https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q Cultural Elements: Arts and Literature en-us 2022-05-04 10:27:05 UTC 2025-10-06 22:26:20 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f349.png afiqaffandi108 https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2169710453 Arts and literature are two different sets of things that can be similar but they share different characteristics as well. According to (Nedha, 2016), arts can be defined as the expression of creative skill in a visual form whereby Literature can be defined as written works that have an artistic value and merit. Note that the key difference between these two terms is that art generally tends to be in a form of visual and auditory while literature is in written form.

INDEX OF THE E-PORTFOLIO:
1. Kadazan Dusun
2. Chinese Peranakan/ Baba Nyonya
3. Melanau
4. Bidayuh (The Land Dayak)
5. Burmese (The Kayans)
6. Conclusion
7. References]]> 2022-05-04 10:43:20 UTC https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2169710453 afiqaffandi108 https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2169724662 Kadazan or the Dusun people are the largest indigenous ethnic group in the state of Sabah, Malaysia on the northeastern extremity of Borneo island. The Kadazan people are grouped along the coastal plain of Kudat to Beaufort and in the hills around Tambunan. The Kadazan Dusun people often speak in Kadazan which is an Austronesian language with numerous dialects. 


]]> 2022-05-04 10:59:53 UTC https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2169724662 afiqaffandi108 https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2169756983 One of the sub-group under the Kadazan-Dusun community, the Rungus tribe has a very bizarre heritage of oral literature and poems that can function to appease evil spirits when they perform their healing sessions. 

According to Dr. Raymond (2020), “Translating the poems into Bahasa Melayu was not easy either because they were recited in the Rungus classic language. In most cases, the people from whom I got the poems were unable to explain their conceptual meaning,” he said. 

If we were to analyze our normal literature writing and the Rungus tribe literature, it would be more complex in terms of meaning and translation from the Rungus classic language to English or even Bahasa Melayu. ]]> 2022-05-04 11:35:03 UTC https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2169756983 afiqaffandi108 https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2174769659  The Baba Nyonya culture is associated with certain areas of Southeast Asia, namely Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and Thailand. In Malaysia, the areas where Baba Nyonya culture is most prevalent are Malacca and Penang. Originally, the term Baba refers to the honorific title of Straits Chinese Men. 

Firstly, "Baba Nyonya" and Peranakan are often used interchangeably, but Peranakan is actually an umbrella term to define an ethnic group by their genealogical descent from the first waves of Hoklo (Hokkien) settlers in the Malay Peninsula and Indonesian Archipelago. As time passes, these settlers mingled and married locals, giving way to a new fusion culture, otherwise known as the Peranakan. The term "Baba" is used for men/sons and "Nyonya or Nya" is used for women/daughters. 

In other words, the Baba Nyonya ethnic group is also known as the descendants of the 500 youths and maids that accompanied Puteri Hang Li Po when she married the local Malaccan King, Sultan Mansur Syah around 1460 AD. The entourage of these first waves of Baba Nyonya had settled down in Bukit Cina (Chinese Hill) in the state of Melaka. ]]> 2022-05-08 23:43:56 UTC https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2174769659 afiqaffandi108 https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2174781518 One out of many examples of arts that belonged to this beautiful ethnic group is the famous "Kasut Manik" which was made meticulously neat and requires high precision and patience since one pair of shoes can take up to six weeks to be completed. These "Kasut Manik" values a different set of prices if were to be sold and usually, it depends on the duration of making one and also what type of beads were used in the making process. 

Under the umbrella of Peranakan heritage, other arts like embroidery namely, their Baju Kebaya Nyonya, and their hand sew items like wedding purses are also other examples of arts and crafts that belonged to the Peranakans in Malaysia. ]]> 2022-05-09 00:02:26 UTC https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2174781518 afiqaffandi108 https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2174788976 Another famous Nyonya clothing is the Nyonya Kebaya. A Kebaya is a traditional blouse-dress combination worn by women in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Burma, Singapore, and southern Thailand. Sometimes it is produced from sheer material and usually worn with a Sarong or Batik Kain Panjang, or other traditional woven garments such as ikat, songket with a colorful motif.]]> 2022-05-09 00:12:44 UTC https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2174788976 afiqaffandi108 https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2174791347 2022-05-09 00:15:40 UTC https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2174791347 afiqaffandi108 https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2174803646 2022-05-09 00:28:08 UTC https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2174803646 afiqaffandi108 https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2175810747 The Melanau are considered among the earliest settlers in Sarawak. The name Melanau was not used by the Melanau to refer to themselves until recently. They call themselves A-Likou that means 'people of the river'. Legend has it that the name Melanau was given by one of the Sultans of Brunei to the inhabitants of the coastal swamps flats and riverbanks of central Sarawak.

The Melanau live in a low-lying swampy plain covered by dense tropical forest in the coastal region of Sarawak. They are mostly located in and near the towns of Mukah, Matu, Daro, Dalat, Bintulu, Kanowit, and Sibu.

Due to their group affiliation, Melanau derive their identities through people such as parents, friends, relatives, and teachers. The self is a part of the community, the family, the clan, the village, and the bureaucracy. A person's family is the primary unit that defines Melanau roles, responsibilities, and status in the community.

The Melanau language consists of various dialects. However, the majority of Melanau people use the dialect from the Mukah area to communicate with those who acquire other dialects.]]> 2022-05-09 14:26:33 UTC https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2175810747 afiqaffandi108 https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2175884662 As I have mentioned before, arts can be in a form of visual expression, and sometimes it may be in a form of auditory and visual combination. The Alu Alu is a traditional dance of the Melanau tribe in Sarawak, which is an integral part of the funeral rites of the tribe. The Alu Alu dance, however, is not considered a traditional dance but a new creation dance that is performed as a means to comfort the relatives and friends of the deceased. Usually, the Alu Alu dance is performed over the span of four days at night. 

There is no specific movement in the dance but can be derived from the most mundane and simple daily actions namely, cooking, bathing, farming, and many others. In addition, the movements of the dance can also be inspired by dreams, from work, or by nature. 

For your information, the dance reaches a climax when one of the male dancers climbs to the top of the bamboo pole only with support from his fellow dancers holding onto the pole. The male dancer then rests his stomach on top of the pole, letting other dancers from below spin the bamboo pole incessantly, following up the beat of the music. After the music slows down, only then they will stop. ]]> 2022-05-09 15:06:06 UTC https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2175884662 afiqaffandi108 https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2176309543 Bidayuh is the second largest indigenous ethnic group in Sarawak after Iban. The Bidayuh people are also known as The Land Dayak. Plus, the name Bidayuh itself simply means 'people of the land', according to (Talk, 2020). 

Furthermore, in Sarawak, most of the Bidayuh population are found within 40 km of the geographical area known as Greater Kuching, within the Kuching and Smarahan division. They are the second-largest Dayak ethnic group in Sarawak after the Iban as stated by (Ali, 2011).

In addition, the Bidayuh community lives in towns and villages around Kuching and Samarahan in the Malaysian state of Sarawak. Meanwhile, related groups are also found in the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan.]]> 2022-05-09 19:11:02 UTC https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2176309543 afiqaffandi108 https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2176322921 The Kayans are a sub-group of Red Karen (Karenni people), a Tibeto-Burman ethnic minority of Myanmar (Burma). They are mostly, Kayan Lahwi (also called Padaung), the group in which women wear brass neck coils. In the late 1980s and early 1990s due to conflict with the military regime in Myanmar, many Kayan tribes fled to the Thai border area. 

Among the refugee camps set up, there was a Long Neck section, which became a tourist site, self-sufficient in tourist revenue and not needing financial assistance. Around the year 2004 estimate puts the population at approximately 130.000. According to Kayan tradition, the Kayan settled in the Demawso area of Karenni State in 739 AD as mentioned by (Nicolazzi et al., 2022). ]]> 2022-05-09 19:20:20 UTC https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2176322921 afiqaffandi108 https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2176941396 2022-05-10 04:53:56 UTC https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2176941396 afiqaffandi108 https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2176949660 There are plenty of handmade items from the Kadazan Dusun ethnicity that we could discover on this website. Apart from arts made using fabrics or what we called as 'kain' in Bahasa Melayu, the Kadazan also acquires the skill of making music equipment like ‘Sape’ – the traditional lute of the tribes of North Borneo carved out of a long piece of Sago tree wood and a traditional ‘Sompoton’ wind instrument are unique collectibles. ]]> 2022-05-10 05:01:04 UTC https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2176949660 afiqaffandi108 https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2176973922 The Melanau tall longhouse (MTL) is one of Malaysia's least exposed vernacular architecture examples that can be found only in the interior of the island of Borneo. 

According to (Awang Musadat, 2019), mentioned that after finishing the research paper, the findings suggest that culture plays a role, not only in their life but also towards the sustainable architecture of their traditional tall longhouse. 

In addition, the Melanau people in Sarawak build their longhouses significantly higher than other longhouses due to safety reasons. The tall structure is made from strong Belian wood to avoid being swept away by flash floods or any natural disasters like heavy rains and strong winds. 

On the other hand, the floor of the house is designed for defensive and offensive purposes to protect them from enemies and intruders. Last but not least, the reason for the unique multiple stories built in the tall longhouse is for the living arrangement of their people. ]]> 2022-05-10 05:20:10 UTC https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2176973922 afiqaffandi108 https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2177010367 When the first traders brought small colourful glass beads to our shore, in the 8th or 9th centuries, it was then fed and assimilated to the bead culture that had already existed in Borneo. Back then, the indigenous people of Borneo used organic material to create their own beads namely, bones, teeth, shells, and even small stones for a simple bead. 

The earliest glass beads were quite small in size, like a peppercorn to be compared with. They were plain in colours like red, white, yellow, black, and turquoise. ]]> 2022-05-10 05:51:50 UTC https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2177010367 afiqaffandi108 https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2177149759 NAME: AFIQ AFFANDI BIN RUDY
MATRIX NUMBER: 2022748513
GROUP: LG2431C
PREPARED FOR: MR. ZACHARIAH AIDIN BIN DRUCKMAN
SUBMISSION DATE: TUESDAY, 10^TH MAY 2022

]]> 2022-05-10 07:36:29 UTC https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2177149759 afiqaffandi108 https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2177220662 In the Kadazan Dusun community, one tribe known as Bundu possesses Talaala (A Literature element similar to poems and haiku). Meanwhile, Hiis (that is similar to 'puisi' in Bahasa Melayu). In addition, Talaala is a component of 'hiis' that is almost similar to 'pantun'.

This poem (Talaala) is acquired mainly from the old ancestors orally and if it is not preserved in a form of documentation, it will soon be extinct as mentioned by (Kiting et al., 2016) in their research paper.

A collective effort has been done by (Kiting et al., 2016) in doing further research and compiling as much Talaala as they could openly from their target group, the informants in the Tamparuli district. As much as 199 Talaala has been collected from 20 informants.

Last but not least, the data analysis shows that Talaala had a very crucial role in enriching one's education, morally. ]]> 2022-05-10 08:34:32 UTC https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2177220662 afiqaffandi108 https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2177417043 2022-05-10 11:25:20 UTC https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2177417043 afiqaffandi108 https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2177439780 For the Bidayuh community, playing music act as a crucial role in every ritual they perform. Music functions to raise the spirit and also drive out evil spirits. Furthermore, music also plays a part in the motif of a notice of the ceremony that were conducted.

The traditional Music from the Bidayuh community generally consists of a large gong, cymbal, drum and Tawak (a small gong). There are also other traditional instruments, namely, flute /reed flute and guitar. However, this kind of musical instrument is not too complex rather than its manufacturing process.

]]> 2022-05-10 11:45:18 UTC https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2177439780 afiqaffandi108 https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2177455516 These playable flutes are made from baloi bamboo and are played by both men and women. The upper third of the flute is decorated with buti’ dawe’ tiko (edible fern shoot motifs), using the bamboo whittling technique. ]]> 2022-05-10 11:57:26 UTC https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2177455516 afiqaffandi108 https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2177459278 2022-05-10 12:00:07 UTC https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2177459278 afiqaffandi108 https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2177464040 This instrument is made using a pair of edible kiromboi paddy snail shells and played with a bamboo stick, such ‘rainmakers’ are based on a local legend where a prolonged drought was ended when frog like calls were played en-masse. ]]> 2022-05-10 12:03:53 UTC https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2177464040 afiqaffandi108 https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2177535630 The government recognizes eight distinct ethnic groups, with dozens of sub-groups, but refuses to acknowledge others. However, for this e-portfolio, we will discuss the ethnic minorities of the Kayan people. ]]> 2022-05-10 12:51:26 UTC https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2177535630 afiqaffandi108 https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2177574508 According to (Backman, 2011), the practice of adding coils around the neck had the appearance of lengthening the neck, but in reality, it pushed down the collar bone, and compressed the rib cage. 

Moreover, the reason as to why The Kayan people practice this kind of act is still unsolvable, but it turns out one is that it protected women from becoming slaves, making them less attractive to other tribes. The Padaung came to see it as attractive and the practice does still continue among some Padaung.]]> 2022-05-10 13:15:12 UTC https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2177574508 afiqaffandi108 https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2177601656 To begin with, understanding as well as embracing the uniqueness of a tradition, let it be any ethnicity that we discover or learn is not always easy. A very deep comprehension and interest are needed for one to be very aware and delightful of these magnificent ethnicities that exist in Malaysia. As an English student learning Intercultural Communication, I find out that it is very crucial to be aware of ethnic diversity for future purposes other than gaining new knowledge about them. In a nutshell, always be humble and always show your appreciation towards the culture you encounter in life.  ]]> 2022-05-10 13:29:54 UTC https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2177601656 afiqaffandi108 https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2177668163 2022-05-10 14:05:44 UTC https://padlet.com/afiqaffandi108/kilwfv0csc1od95q/wish/2177668163