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The Prophet ﷺ said that Islam is:

1. Believing that only Allah deserves worship and that Muhammad ﷺ is His Messenger.

2. Performing 5 daily prayers.

3. Zakat.

4. Fasting in Ramadan.

5. Performing Hajj if you can.

Hadith Jibril "Lessons on Seeking Knowledge"

1. Ask the scholars – Learn religion from people who know.

2. Don’t be shy to ask – If you don’t understand, ask clearly.

3. Say “I don’t know” – It’s okay to admit when you don’t know.

- Belief in Allah SWT

- Belief in His Angels

- Belief in His Books

therefore, we have to :

• Study and practice the teachings of the Quran.

• Remember that angels see our actions, so we should do good.

• Believe in the oneness of Allah as He is the only God, without partners or children.

Belief in the Messengers means:

1. Believing that Allah sent messengers to every nation to call people to worship Him alone.

2. Believing that all messengers were honest, good, trustworthy, and delivered Allah’s message fully.

3. Believing in the true reports that came from them.

4. Following the teachings and laws of the final messenger, Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, who was sent to all mankind.

Great blessings given to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ:

• He was sent to all people and jinn, not just one group.

• Allah gave him victory by putting fear in his enemies’ hearts.

• The whole earth was made a place for prayer and a way to stay pure.

• Ghanimah was allowed for him, unlike other prophets.

• On the Day of Judgement, he will have the greatest syafaat.

• Allah gave him many other special favours.

Belief in life after death means believing that:

1. This world will end on al-Qiyamah

2. All people will be brought back to life for judgement

3. Everyone’s deeds will be shown to Allah SWT

4. Good people will be rewarded, and sinners will be punished

5. The successful will enter Paradise forever, and the condemned will go to Hell

Effects of Belief in the Last Day:

1. Shows Allah’s greatness and perfect power.

2. The biggest joy in Paradise will be seeing Allah.

3. Creates fear of Allah, knowing nothing is hidden from Him.

4. Encourages Muslims to do good deeds quickly.

5. Helps believers stay patient during hardships, with hope for reward in the Hereafter.

• Al-Qadar comes from qadara, meaning “knew, planned, or decided.” It refers to what Allah has already planned and written before things happen.

  
  

• Al-Qada’ comes from qada, meaning “judged or carried out.” It is when what Allah planned actually happens.

4 Components of Qada’ and Qadar:

1. Knowledge : Allah knows everything. what happened, what is happening, what will happen, and what would have happened if it happened. Nothing is hidden from Him.

2. Writing – Allah has written everything in the Al-Lawh Al-Mahfuz.

3. Will – Whatever happens only happens by Allah’s Will. Nothing exists without His permission.

4. Creation – Allah created everything, even life and death.

Ihsan

• Literal meaning: From the word ḥasana, meaning good, beautiful, proper, or suitable.

• General meaning: Benevolence, kindness, and doing good.

• Technical meaning: Doing what is beautiful and striving for perfection in life.

The Concept of Iḥsān in the Qur’an and Hadith

• The word Iḥsān appears 211 times in the Qur’an in different forms and meanings.

• It shows that Iḥsān is not only the highest virtue, but also the sum of all virtues.

• Many hadiths also explain Iḥsān, showing its importance in faith and good conduct.

Eschatology

• Word meaning: From Greek – eschatos (last) and logia (discourse). It means “the study of the last things.”

• General meaning: The study of what happens after death, including judgment, paradise, and hell.

• In Arabic/Islamic terms: Eschatology is called al-Ākhirah (the Hereafter) or Aḥwāl al-Ākhirah (the situations of the Hereafter).

The Concept of Eschatology in the Qur’an and Hadith

• This world will come to an end.

• Human life will end, and all will die.

• The dead will be resurrected.

• Allah will judge everyone.

• Every deed will be accounted for.

• People will receive reward or punishment in the Hereafter.

• Allah’s eternal kingdom of the heavens and the earth will be established.

Minor Signs of Kiamat

• The coming of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.

• His death.

• The conquest of Jerusalem.

• A plague in Palestine

• Wealth will become widespread, little need for charity.

• Many trials and civil wars .

• False prophets will appear

• A great fire in Hijaz

• Loss of trust – unqualified people in power.

• Knowledge disappearing, ignorance spreading.

• Widespread adultery and fornication.

• Widespread usury.

• Widespread use of music.

• Alcohol will be common.

• Poor shepherds competing in tall buildings.

• Children disobeying parents

• Widespread killing.

• Many earthquakes.

• Landslides, transformations, stones from the sky.

• Women clothed yet naked.

• True dreams of believers.

• False testimony will spread, true testimony hidden.

• Women will outnumber men.

• The Arabian desert will become green again.

• The Euphrates will uncover a mountain of gold.

• Animals and objects will speak to people.

• The Romans (Europeans) will increase and fight Muslims.

• The conquest of Constantinople

Major Signs of Kiamat

1.      the Dajjal

2.      the descent of Prophet ‘Isa

3.     Yajuj and Majuj

4.      three landslides

5. the smoke Ad Dukhan

6.     the rising of the sun from the west

7.      Ad-Dabbah

8.    and the fire which will drive the people to their place of gathering.

Adab refers to good manners, morals, and appropriate actions derived from the teachings and instructions of Islam.

Adab with parents :

When Prophet Ibrahim (a.s.) spoke to his father, who was a disbeliever and even made idols, he still showed gentleness, respect, and kindness.

Lessons of adab from his example:

• Speak politely : He addressed his father with soft words like “O my father”

• Show respect even in disagreement : He invited his father to the truth but without harshness.

• Be patient : Even when his father threatened him, Prophet Ibrahim remained calm.

• Make du’a : He prayed for his father, showing love and concern.

Ḥikmah (Wisdom)

• Means understanding the true nature of things and acting rightly

• Can be gained through ʿibādah (worship)

• Worship builds good inner qualities (sincerity, humility)

• Helps develop higher-order and independent thinking

Niyyah (Intention)

• Intention behind an action

• Must be for Allah SWT alone

• Distinguishes worship from ordinary actions

• Deeds without niyyah may not be accepted

ʿAmal (Actions/Deeds)

• Performing good deeds and acts of worship

• Shows devotion to Allah

• Encourages kindness, charity, and service

• Benefits both the individual and society

Ehsan (Excellence in Character)

• Practicing good virtues

• Includes compassion, honesty, patience, humility

• Means doing good sincerely and consistently

• Makes virtues part of daily life

Ṣalāh (Prayer)

Definition:

• Daily prayer to connect with Allah

Ḥikmah:

• Discipline

• Focus and sincerity

• Avoids wrongdoing

Ṣawm (Fasting)

Definition:

• No food, drink, desires (dawn–sunset)

Ḥikmah:

• Patience

• Self-control

• Empathy for the needy

Zakāh (Charity)

Definition:

• Obligatory giving to the needy

Ḥikmah:

• Purifies wealth

• Reduces greed

• Builds compassion

Ḥajj (Pilgrimage)

Definition:

• Pilgrimage to Makkah (once if able)

Ḥikmah:

• Humility

• Unity of Muslims

• Obedience to Allah

Virtues Found in Ṣalāh with Khushūʿ

Khushūʿ

• Focus on Allah

• Calm and humble

• Not just physical prayer

Effects:

• Closer to Allah

• Builds good character

• Prevents sin

Al-Ṭāʿah

• Obey Allah

• Stay consistent in worship

Al-Jihād

• Control desires

• Strive to be better

Muḥāsabah

• Reflect on actions

• Improve behaviour

ʿIffah

• Self-control

• Modest behaviour

Tawaḍḍuʿ

• Humble attitude

• Avoid arrogance

Things That Prevent Khushūʿ in Ṣalāh

• Lack of focus

• Thinking about worldly matters

• Rushing the prayer

• Not understanding the recitations

• Distracting environment (noise, phone, people)

• Physical discomfort (hunger, tiredness, need to use toilet)

• Weak niyyah (intention)

• Shayṭān’s whispers (waswasah)

Taqwa (God-consciousness)

Meaning:

• From waqāyah = protection / prevention

• Being careful to avoid sin and Allah’s displeasure

Story of ʿUmar & Kaʿab:

• Like walking on a thorny path carefully → avoiding harm

• That carefulness = taqwa

Relation to Fasting:

• Fasting trains self-control

• Makes a person more mindful of Allah

• Helps avoid sinful actions

Ṣabr (Patience) & Self-Restraint

Types of Ṣabr:

1. Patience in obeying Allah

2. Patience in avoiding sin

3. Patience in facing hardships

Relation to Fasting:

• Enduring hunger and thirst

• Controlling desires

• Staying obedient despite difficulty

Raḥmah (Mercy & Empathy)

How fasting builds raḥmah:

• Feeling hunger → understand the poor

• Encourages kindness and generosity

• Motivates feeding others

Levels of Fasting (Imam al-Ghazālī)

1. Minimum:

   • Avoid food, drink, and sexual acts

2. Intermediate:

   • Protect limbs (tongue, eyes, ears, hands) from sin

3. Optimal:

   • Protect the heart from worldly distractions

   • Focus fully on Allah

Taqwa (God-consciousness)

Meaning:

• From waqāyah = protection / prevention

• Being careful to avoid sin and Allah’s displeasure

Story of ʿUmar & Kaʿab:

• Like walking on a thorny path carefully → avoiding harm

• That carefulness = taqwa

Relation to Fasting:

• Fasting trains self-control

• Makes a person more mindful of Allah

• Helps avoid sinful actions

Ṣabr (Patience) & Self-Restraint

Types of Ṣabr:

1. Patience in obeying Allah

2. Patience in avoiding sin

3. Patience in facing hardships

Relation to Fasting:

• Enduring hunger and thirst

• Controlling desires

• Staying obedient despite difficulty

Raḥmah (Mercy & Empathy)

How fasting builds raḥmah:

• Feeling hunger → understand the poor

• Encourages kindness and generosity

• Motivates feeding others

Levels of Fasting (Imam al-Ghazālī)

1. Minimum:

   • Avoid food, drink, and sexual acts

2. Intermediate:

   • Protect limbs (tongue, eyes, ears, hands) from sin

3. Optimal:

   • Protect the heart from worldly distractions

   • Focus fully on Allah

Zakāh (Charity)

• One of the pillars of Islam

• Obligatory for Muslims

• Involves wealth, not only spiritual acts

• Aims to produce a righteous Muslim

• Benefits both individual and society

Importance of Zakāh

• Third pillar of Islam (Hadith of Jibril)

• Mentioned with ṣalāh many times in the Qur’an

• Shows its equal importance with prayer

• Promotes social and economic balance

Social & Moral Impact

• Reduces poverty

• Encourages generosity

• Strengthens community well-being

• Islam covers spiritual, social, and material life

Tawakkul (Trust in Allah)

• Rely fully on Allah SWT

• Trust Allah’s decisions and decree

• Giving zakāh strengthens reliance on Allah

Ukhūwah (Brotherhood)

• Builds unity among Muslims

• Strengthens bonds through shared faith

• Creates harmony and cooperation in societ