.

Thesis statement

So, here’s the question:
What changes happened in mathematics because of the creation of zero?
Let’s explore three major transformations:
the invention of the place-value system,
the discovery of negative numbers,
and the birth of algebra.

Body

Topic sentence 1: Place-value system

First, zero gave us the place-value system — the foundation of all modern number writing.
Before zero, ancient civilizations like the Romans struggled with large numbers.
For example, writing the number one thousand required long symbols like “M”.
But with zero, we can easily distinguish between 10, 100, and 1000.
Zero acts like a placeholder that gives meaning to every digit’s position.

Visual Aid 1:
[Show two number systems: “X, XX, XXX” vs. “10, 100, 1000” to compare efficiency.]

Topic sentence 2: Negative numbers

Second, zero opened the door to negative numbers.
Once we had a clear concept of “nothing,” it became possible to imagine “less than nothing.”  
This simple yet deep idea changed how we understood balance, debt, and direction.
For example, in temperature or finance, we move below zero — and that makes perfect sense now.
Without zero, the idea of a number line stretching left and right would not exist.

Visual Aid 2:
[Show a number line with zero in the center, extending into negative and positive numbers.]

Topic sentence 3: Algebra

Finally, zero allowed the rise of algebra.
In algebra, we solve for the unknown — the “x” that makes an equation true.
Zero gives us the concept of an equation’s balance:
for example, x + 3 = 0 means that x must be -3.
This logical way of thinking turned math from simple counting into a universal language of reasoning.
It also laid the foundation for modern science, physics, and even computer programming.

Visual Aid 3:
[Show a simple algebraic equation and its balance scale illustration.]

Conclusion

In conclusion, zero is not “nothing” — it is everything in mathematics.
It gave us the power to write large numbers, to think beyond positive values, and to create abstract ideas like algebra.
From ancient counting stones to today’s computers made of 0s and 1s, the number zero continues to shape our world.
So next time you see a simple zero, remember — it’s the small symbol that changed the universe of math forever.

Thank you.

사진 전부 인터넷 검색을 통해 이미 있는 이미지를 이용하였음

Good morning, everyone. Today, I’m going to compare two giant engines that have powered the modern world: the free market and the planned economy.  

Thesis statement:  

While both systems have shaped nations, companies, and skylines, their strengths can be combined to build a smarter future.  

Body  

Topic sentence 1: The free market is a system where prices, production, and distribution are driven by supply and demand with minimal government interference.  

It has unleashed innovation and wealth—think Silicon Valley startups or South Korea’s rise from war-torn poverty to tech giant in one generation. GDP per capita in free-market Hong Kong jumped from $430 in 1960 to over $50,000 today. Yet it has also widened inequality; the U.S. Gini coefficient rose from 0.35 in 1980 to 0.41 now, and left ghost towns of shuttered factories in Detroit. What it leaves behind: gleaming skyscrapers like the Burj Khalifa, funded by oil profits and open trade, plus legal frameworks such as the U.S. Uniform Commercial Code that still govern global contracts.  

Topic sentence 2: A planned economy is one where the government decides what, how, and for whom to produce.  

It built the Soviet Union’s industrial base—by 1970, the USSR was the world’s second-largest economy and put the first man in space. China’s state-led infrastructure lifted 800 million people out of poverty in four decades. But it also caused shortages; in the USSR, bread lines stretched for blocks, and North Korea still rations food. Its physical legacy: massive hydroelectric dams like China’s Three Gorges, plus uniform concrete apartment blocks that still house millions in Eastern Europe.  

Topic sentence 3: The way forward is a hybrid model that keeps the free market’s innovation and the planned economy’s coordination.  

Take Singapore: open markets for trade, but state-guided housing and education. Or Germany’s social market economy—private competition plus strong safety nets. Combine market signals for efficiency with targeted state investment in green tech and universal broadband. The result: growth without ghost towns, progress without bread lines.  

Conclusion:  

Free markets gave us speed and skyscrapers; planned economies gave us scale and dams. By marrying their best parts, we can build cities that are rich, fair, and ready for the next century. Thank you.

시각자료 1: [Slide] Left: photo of Detroit’s abandoned Michigan Central Station vs. Dubai’s Burj Khalifa. Right: bar chart of GDP growth in Hong Kong 1960–2025 next to U.S. Gini trend.  

시각자료 2: [Slide] Left: photo of Three Gorges Dam vs. empty Pyongyang supermarket shelf. Right: line graph of Chinese poverty reduction 1981–2020 next to Soviet grain imports 1970–1990.  

시각자료 3: [Slide] Split screen: Singapore’s HDB flats (planned) next to its Marina Bay Sands (market). Bottom: mock-up of a “Green Hybrid Zone” with solar farms (state-built) ringed by private battery factories.  

챗지피티와 구글에서 사진을 가져왔습니다

This difference comes from a phenomenon called split brain,

where communication between the two hemispheres is blocked due to a cut in the corpus callosum.

The corpus callosum is a bundle of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

It allows both sides to share information and work together.

In general,

the left hemisphere controls language, logic, and analytical thinking,

while the right hemisphere is responsible for spatial awareness, emotion, and creativity.

When the corpus callosum is intact, both hemispheres cooperate to create smooth and balanced behavior.

The most famous studies on split brain were conducted by Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga.

In one of their experiments, they showed the word “apple” to the right visual field,

which is processed by the left hemisphere.

The patient could say “apple” easily.

However, when the same word was shown to the left visual field,

which goes to the right hemisphere, the patient couldn’t say anything—

but could pick up an apple with the left hand.

This shows that only the left hemisphere has the ability to use language.

Gazzaniga also discovered something fascinating:

the left hemisphere acts as an “interpreter.”

Even when it lacks full information,

it tries to create a logical and consistent story to explain behavior.

This means our sense of self—our identity—is largely created by the left brain’s storytelling ability.

Sometimes, this interpreter even makes up stories to maintain a feeling of control and consistency.

The study of split-brain patients teaches us that our sense of self is not fixed—

it’s the result of constant communication between the two hemispheres.

When this communication breaks down,

the left brain may create distorted or even negative self-images.

To prevent that, we need to practice positive thinking and self-acceptance,

so that our brain can form a healthier, more balanced sense of who we are.

So, the next time you find yourself being overly critical or negative,

remember—it might just be your left brain trying a little too hard to make sense of everything.

Thank you.

사용한 시각자료는 모두 구글에서 가져온

Then, can you change the world with just one word?

Let's look at two of the power of language and examples of it.

The first is the psychological power of language.

John Berg, a psychology professor at Yale University in the U.S., conducted a unique experiment.

The experiment divided the two groups and gave each person a different word card and made a sentence.

As a result, those who saw words that reminded them of old people slowed down and those who saw words that reminded them of youth walked faster.

As such, the power of language is very powerful. Language has a direct influence on our thoughts and actions.

In other words, if you use positive words, you act positively, and if you use negative words, you are likely to turn negative.

Secondly, the social power of language.

Language has the power to change not only one individual but also society as a whole.

For example, do you know who the person in the picture is? Yes, it is Martin Luther King.

This picture is Martin Luther King's speech. The speech contains a message of hope and courage toward an equal world without racism.

This "l have a dream" speech by Martin Luther King gave hope to discriminated black people and led to an anti-racism movement.

Every word of a person can lead to social change.

Like this, language is not just a word, it can be a power to change the world

Changing the world may not be a huge force, but a warm word.

Let's use the power of words correctly, and make the world warmer!

출처:마틴 루서 킹 연설문(네이버 이미지)

Cyber Scams and Forced Labor in Southeast Asia Recently, global concern has grown over cyber scam centers in Cambodia, where foreigners are kidnapped and forced to work. But this crime is not limited to Cambodia — it is spreading to Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand. I wanted to find out why this region became a hotspot for such crimes. 

 1. Main Crime Areas and Operations Cambodia 

remains a key base for so-called “scam centers.” Victims, often from China, Korea, or the Philippines, are locked up and forced to send fake investment or romance messages. This is a mix of human trafficking and forced labor, made worse by local corruption. In Myanmar, northern areas like KK Park are controlled by warlords, not the government. Criminals run large scam networks there, taking advantage of civil war and political chaos. Laos and Thailand are also affected — Laos sees growing human trafficking, and Thailand is used as a transit route for money and people. 

 2. Root Causes These crimes thrive due to

Weak governance and corruption Easy technology access, such as cryptocurrency and satellite internet Cross-border complexity, making responsibility unclear 

 Conclusion 

This is not just a local issue but a global human rights crisis. What began in Cambodia now connects many countries through money, technology, and exploitation. Understanding these hidden crimes reminds us that foreign relations must include strong attention to human rights and crime prevention.

Topic sentence 1:캄보디아 범죄

시각자료 1:범죄 사진(출처 연합뉴스)

Topic sentence 2:미얀마

시각자료 2:범죄 사진(출처 DW)

Good morning everyone.

 Have you ever wondered why people sometimes make decisions that don’t seem entirely rational? For example, why do we feel excited about a “50% off” sale, even if we don’t really need what’s on sale? The answer lies in a fascinating field called behavioral economics — the study of how psychology influences the way we make economic choices.

Thesis Statement

Today, I would like to share with you three interesting examples of behavioral economics in our daily lives: the anchoring effect, mental accounting, and the framing effect.

Body

Topic Sentence 1: The Anchoring Effect

The first example is the anchoring effect.

 This is when people rely too heavily on the first piece of information they receive — the "anchor" — when making decisions.

Visual Aid 1:

 (Show two price tags — one crossed out at $100, and another showing “Now $100!”)

For instance, when we see a jacket priced at $200 but now on sale for $100, we feel like we’re getting an amazing deal. But if the same jacket were originally priced at $100, we might not buy it at all. The initial high price acts as an anchor, shaping how we perceive the value.

Topic Sentence 2: Mental Accounting

The second concept is mental accounting — how people categorize and treat money differently depending on its source or purpose.

Visual Aid 2:

 (Show two wallets — one labeled “entertainment money,” another labeled “savings”)

Imagine this: You find $50 on the street. You’re more likely to spend it on a nice dinner or a fun night out, rather than saving it. But if you earned that same $50 from a part-time job, you might save it. Even though it’s the same amount of money, we mentally put it into different “accounts.” That’s mental accounting in action.

Topic Sentence 3: The Framing Effect

The third example is the framing effect — how the way information is presented influences our decisions.

Visual Aid 3:

 (Show two yogurt labels — one says “90% fat-free,” and the other says “10% fat”)

Both statements mean the same thing, but people are more likely to choose the “90% fat-free” yogurt because it sounds healthier. The frame, or wording, changes our perception and therefore our choice.

Conclusion

In conclusion, behavioral economics reminds us that humans aren’t always rational decision-makers. Our choices are shaped by anchors, mental categories, and the way things are framed.

 By understanding these psychological effects, we can make smarter financial decisions — and maybe resist that “50% off” sign next time!

Thank you.

발표 내용: KDI 경제교육 정보센터

시각자료: 챗GPT

Thesis Statement:
Today, I will tell you about the F-22 Raptor fighter jet and why it is considered the strongest in the world.

Body

Topic Sentence 1: Excellent Stealth Technology
First, the F-22 has amazing stealth technology.
It is designed to avoid enemy radar, which means it can fly close to enemies without being detected.
Because of this, the F-22 can attack first before the enemy even knows it’s there.
(Visual Aid 1: Here, you can show a picture comparing the radar visibility of a normal jet and the F-22.)

Topic Sentence 2: Powerful Engines and Supercruise
Second, the F-22 has very powerful engines.
It can fly faster than the speed of sound without using afterburners — this is called “supercruise.”
This allows the F-22 to fly fast, save fuel, and stay hidden on radar at the same time.
(Visual Aid 2: Show a short video of the F-22 flying at supersonic speed or performing maneuvers.)

Topic Sentence 3: Advanced Weapon Systems
Third, the F-22 has high-tech weapon systems.
It can carry missiles inside its body, which keeps its stealth shape while staying ready to fight.
Its radar and sensors can track multiple targets and destroy them quickly.
(Visual Aid 3: You can show an image of the F-22’s internal weapon bay or missile system.)

Conclusion:
For all these reasons, the F-22 Raptor is the most powerful fighter jet in the world.
It represents the future of air combat and advanced military technology.
To improve our national defense, we should also pay more attention to the development of world-class fighter jets.

Thank you for listening.

시각자료:네이버 블로그