Timeline by JULIO LORIA

Aristotle ( 384-322 B.C)

jloria0001 — 2023-12-10 19:49:54 UTC

Aristotle who was a philosopher back in 384 BCE believed that the SS model was geocentric meaning that the earth was in the middle of the universe.

He believed that the earth was placed in the middle of the universe which means that all of the things that are in the sky such as planets, stars, sun, and moon orbit around in a perfect circle.

The problem with this philosophy is that it would not explain how planets which at the time of the beginning of this philosophy would change brightness. This also meant that it looked like the planets were moving in a way different directions. So the geocentric model would attempt to prove that they were using epicycles which are imaginary points that were moving in imaginary circles. This made sense in the long run as more and more circles were being added. They would have to move the planets around to make them either fast or slower to move some points. The geocentric model that Aristotle and Plotelemy used was highly questioned by Muslim scholars in the tenth century. But one thing was for sure everything revolved around the earth, supposedly. His flaws were a lack of parallax, observational accuracy, and his ignorance of size and distance.

Ptolemy (284-256)

jloria0001 — 2023-12-10 20:13:13 UTC

Ptolemy who was an astronomer and mathematician, had the same Idea as Aristotle. Which meant they both believed that the earth was round and that it was in the center of the universe. Although there were many differences between these two people. Ptolemy created a geocentric model known as the Ptolemaic system which was based on earlier concepts of earlier Greek philosophers including Aristotle. Ptolemy used epicycles which are small circles centered around even bigger ones. Ptolemy was more accurate than Aristotle since Ptolemy was more precise with the locations of different celestial bodies. While Aristotle and Ptolemy had a geocentric idea Ptolemy the use of epicycles provided more complex and effective methods for explaining the different motions of planets with the same constraints of a geocentric worldview. Aristotle thought that the sphere would rotate at different velocities and directions, and different movements from the view from earth. Aristotle's main influence was from medieval and classical astronomy. Some of Ptolemy's flaws were his lack of simplicity, predictive limitations, accuracy of retrograde motions, and complexity.

Arybhata (476 AD - 550AD)

jloria0001 — 2023-12-10 20:30:58 UTC

Arybhata who was a mathematician and an astronomer believed in the "Heliocentric model" which means that he focused on the belief that the earth revolves around the sun. One of his claims was that the earth rotates on its axis and that the movements of celestial bodies across were caused by the diurnal motion. He claimed that the westward motion of the planets was caused by the earth's rotations around the sun. He also added that the orbits of the planets were ellipses and that the planets were reflecting light. The heliocentric model supports the understanding of celestial mechanics and the structure of the solar system. His ideas were impacted by the development of astronomy in India and so forth. Arybhata revised Ptolemy's theory by setting up a whole new theory which is the Heliocentric model which challenged the geocentric framework presented by Ptolemy's work. The flaws in Arybhata's theory were the flaws in the stellar parallax, orbital shapes, limitations on observational data, and the overcomings of geocentric work. Although Ptolemy did not know of the heliocentric model, his work was derived from the same idea.

Nicholaus Copernicus( 1473- 1543)

jloria0001 — 2023-12-10 20:59:27 UTC

Nicholaus Copernicus was a well-known Renaissance thinker who spent decades inventing the heliocentric model where the sun is in the center of the universe which he managed to publish before his passing. Although the fact that the sun was in the center was a lie it was closer than the previous ideas. Nicholaus found out that a method was way simpler if you just had Venus, mercury, earth, mars, Jupiter, and Saturn which were the only wants recognizable at the time orbiting the sun with the moon orbiting Earth. Although Copernicus used epicycles all the planets included used the same speed and velocity through the orbits which is what would be expected from a circle-shaped orbit. It was difficult to prove this as even if you made the explanation simpler it would still be incorrect as the orbits were wrong. Copernicus addressed and refined the problems in Arabhata's theory which are predictive accuracy, influence, establishment, sun-centered perspective, and retrograde motion.

Kepler (1571 - 1630)

jloria0001 — 2023-12-10 21:35:28 UTC

Johannes Kepler who was a German astronomer and mathematician focused on a heliocentric model. Kepler's theories include his first law or in other words " The law of ellipses" which was a law that the orbit of a planet around the sun is an ellipse with the sun with one of the two foci. This refined an earlier view of perfectly circular orbits and described a more accurate planetary motion. Another one of his achievements was his second law of motion which described the speed at which a planet moves while orbiting the sun. There is a line segment adding onto a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areas during durations of time. This means that the planets move fast when it is closer to the sun. His last law is a mathematical relationship between the orbital period of a planet and the distance from the sun. It explains that the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the square of the semi-major axis of the orbit.

One of his flaws was the unclear explanation of physical mechanisms monitoring the motion of planets. Another one of his flaws was his concept of "Mysterium Cosmographicum" which led him to focus on attempting to fit circular orbits into empirical data. Kepler refined the ideas of Copernicus with his 3 laws by enhancing it and making it more comprehensive.

Galileo (1564-1642)

jloria0001 — 2023-12-11 04:19:25 UTC

Galileo was an astronomer, mathematician, and Italian physicist who believed in the heliocentric model. Unlike other philosophers like Copernicus who didn't use a telescope, Galileo did. Galileo's belief in a heliocentric model became more convincing because of two things, Jupiter and Venus. When he aimed his telescope at Jupiter he noticed the four biggest moons Ganymede, Callisto, lo, Europa. It was full-blown proof that not every single thing in space was orbiting the Earth as other astronomers believed. After his discovery, he noticed something off about Venus. He saw that just like the moon it passes through different seasons. He realized that it is bigger when it is new which made no sense of the claims in the geocentric model. In the geocentric model, it said that " Venus would be close to the earth when it is full but sometimes closer when it is full. In the heliocentric model, the sun, Venus, and Earth all lined up accordingly so that Venus would be closer to Earth when it was new. Some flaws that were noticed in Galileo's theory were the lack of gravity, stellar parallax, and understanding of celestial mechanics. Galileo improved Copernicus's theory with his telescope observations, sunspots, and the moons of Jupiter.

Issac newton(1643-1727)

jloria0001 — 2023-12-11 04:38:34 UTC

Issac Newton who was an English polymath, supported and believed in the Heliocentric model. Isaac Newton believed in planets revolving around the sun instead of the earth which was previously believed by other astronomers. His belief in the heliocentric model was flawed by the concept of absolute space and time. His laws of motion and gravitation were the basis for the heliocentric model. But some of his points went against the aspects of the model which was later noticed by Albert Einstein who added more understanding of space, gravitation, and time. Issac Newton's work such as "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" provided a framework for the understanding of celestial bodies which incorporated the theory of a heliocentric model. Newton's laws of motion also posed support as they explained the dynamics of the heliocentric model. This added credibility and reliability to the heliocentric model which added support to Galileos theory.

Modern Understanding

jloria0001 — 2023-12-12 22:00:03 UTC

Since the sun has 99.87 percent of all mass in the solar system. The center of mass is really close to the center of the sun. It does move around which depends on where the planets are around the orbit. But in all, the geocentric model is incorrect. We know this because we sent people, camreas, and telescopes to know that the geocentric model is wrong.