Cumulative Theory and Practice of Interpreting Reference by https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79 en-us 2021-01-23 23:46:15 UTC 2023-04-05 17:21:28 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f91f.png What is this? theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1117632647 A collection of various topics and information learned over the course of INTR 112 - Theory & Practice of Interpreting. All information contained in this padlet was collected during class discussion on a variety of learned material. ]]> 2021-01-23 23:50:09 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1117632647 The Interpreting Handbook Ch. 1: 1.0-1.6.7 theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1117634065 Communication
This chapter is about the ability to communicate, how communication works, what is involved in communication, what is required for communication (Cerney, 2013). 

]]> 2021-01-23 23:52:25 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1117634065 So You Want to be an Interpreter Ch. 1: theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1117638587 The Importance of Communication
This chapter is about the importance of having a good understanding of communication as an interpreter, understanding the entire process of communication, and knowledge of how the construction of messages works (Humphrey & Alcorn, 2001).

]]> 2021-01-24 00:00:01 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1117638587 Human Language theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1117646231
  • Different from animal language
  • Involves communication, intent to communicate complex thoughts, has structure, involves goals/intent/meaning
    • ]]>     2021-01-24 00:10:39 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1117646231     Pragmatics theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1117646554
  • A study of how people use language
  • Some people are obsessively grammatically correct & some are not
  • How it is used 'out in the real world' rather than in a formal setting
  • How language works in a particular place not how it works in a standardized/formal way
    • ]]>     2021-01-24 00:11:10 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1117646554     What factors can impact language? theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1117647229
  • Who is speaking? 
  • Fluency, vocabulary knowledge, & past experiences all impact language use
    • ]]>     2021-01-24 00:12:17 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1117647229     The 4 Maxims theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1117647901
  • Grice's Principle
  • Quantity; quality; relevance; manner
    • ]]>     2021-01-24 00:13:28 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1117647901     Meaning theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1117648786
  • Derived from the message by the receiver
  • It depends on the receiver, whether they understand the message & the meaning within it - what meaning they get from it
  • With interpreters, if the message isn’t properly communicated/fully formed, the meaning doesn’t get all the way across
    • ]]>     2021-01-24 00:14:56 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1117648786     Powerful/powerless speech patterns theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1117653816
  • Powerless
    •  Overly apologetic, hesitations, hedging
  • Powerless speech isn’t good for interpreter, a professional interpreter knows what they want if they need to interrupt to clarify information
  • Speech patterns that the speaker/signer doesn’t have - ie. someone with very hesitant speech interpreting for someone who doesn’t, that signer has now been given the incorrect voice
    • ]]>     2021-01-24 00:23:20 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1117653816     Contextual environment theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1117653982
  • Noise 
    • External
    • Physical
    • Physiological
    • Psychological
    • ]]>     2021-01-24 00:23:37 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1117653982     Speaker goals theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1117654137
  • Trying to figure out the intention of the speaker’s speech
  • The goal is important, interpreters must understand the speaker/signer’s goal for it to be appropriately interpreted
    • ]]>     2021-01-24 00:23:54 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1117654137     Language and Interaction theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1483573368 2021-05-03 02:15:53 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1483573368 My Preferred Definition of Interpreting theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1483577431 Interpreting is facilitating communication between two or more languages in a way that retains the original meaning of the message, in the appropriate register, and with the original intention when translated from the Source Language to the Target Language. ]]> 2021-05-03 02:18:06 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1483577431 Interpreting, Transliterating, and Translating theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1483578328 Interpreting, transliterating, and translating are all different things, despite commonly being used interchangeably. ]]> 2021-05-03 02:18:38 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1483578328 Simultaneous Interpreting and Restructuring theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1483579269 "Simultaneous interpretation refers to the process of interpreting into the target language at the same time that the source language message is being delivered" (Humphrey & Alcorn, 2001, p. 7.12).

    This is different from consecutive interpreting, which is when "...the speaker completes an idea in the source language and pauses while the interpreter transmits that idea into the target language, then states the next idea in the source language" (Humphrey & Alcorn, 2001, p. 7.13).

    Restructuring refers to the re-organization of the source language message - taking apart the message, understanding the meaning, and putting it back together in a way that makes sense linguistically and culturally in the target language. ]]>     2021-05-03 02:19:07 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1483579269     Evolution of Models of Interpreting theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1483580310 2021-05-03 02:19:36 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1483580310 Professional Credentialing theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1483581036 2021-05-03 02:19:59 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1483581036 What is Interpreting? theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1483582716 2021-05-03 02:20:50 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1483582716 Understanding Ethics theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1483583724 2021-05-03 02:21:22 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1483583724 Interpreting theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1487629869 "The process of interpreting includes taking a source language message, identifying meaning and speaker intent by analyzing the linguistic and paralinguistic elements of the message, then making a cultural and linguistic translation and producing the message into the target language" (Humphrey & Alcorn, 2001, p. 7.3-7.4).

    For example, interpreting a message from ASL to English during a live conversation. ]]>     2021-05-04 00:10:49 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1487629869     Transliterating theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1487630210 "Transliteration refers to the process of taking a message and expressing it in a different form of the same language" (Humphrey & Alcorn, 2001, p. 7.6). 

    For example, taking a message from English and putting it into SEE (a different modality of the same language - English).]]>     2021-05-04 00:10:59 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1487630210     Translating theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1487630637 "Translation refers to the transition of a message from the frozen form of one language into the frozen form of another language" (Humphrey & Alcorn, 2001, p. 7.7). 

    For example, taking a videotaped speech made in ASL and translating it into written English.]]>     2021-05-04 00:11:12 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1487630637     Gerver Model of the simultaneous interpretation process from 1976 (Moser-Mercer, n.d., p. 151). theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1492180293 2021-05-05 01:13:12 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1492180293 Moser-Mercer Model of the simultaneous interpretation process from 1995 (Moser-Mercer, n.d., p. 152-153) theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1492184517 2021-05-05 01:16:02 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1492184517 Models theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1492190707 The Gerver model of simultaneous interpretation is less linear than the Moser-Mercer model. It's a bit difficult to track where the flow chart is going, but essentially it's showing the necessary repetition of going back and forth until everything is lined up just right for the completed interpretation of the source language to be given. The Moser-Mercer model is a bit easier to follow and is set up in a more linear fashion from beginning to end. This model also loops back to various parts of the model. 

    Both models are flow charts that attempt to express the process of interpreting - the train of thought that happens in an interpreter's brain as they interpret a message from the SL to the TL. ]]>     2021-05-05 01:19:57 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1492190707     RID Certification theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1495925332 RID - Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf. An independent verification of an interpreter's knowledge and abilities allowing them to be nationally recognized for the delivery of interpreting services among diverse users of signed and spoken languages (https://rid.org/rid-certification-overview/). 
    RID certification is a nationally recognized form of certification for ASL interpreters. This certification is not required for interpreters at a national level, some states (ie. Colorado) require RID certification or the equivalent to be a working interpreter. ]]>     2021-05-05 22:17:27 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1495925332     EIPA Certification theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1495925577 EIPA - Educational Interpreter Performance Assessment. A tool for providing licenses to educational interpreters who work with deaf or hard of hearing students. (http://icdtranslation.com/what-is-eipa-certification-and-how-do-you-get-it/#:~:text=EIPA%20stands%20for%20Educational%20Interpreter,or%20hard%20of%20hearing%20students.&text=EIPA%20is%20now%20used%20by,of%20a%20passing%20score%20differ). Educational interpreters receive a score out of 5 based on their proficiency, different states require different minimum scores to be an educational (K-12) interpreter.]]> 2021-05-05 22:17:35 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1495925577 State Licensure theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1495925904 Some states (not all) require licensure to be a working interpreter. State licensure requirements vary state-by-state. These requirements can include a college degree, high school diploma, being 'in good moral standing', have a certain amount of working hours or ITP hours, have RID or equivalent certification, etc. Depending on the state, there could be provisional licenses (not a fully-licensed interpreter, there are limits to areas the interpreter can work in), general licenses (able to work in the community in any area), legal licenses (to work in legal settings), and separate requirements for K-12 educational interpreters (ie. a minimum required EIPA score). The requirements (or lack thereof) widely vary depending on the state. The following link is to an interactive map of licensure for interpreters by state: https://tndeaflibrary.nashville.gov/directory/licensure-by-state/map]]> 2021-05-05 22:17:46 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1495925904 References theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496029739 Cerney, B. (2013). The Interpreting Handbook. Colorado Springs, CO: Hand & Mind Publ.

    Humphrey, J., & Alcorn, B. (2001). So You Want to be an Interpreter? (3rd ed.). Amarillo, Texas: H&H Publ.

    ICDadmin. (2018). What is EIPA Certification and How Do You Get It. Retrieved 2021, from http://icdtranslation.com/what-is-eipa-certification-and-how-do-you-get-it/#:~:text=EIPA%20stands%20for%20Educational%20Interpreter,or%20hard%20of%20hearing%20students.&text=EIPA%20is%20now%20used%20by,of%20a%20passing%20score%20differ

    Library Services for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing. (n.d.). Interpreter Licensure by State. Retrieved 2021, from https://tndeaflibrary.nashville.gov/directory/licensure-by-state/map

    McIntosh, P. (2011). White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack.

    Moser-Mercer, B. (2002). The Interpreting Studies Reader. New York, NY: Routledge.

    NAD-RID. (2005). NAD-RID Code of Professional Conduct. Retrieved 2021, from 
    http://wasli.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/78_rid-code-of-ethics.pdf

    RID. (n.d.). Certification Overview. Retrieved 2021, from 
    https://rid.org/rid-certification-overview/
    ]]>     2021-05-05 23:18:22 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496029739     What Is Ethics? theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496038698 This is hard to define, but as paraphrased from a class discussion, ethics are essentially a set of moral principles that govern one's actions & behaviors. ]]> 2021-05-05 23:23:55 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496038698 Ethical Dilemmas and Interpreting theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496043969 An interpreter should strive to always act ethically in any given situation. The problem is that an ethical dilemma isn't always a good-vs-wrong problem with a quick solution. 

    For example, a classic ethical dilemma is the Trolley Problem. You are on a trolley that is heading down the track towards 5 people. The only decision you are able to make is whether or not you pull a lever that will divert the trolley onto the other track. The problem? There is 1 person on the other track. The dilemma is this: do you make the conscious decision to divert the trolley and harm one person to save five?

    An ethical dilemma in an interpreting situation might look like someone requesting the interpreter not voice or sign something that was stated - to leave it out of the interpretation; accepting a job only to arrive and find out your skillset isn't adequate for the assignment, but you're the only interpreter available in the area; or being put in a situation in which you are highly biased (ie. political situation, legal setting you have some sort of stake in, etc) and needing to take your ability to remove your own biases from the conversation into account. ]]>     2021-05-05 23:27:05 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496043969     NAD-RID Code of Conduct theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496052542 The NAD-RID Code of Professional Conduct provides ethical guidelines for ASL interpreters. Though a written document cannot cover every possible ethical dilemma that will come up while working as an interpreter, it gives a good foundation of ethical values to follow. This includes upholding confidentiality, having morally sound business practices, behaving professionally, taking responsibility for keeping up with changing language, taking responsibility for continuing your own education, upholding non-discrimination policies, being respectful, and so on. The following link is to the NAD-RID Code of Professional Conduct: http://wasli.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/78_rid-code-of-ethics.pdf]]> 2021-05-05 23:32:14 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496052542 Language & Culture theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496082574 2021-05-05 23:49:05 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496082574 White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack by Peggy McIntosh theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496086070 This article was for a class reading and discusses racism and recognizing your privilege as a white person]]> 2021-05-05 23:51:02 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496086070 The Interpreting Handbook Ch. 3: Language Use theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496086872 This chapter is about how different people use language, taking into account things like language fluency, diverse backgrounds, and A/B/C/D languages. 
    (Cerney, 2013)]]>     2021-05-05 23:51:29 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496086872     So You Want to be an Interpreter Ch. 2 theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496087363 The Influence of Culture on Communication
    This chapter is about how "Differences in cultural experience contribute to the challenge of effective communication" (Humphrey & Alcorn, 2001, p. 2.1)]]>     2021-05-05 23:51:43 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496087363     A, B, C, and D Languages theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496216494
    An 'A' language is a language you have native or near-native fluency in - typically, it's the language you grew up with. For example, I grew up speaking English, so my native or 'A' language is English. Someone who is raised speaking both English and Spanish would have two 'A' languages. 

    A 'B' language is a language you are proficiently fluent in, but not natively fluent in. For example, I have been learning ASL for about 4 years and my signing is sufficient enough to have a conversation about a variety of topics, but I am not near-natively fluent. That makes is my 'B' language. 

    A 'C' language is a language that you can use for basic communication, but you are not fluent in. For example, I have been learning Norwegian for about 1 year and could hold a basic conversation in Norwegian, but am not proficient enough to hold a full conversation about a variety of topics - my knowledge in the language at this point is limited, so this would be a 'C' language for me. 

    Lastly, a 'D' language is a language you know words or phrases from, but you could not hold a conversation in. For example, I know some phrases and words in Spanish, Arabic, Russian, and French as I've briefly studied those languages and could names colors, days of the weeks, say 'hello' and 'how are you?', but would not be able to hold a conversation in any of those languages. This makes those languages my 'D' languages. 
    (Cerney, 2013)]]>     2021-05-06 00:50:47 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496216494     Speech Acts theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496216863 There are direct and indirect speech acts. 

    Direct speech acts have clear and obvious meaning, essentially you say exactly what you mean without dancing around the subject. An example of this would be saying "Go close the window." or "Hey, stop that!". These sentences don't have hidden meanings, the surface message is the same as what I truly mean when I say these sentences. 

    Indirect speech acts are more avoidant, the meaning is less obvious. What you're actually saying is obscured by the surface-level message. For example, saying "It's sort of cold in here, isn't it?" or "Do you think I could close the window?" are indirect ways of saying "I'm cold, let's close the window." 
    (Cerney, 2013)]]>     2021-05-06 00:50:57 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496216863     Collectivist vs Individualist Views theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496278755 "World cultures can be divided into collectivist and individualist cultures." (Humphrey & Alcorn, 2001, p. 2.7) 

    As described by Humphrey & Alcorn (2001) on p. 2.9-2.11, collectivist characteristics would consist of awareness of being in a group, contributing to the group, having shared knowledge, status via connections with other people, getting 'down to business' immediately is abnormal and rude, spending time getting to know people, accomplishments celebrated as group accomplishments, having team-based sports, rude to accept credit for an accomplishment without acknowledging other people who helped, etc. 

    In comparison, as described by Humphrey & Alcorn (2001) on p. 2.9-2.11, individualist characteristics would consist of defining oneself by your own accomplishments, higher focus on the individual rather than the group, status via individual accomplishments rather than connections with other people, 'getting down to business' immediately is normal, less time spent getting to know other people (ie. social chit-chat), individual accomplishments are highly celebrated and credit is given only to the individual, sports are often individual-based, etc. ]]>     2021-05-06 01:17:11 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496278755     Cultural Conflict theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496280110 Differences in culture between two (or more) people can affect relationships, workplace environments, and communication. Something that is unacceptable in one culture may be normal in another. Actions typical of one culture may break cultural rules of another. For example, if you were to avoid shaking a woman's hand in America, that action would be considered rude and abnormal, but in Pakistan it is normal and a sign of respect. 

    Being aware of cultural differences is important for interpreters. As an interpreter, you aren't just facilitating communication. You are mediating communication between languages, cultures, and identities. You have to be aware of how these cultures interact, do your best to avoid breaking cultural rules, and attempt to alleviate cultural misunderstandings. 
    (Humphrey & Alcorn, 2001) ]]>     2021-05-06 01:17:44 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496280110     Positionality theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496329746 This was discussed in a class discussion as understanding who you are in relation to your research/cultures around you. Positionality is how differences in culture, identity, personal biases, etc. affects our world view. 

    If we don’t understand who we are in the context of the world, we can’t analyze cultures different from our own. We must be able to 'step into someone else's shoes' to have an understanding of their culture. We cannot compare someone else's culture to our own as a way of analyzing it. ]]>     2021-05-06 01:38:30 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496329746     What is privilege? theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496350884 Privilege is a special advantage, right, or immunity available only to a certain person or group]]> 2021-05-06 01:47:38 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496350884 Privilege and Interpreters theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496352294 Black ASL is not commonly taught in schools or colleges. There are far more white interpreters than Black interpreters - why? Privilege. White people have easier access to higher education, stereotyping, racism affects views on professionalism (ie. Someone with a 'non-American' name is less likely to be hired, Black hairstyles are often seen as 'unprofessional', spoken African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is often seen as broken English, a lesser dialect, or improper despite it simply being an English dialect), and Black ASL isn't taught in interpreting programs (this leads to a lack of interpreters who can interpret Black ASL and understand the culture and identity of the Black Deaf community). 

    Interpreter/Hearing Privileges
    • We learn in our own language, we can acquire our own language at a high level, we don’t have educational barriers due to our native language
    • Deaf people are often (incorrectly) seen as childlike, someone to be helped or fixed
    • Deaf people are rarely able to take their own language, we are privileged by being able to take ASL at such a high level
    • Being able to afford a 4-year program is a privilege
    • After working we get to go home & use English, be back in a hearing environment, surrounded by people who use our language & are part of our community
    • We don’t have to have a 3rd party with us in doctors appointments, therapy, psych counseling, etc.

    ]]>     2021-05-06 01:48:14 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496352294     What is intersectionality? theoremmers99 https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496356277 Intersectionality is how someone's different identities (socio-economic class, race, ethnicity, gender identity, sex, sexual orientation, religion, disability, etc) overlap and affect their life. 

    For example, a white, Christian, gay man holds more privilege than a Black, Muslim, transgender woman. Intersectionality and its effects require important consideration when interacting with a variety of people with different backgrounds, identities, and cultures. ]]>     2021-05-06 01:49:49 UTC https://padlet.com/theoremmers99/kfwwraxv11i09b79/wish/1496356277