EIC 453 EPORTFOLIO: VARIATIES OF NATIVE LANGUAGES by MADIHATUL AQILAH KHAIRUL-SUHAINI

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- England has more than 55 million individuals despite it is the largest of the four countries from United Kingdom ( England accounts 84% of the United Kingdom's population ).

- 85.4% White, 7.8% Asian, 3.5% Black, 2.3% Mixed, 0.45% Chinese and 0.44% of another ethnic group are percentages of England population ( Buckinghamshire Council, n.d.)

- Meanwhile their religions are 59.38% Christian, 24.74% Atheist, 5.02% Muslim, 1.52% Hindu, 0.79% Sikh, 0.49% Jewish, 0.45% Buddhist, 0.43% another unspecified religion. Christianity is the main religion there compared to others.

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The Map of England

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England's flag History

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-The flag is named after Saint George (patron saint of England) who was told in the legends, he had slayed a dragon to rescue a princess then became a symbol of chilvary and courage aside that he also adopted as the patron saint during the Middle Ages.

- English soldiers used it as a national symbol back then in the 13th century during the Crusaders after that it became a key symbol in English heraldry besides being used on English ships, in the 14th century (during the reign of Edward III)

- It was officially adopted as the national flag of England in 1606, (James I reign). The flag had been looked up as a symbol of English identity especially in football and rugby.

- The United Kingdom's flag, Union Jack also includes elements of the St. George's Cross as well the flags of Scotland & Northern Ireland.

References

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Gaeng, J. (2023, January 14). White Flag with Red Cross: England Flag History, Meaning, and Symbolism. AZ Animals. https://a-z-animals.com/blog/white-flag-with-red-cross-england-flag-history-meaning-and-symbolism/

England Population 2021. (n.d.). Worldpopulationreview.com. https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/england-population

The History of England : Every Year. (n.d.). Www.youtube.com. Retrieved April 27, 2023, from https://youtu.be/vEXT7v3R0gM

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Summarization of England's Territorial History

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References

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Oxford International English Schools. (2018, March 4). A Brief History of the English Language - Oxford International English Schools. Oxford International English Schools. https://www.oxfordinternationalenglish.com/a-brief-history-of-the-english-language/

A Brief History of the English Language: From Old English to Modern Days | Langster. (n.d.). Langster.org. https://langster.org/en/blog/a-brief-history-of-the-english-language-from-old-english-to-modern-days

Language, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics. (n.d.). Www.ons.gov.uk. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/language/bulletins/languageenglandandwales/census2021#:~:text=English%20(English%20or%20Welsh%20in%20Wales)%20as%20a%20main%20language

‌Romanian becomes third most spoken language in England, Wales. (2022, December 2). Romania Insider. https://www.romania-insider.com/romanian-third-most-spoken-language-england-wales#:~:text=The%20Romanian%20language%20is%20the

‌Polish becomes England’s second language. (2013, January 30). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/jan/30/polish-becomes-englands-second-language

‌Languages Spoken in the UK - Top 5. (2022, November 9). Language Courses UK. https://www.languagecoursesuk.co.uk/spoken-languages-uk/

‌How many languages are spoken in the UK? (2022, January 21). Evan Evans Tours. https://evanevanstours.com/blog/how-many-languages-are-spoken-in-the-uk/#:~:text=However%2C%20widespread%20as%20it%20may

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New Zealand's flag History

2023-04-28 13:25:41 UTC

- The New Zealand Flag serves as the national symbol for New Zealand, featuring a royal blue background that symbolizes the surrounding blue sea and sky. Additionally, the inclusion of the Southern Cross stars on the flag highlights New Zealand's location in the South Pacific Ocean.

- The New Zealand flag was not initially recognized as the official flag, despite its widespread use since 1869. Its adoption as the official flag occurred in 1902, during the South African War when it was formally acknowledged.

- In 2015, a referendum was held to select a new flag design, which included the current New Zealand flag and the Silver Fern (designed in black, white, and blue) among others. The Silver Fern design was ultimately chosen as the preferred option. However, in the subsequent 2016 referendum, the existing New Zealand flag was retained, with nearly 57% of voters voting in its favor.

Languages mainly spoken in England

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Extra Information:
Other languages such as Arabic, French, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish happened to be introduced in England because of the migration of people from the whole world and lived there. The records from Cencus 2021, showed that by comparing with the year 2011 with 2021, we can see the population of different speakers increased and decreased due to the immigrants populations who came from various countries and lived in England. In addition, this mostly due to the world economy and the Covid-19 pandemic.

Summarization of New Zealand's Territorial History

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- Most people in New Zealand are of European descent, with a significant number of Maori and smaller groups of individuals from Pacific islands and Asia. The Asian population in New Zealand has been growing rapidly over the past few decades.

- New Zealand's population is composed of 70.2% Europeans, 16.5% Maori, 15.1% Asians, 8.1% Pacific peoples, and 1.5% Middle Eastern, Latin American, and African individuals.

- Despite its relatively low population density of 18 people per square kilometer, New Zealand's total land area of 263,310 square kilometers accommodates an urban population of 4,191,405 individuals, representing 86.9% of its population, with a median age of 38.0 years.

References

2023-04-28 15:10:21 UTC

Flags of New Zealand. (n.d.). Flags of New Zealand | NZHistory, New Zealand History Online. https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/flags-of-new-zealand

Mr History. (2022, July 5). A Super Quick History of New Zealand [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m6pVgnWaGsk

New Zealand | History, Map, Flag, Capital, Population, & Facts. (2023, April 25). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/New-Zealand/People

EHINZ. (n.d.). https://www.ehinz.ac.nz/indicators/population-vulnerability/ethnic-profile/

New Zealand Population (2023) - Worldometer. (n.d.). https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/new-zealand-population/

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Speaker's Text

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Demographic of Speaker in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England

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The speaker was born in Leeds, England. He was born on 10 June 1985.
His ethnicity is Caucasian.
It was recorded by Subject, at 20 April 2023.
He is a 37 years old man.
He works as a sales engineer which he worked after graduating from college and lived in Farsley, Western of Leeds.

Demographic of Speaker in Auckland, New Zealand

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- The speaker is a 46 year old man.

- He was born in Gisborne, New Zealand but was raised in Auckland at the age of 5.

- He was born on the 1st of June 1970.

- He worked as a University Professor

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Languages mainly spoken in New Zealand

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More about Maori language :

- In 1987, Māori became an official language in New Zealand, the only country where it is spoken. Despite this, the language still faces challenges in avoiding extinction.

- The 1840 Treaty of Waitangi guaranteed protection of the Māori language, but support for it only gained momentum in recent years. Today, the language is widely used in the media and schools. However, as Māori people moved to urban areas in the 1940s, the language began to decline, with children being raised in English instead of Māori. By the 1970s, the language was nearly extinct, but efforts were made to revive it by incorporating it into media and school curriculums.

References

2022862096 — 2023-04-29 11:33:07 UTC

Lingoda. (2022, January 4). New Zealand languages: Māori and English. Lingoda. Retrieved May 1, 2023, from https://blog.lingoda.com/en/new-zealand-langauges/

New Zealand Immigration. (n.d.). English and the Official Languages of New Zealand. New Zealand Immigration.
https://www.new-zealand-immigration.com/blogs/english-and-the-official-languages-of-new-zealand

Speaker 1: Leeds, England

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STRUT-FOOT

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FOOT vowel /ʊ/ for words like 〈full〉, 〈look〉 and 〈could〉, and a STRUT vowel /ʌ/ for words like 〈cub〉, 〈rub〉 and 〈hum〉, defined by John Wells' Lexical Sets ( a group of words that all share a particular phonological feature )
A STRUT vowel:
Short vowels in various words such as strut, cut, fudge, tough, won, one, ton, love, above, blood, run. In particular, this vowel technically does not exist in the Northern English accent. There, these words use vowels in words such as foot and put (ʊ).
The difference in English accents is that Northern and Midland speakers, who generally pronounce vowels with rounded lips in words such as cup, love, and under, and those who use vowels with lips in a more neutral position It is different from Southern speakers.
Meanwhile in some parts of the north & Midlands, they have a distinctive pronounciation of words ending orthographically in <-ook>. So, luck is pronounced as the same vowel like duck, then look will sound same as Luke.

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- The New Zealand accent has a distinct sound and is different from American or British English. It is often called a ‘colonial twang’. Although it is similar to the Australian accent, it is softer and has its roots in the southeast of England, where many of the first European settlers came from.

- Kiwis (New Zealand people) speaks fast and their vowels (the sounds of the letters A, E, I, O, U make) sound very different in New Zealand English. For instance, the word 'kit' is pronounced more like 'cut'.

- When Kiwis speak, the 'r' sound is often pronounced softly making it difficult to discern at times. Words like 'farm' may sound like 'faahm'. This can be difficult for England speakers where the 'r' is usually pronounced.

- Kiwis intonation patterns is the rising intonation at the end of a sentence which makes it sound like they're asking a question.

- Definite article reduction is a common feature of New Zealand English where the word 'the' is shortened to just 'th' or completely dropping it in certain contexts. Instead of saying "I'm going to the beach.", Kiwis might say "I'm going to th' beach." or "I'm going to beach.".

New Zealand vowel and consonant pronunciation

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Speaker 2 : Auckland, New Zealand

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Definite Article Reduction

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Definite Article Reduction is a realization of the definite article in dialects of North British English in a series of vowelless forms usually written in literature with t'.
It is thought to be the assimilation of the first fricative þe of the Middle English definite article to produce the te form, a sound change recorded in many Middle English dialects.
It also is the combination of an unreleased and therefore inaudible sound, produced simultaneously with a glottal stop.

New Zealand Transcription

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wɛl hɪr's ə stɔri fɔr ju: sɛrə pɛri wəz ə vɛtənɛri nɜrs hu həd bɪn wɜrkɪŋ deɪli æt əʊld zu ɪn ə dɪzɜtɪd dɪstrɪkt ɔv ðə tɛrɪtəri, səʊ ʃi wəz vɛri hæpi tə stɑrt ə nju dʒɒb æt ə sʊpɜrb praɪvət præktɪs ɪn nɔːθ skwɛr nɪə ðə djuːk striːt taʊə. ðæt ɛrɪə wəz mʌʧ nɪə fɔr hər ənd mɔː tə hər laɪkɪŋ. iven səʊ, ɒn hər fɜst mɔːnɪŋ, ʃi fɛlt strɛst. ʃi ɛt ə bəʊl ɒv pɒrɪdʒ, tʃɛkt hɜrsɛlf ɪn ðə mɪrər ənd wɒʃt hər feɪs ɪn ə hʌri. ðɛn ʃi pʊt ɒn ə pleɪn jɛləʊ drɛs ənd ə flis dʒækɪt, pɪkt ʌp hər kɪt ənd hɛdɪd fɔr wɜrk.

wɛn ʃi gɒt ðɛr, ðɛr wəz ə wʊmən wɪð ə gu:s weɪtɪŋ fɔr hər. ðə wʊmən geɪv sɛrə ən əfɪʃl lɛtər frəm ðə vɛt. ðə lɛtər ɪmplaɪd ðæt ði ˈænəməl kʊd bi ˈsʌfərɪŋ frəm ə reɪə fɔrm əv fʊt ənd maʊθ dɪziz, wɪtʃ wəz səˈpraɪzɪŋ, bɪkɔz nɔːməli ju wʊd əʊnli ɪkˈspɛkt tə si ɪt ɪn ə dɒg ɔr ə gəʊt. sɛrə wəz sɛntɪmɛntəl, so ðɪs meid hɜr fil sɒrɪ fɔr ðə bjutəfl bɜrd. bɪfɔ lɒŋ, ðæt ɪtʃi guus bɪɡæn tə strʌt əraʊnd ði ɔfɪs laɪk ə lunətɪk, wɪtʃ meid ən ʌnsænətərɪ mɛs. ði guus'z əʊnə, meri hærɪsn, kɛpt kɔlɪŋ, "kɒmə, kɒmə," wɪtʃ særə fɔt wəz ən ɒd ʧɔɪs fɔr ə neim. kɒmə wəz strɒŋ ən hju, so ɪt wʊd teɪk sʌm fɔrs tə træp hɜr, bət særə hæd ə dɪfrənt aɪdiə. fəst ʃi traɪd dʒɛntli strəʊkɪŋ ði guus'z loʊər bæk wɪð hɜr pɑːm, ðɛn sɪŋɪŋ ə tjuːn tə hər. faɪnəli, ʃi ədmɪnɪstərd iːðər. hər ɛfəts wər nɒt fjuːtaɪl. ɪn nəʊ taɪm, ðə guus bɪgæn tə taɪə, səʊ særə wəz eɪbl tə həʊld ɒn tə kɒmə ənd gɪv hər ə rɪlækst bɑːθ. wʌns særə hæd mænɪdʒd tə beɪð ði guus, ʃi waɪpt hər ɒf wɪð ə klɒθ ənd leɪd hər ɒn hər raɪt saɪd. ðɛn særə kənˈfɜːmd ðə vɛt's daɪəɡnəʊsɪs. ɔːlməʊst ɪˈmiːdɪətli, ʃi rɪmɛmbərd ən ɪˈfɛktɪv tritment ðæt rɪkwaɪrd hɜr tə meʒər aʊt ə lɒt əv mɛdəsɪn. ˈsɛrə wɔːnd ðæt ðɪs kɔːs əv ˈtriːtmənt maɪt bi ɪksˈpɛnsɪv – ˈiðə faɪv ɔːr sɪks taɪmz ðə kɔst əv pɛnɪˈsɪlɪn. ˈaɪ kænt ɪˈmædʒɪn ˈpeɪɪŋ səʊ mʌtʃ, bət mɪsɪz ˈhærɪsən – ə ˌmɪljəˈnɛə ˈlɔɪjər – θɔt ɪt wəz ə feə praɪs fɔːr ə kjʊə.

References

2022862096 — 2023-04-29 17:07:14 UTC

Study in New Zealand. (n.d.). Speaking New Zealand English. Study in New Zealand.
https://naumainz.studyinnewzealand.govt.nz/help-and-advice/life-and-culture/speaking-new-zealand-english

Lean English Pronunciation. (2022, July 8). The New Zealand (Kiwi) Accent & New Zealand English Pronunciation [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M6549TowW24

Phonological variation across the UK. (n.d.). The British Library. https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/phonological-variation-across-the-uk

‌phonology - Understanding the STRUT vowel as a listener without the split. (n.d.). Linguistics Stack Exchange. Retrieved April 30, 2023, from https://linguistics.stackexchange.com/questions/6911/understanding-the-strut-vowel-as-a-listener-without-the-split

‌Ben. (2011, April 27). On the STRUT Vowel and Spelling. Dialect Blog. http://dialectblog.com/2011/04/27/strut-vowel-and-spelling/

British Accent Training: Rhotic Or Non Rhotic? (n.d.). Www.youtube.com. Retrieved April 30, 2023, from https://youtu.be/wt531039LL8

‌The FOOT-STRUT Split: Why Northerners Rhyme “Foot” with “Cut.” (n.d.). Www.youtube.com. Retrieved April 30, 2023, from https://youtu.be/q77x0_znB3I

L-vocalization. (n.d.). Www.englishgratis.com. Retrieved April 30, 2023, from https://www.englishgratis.com/1/wikibooks/americanenglish/l-vocalization.htm#:~:text=L%2Dvocalization%20is%20a%20notable

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- Maori-origin words have spread to multiple languages, including New Zealand English, where they are recognized as indigenous terms.

- Whanau means 'family' and it is usually used to refer to an extended family in Maori culture

- Tena koe which means 'Greetings to you' but it is to said to one person. If it's for the general, they used Tena koutou which means 'Greeting to you all'.

- Kaitiaki which translated to 'guardian' or 'caretaker' is often used in New Zealand English the context of environmental or cultural protection.

Vocabulary influenced by Maori language

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New Zealand's slang

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Popular Kiwi phrases and words :

- Kiwis does not use 'You're welcome' or 'No problem' but they use No worries.

- They also do not use the word 'Shorts' but they use the word Stubbies.

- Bring a plate means to 'bring a shared dish of food to a party or a gathering'. If you get asked to bring a plate, do not just bring an empty plate or you will be judged harshly.

References

2022862096 — 2023-04-29 19:39:57 UTC

Nomads. (n.d.). New Zealand Language - Essential Kiwi Phrases. Nomads.
https://nomadsworld.com/new-zealand-language/

Not Even French. (2017, October 1). NEW ZEALAND SLANG: 110 Words in 5 minutes! Speak like a kiwi (w/ SUBTITLES) 🇳🇿🇳🇿 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=61WwIzhW9Lg

Discover New Zealand. (n.d.). New Zealand Slang. Discover New Zealand.
https://www.discovernewzealand.com/blog/new-zealand-slang-id-305

https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/lexical-variation-across-the-uk

England Transcription

2022477934 — 2023-04-30 13:42:22 UTC

[wɛl hɪəz ə ˈstɔːri fɔː ju: særə pɛri wəz ə ˈvɛtərɪnəri nɜːs huː hæd bɪn ˈwɜːkɪŋ ˈdeɪli æt əʊld zuː ɪn ə dɪˈzɜːtɪd ˈdɪstrɪkt əv ðə ˈtɛrətɔːri, səʊ ʃi wəz ˈvɛri ˈhæpi tuː stɑːt ə nju: ʤɒb æt ə sjuːpərb ˈpraɪvət ˈpræktɪs ɪn nɔːθ skwɛə niə ðə djuːk striːt taʊə. ðæt ˈɛərɪə wəz mʌʧ ˈnɪərə fɔː hɜːr ənd mɔː tuː hɜːr ˈlaɪkɪŋ. iːvən səʊ, ɒn hɜːr fɜːst ˈmɔːnɪŋ, ʃi fɛlt strɛst. ʃi eɪt ə bəʊl əv ˈpɒrɪdʒ, ʧɛkt hɜːsɛlf ɪn ðə ˈmɪrər ənd wɒʃt hɜːr feɪs ɪn ə ˈhʌri. ðɛn ʃi pʊt ɒn ə pleɪn ˈjɛləʊ drɛs ənd ə fliːs ˈʤækɪt, pɪkt ʌp hɜːr kɪt ənd ˈhɛdɪd fɔː wɜːk.

[wɛn ʃi ɡɒt ðɛə, ðɛər wəz ə ˈwʊmən wɪð ə ɡuːs ˈweɪtɪŋ fɔː hɜːr. ðə ˈwʊmən geɪv særə ən əˈfɪʃəl ˈlɛtər frɒm ðə vet. ðə ˈlɛtər ɪmˈplaɪd ðæt ði ˈænɪməl kʊd bi ˈsʌfərɪŋ frɒm ə reə fɔːm əv fʊt ənd maʊθ dɪˈziːz, wɪʧ wəz səˈpraɪzɪŋ, bɪˈkɒz nɔːməli ju wʊd əʊnli ɪksˈpɛkt tuː si ɪt ɪn ə dɒɡ ɔːr ə ɡəʊt. særə wəz sɛntɪˈmɛntəl, səʊ ðɪs meɪd hər fiːl ˈsɒrɪ fɔː ðə ˈbjuːtɪfʊl bɜːd.]

[bɪˈfɔː lɒŋ, ðæt ˈɪtʃi guːs bɪˈɡæn tə strʌt əˈraʊnd ðə ˈɒfɪs laɪk ə ˈluːnətɪk,
wɪʧ meɪd ən ʌnˈsænɪtri mɛs. ðə guːsɪz ˈəʊnə, ˈmɛri ˈhærɪsən, kɛpt
ˈkɔmə, ˈkɔmə," wɪʧ særə θɔːt wəz ən ɒd tʃɔɪs fɔːr ə
neɪm. ˈkɒmə wəz strɒŋ ənd hjuːdʒ, səʊ ɪt wʊd teɪk sʌm fɔːs tə træp hɜːr,
bət særə hæd ə ˈdɪfərənt aɪˈdɪə. fəst, ʃi traɪd ˈdʒɛntli ˈstrəʊkɪŋ ðə guːsɪz ˈləʊər bæk wɪð hər pɑːm, ðɛn ˈsɪŋɪŋ ə tjuːn tə hɜːr. ˈfaɪnəli, ʃi ədˈmɪnɪstəd ˈiːθə. hər ˈɛfəts wɜː nɒt ˈfjuːtaɪl. ɪn nəʊ taɪm, ðə guːs bɪˈɡæn tə ˈtaɪə, səʊ særə wəz ˈeɪbl tə həʊld ɒn tə ˈkɒmə ənd ɡɪv hər ə rɪˈlæksɪŋ bɑːθ.]

[wʌns ˈsærə hæd ˈmænɪdʒd tə beɪð ðə guːs, ʃi waɪpt hɜːr ɒf wɪð ə klɒθ
ənd leɪd hɜːr ɒn hɜːr raɪt saɪd. ðɛn ˈsærə kənˈfɜːmd ðə vets daɪəɡˈnəʊsɪs.
ˈɔːlməʊst ɪˈmiːdiətli, ʃi rɪˈmɛmbəd ən ɪˈfɛktɪv ˈtriːtmənt ðæt rɪˈkwaɪəd hɜːr tə ˈmɛʒər aʊt ə lɒt əv ˈmɛdɪsɪn. ˈsærə wɔːnd ðæt ðɪs ˈkɔːs əv ˈtriːtmənt maɪt bi ɪksˈpɛnsɪv – ˈaɪðə faɪv ɔː sɪks taɪmz ðə kɒst əv pɛnɪˈsɪlɪn. aɪ kænt ɪˈmædʒɪn ˈpeɪɪŋ səʊ mʌtʃ, bət mɪsɪz ˈhærɪsən – ə ˌmɪljəˈnɛər ˈlɔːjə – θɔːt ɪt wəz ə feə praɪs fɔːr ə kjʊər.]

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Rhoticity

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Refers to the pronunciation of the consonant /r/ in all r position contexts, while non-rhoticity refers to the dropping of the /r/ sound in particular r positions.
In some rhotic areas, (paw, pour, poor) have differences in pronouncing them while non-rhotic speakers will pronouce it the same for the three. As the non-rhotic speakers do not pronounce /r/ when it is at the end of a word or in postvocalic environments, that is, when it is immediately after a vowel and not followed by another vowel.

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L- vocalisation

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The L-pronunciation is a hallmark of certain dialects of English, including Cockney and Estuary English, where the /l/ sound occurs before word endings or consonants are replaced by vowels, and the different transliterations [o], [ʊ] or [w] for milk sounds like [mɪok] or [ˈmɪdo].
It mostly been used in southern of England until East Midlands & East Anglia.

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1) Meak, didle & crome

This vocabulary existed because of the agriculture and traditional industry which the farmers localised their own vocabulary as they wanted to refer objects or practice that had been used during farming.
Meak: implement with a long handle and crooked iron or blade used to pull up or cut down peas, bracken, reeds
Didle: sharp triangular spade, used for clearing out ditches.
Crome: hook or crook; esp. a stick with a hook at the end of it to draw weeds out of ditches

2) Peevers

Traditional children's games during the old times, were named randomly with different names and passed down to several generations.
Peever: stone, piece of pottery, etc., used in the game of hopscotch; also the game of hopscotch itself

3) Nain

Every region has their own way of addressing parents or older people same as in Northern Engalnd & Wales, they called mam for their mothers / Mom in Midlands / Mum in south.
Nain: (Welsh English – north) grandmother.

4) Mistall
Mistall: stable or shed for cattle.

The International Phonetic Alphabet

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New Zealand's Grammar

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- The modal verb 'shall' is frequently heard in New Zealand English, but the preferred option is to use 'will'. For an example, "We will have a picnic on Saturday".

- Non-standard grammatical features, such as irregular verb conjugation, are present in New Zealand English, but this is a common characteristic shared by non-standard varieties of English spoken in other regions.

- Examples :

I seen it.
I come here yesterday.
I done it.
I rung the bell.

References

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Harper, E. (2016, June 13). Introduction to New Zealand English. Oxford English Dictionary. https://public.oed.com/blog/introduction-to-new-zealand-english/

Wikibooks. (n.d.). New Zealand English. In English. https://www.englishgratis.com/1/wikibooks/english/newzealandenglish.htm

Bauer, L. (2007). New Zealand English: Phonology. New Zealand English Journal, 20(1), 5-21. https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/lals/resources/Publications/nzej-backissues/2007-laurie-bauer.pdf

The British Library. (2019). Grammatical variation across the UK. The British Library. https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/grammatical-variation-across-the-uk

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New Zealand's Irregular Verb Forms

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New Zealand's pronouns

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- In New Zealand English, some people use 'she' instead of 'it' as the subject of a sentence, particularly in informal speech. This happens especially when the subject is the first word of the sentence, and can be heard in phrases like "She's a beaut day" (meaning "It's a beautiful day").

- Another common phrase is "She'll be alright", which can be used to mean "It will be OK" or "It's close enough to what is required".

- The use of the second person plural pronoun 'yous' is a non-standard feature of New Zealand English. This feature is believed to have originated in areas with a substantial Irish immigrant population and is becoming more common, especially in Māori English. For instance, you may hear someone say "What are yous doing tonight?" to address a group of people.

New Zealand's Syntactic Variation

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- In New Zealand English, tag questions are often used at the end of a sentence to seek confirmation or agreement from the listener. A tag question is a short phrase or question added to the end of a statement, which turns it into a question.

- The most common tag question is "eh?" For example, "You're coming with us, eh?" This tag question seeks agreement or confirmation from the listener that they will come along.

- Double negatives are also used on occasion to add emphasis, although this is considered non-standard in Standard English. An example of this would be saying "I don't want no trouble" instead of "I don't want any trouble."

England Grammar-syntactic Variation

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1. The use of the third person singular pronoun "they" as a singular gender-neutral pronoun is gaining acceptance in some regions of England, whereas other regions still use the more traditional "he" or "she."

2. In some parts of. In Northern England, there is a tendency to use double negatives and non-standard verb forms, such as "I ain't got none" instead of "I don't have any." In some parts of the country, there is also a tendency to use the present perfect tense in place of the past tense, such as "I've saw" instead of "I saw."

2. In the West Country, speakers often use the word "where's" to mean "where is" or "where has," such as "Where's you been?" instead of "Where have you been?" Additionally, there is a tendency to add an extra "to" after "going," such as "I'm going to go to the shops."

3. In the East Midlands, speakers often use the word "duck" as an affectionate term of address, such as "How are you, duck?" There is also a tendency to use the third person plural "they" in place of the singular "he" or "she," such as "They went to the store" instead of "He went to the store."

4. In London and the South East, speakers may use a glottal stop in place of the "t" sound in some words, such as "water" pronounced as "wa'er." Additionally, there is a tendency to use "innit" (short for "isn't it") at the end of sentences for emphasis or agreement, such as "It's a nice day, innit?"

Conclusion of this Assignment

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Reflection

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